John H. Dunning
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The impact of the completion of the European Internal Market Programme (IMP) on the geographical distribution of economic activity within the European Community (now Union) is considered. More ...
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The impact of the completion of the European Internal Market Programme (IMP) on the geographical distribution of economic activity within the European Community (now Union) is considered. More particularly, the empirical validity of a number of hypotheses, drawn from foreign direct investment (FDI) theory, on the likely effect of the removal of tariff barriers on intra‐EC and extra‐EC trade and FDI flows and the relationship between the two are considered. The evidence strongly suggests that the twin forces of regionalization and localization have been accelerated by recent European integration, and that the balance between the two is strongly determined by the knowledge intensity and mobility of the economic activities involved.Less
The impact of the completion of the European Internal Market Programme (IMP) on the geographical distribution of economic activity within the European Community (now Union) is considered. More particularly, the empirical validity of a number of hypotheses, drawn from foreign direct investment (FDI) theory, on the likely effect of the removal of tariff barriers on intra‐EC and extra‐EC trade and FDI flows and the relationship between the two are considered. The evidence strongly suggests that the twin forces of regionalization and localization have been accelerated by recent European integration, and that the balance between the two is strongly determined by the knowledge intensity and mobility of the economic activities involved.
Hans Kruuk
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565871
- eISBN:
- 9780191728228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565871.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
This chapter describes each of the 13 otter species, with photographs and geographical distribution, an outline of their natural history, a summary of known diet and feeding habits, main habitats, ...
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This chapter describes each of the 13 otter species, with photographs and geographical distribution, an outline of their natural history, a summary of known diet and feeding habits, main habitats, and notes on breeding, social behaviour, conservation status, and threats to survival. The chapter is divided into geographical sections: Europe with common or Eurasian otter Lutra lutra; North America with two, river otter Lontra canadensis and sea otter Enhydra lutra; Latin America with four, giant otter Petronura brasiliensis, neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis, southern river otter Lontra provocax, and marine otter Lontra felina. Asia has four species, the Eurasian one, hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana, smooth otter Lutrogale perspicillata, and small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus. Africa also has four, including the Eurasian one, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, Congo clawless otter Aonyx congicus, and spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis.Less
This chapter describes each of the 13 otter species, with photographs and geographical distribution, an outline of their natural history, a summary of known diet and feeding habits, main habitats, and notes on breeding, social behaviour, conservation status, and threats to survival. The chapter is divided into geographical sections: Europe with common or Eurasian otter Lutra lutra; North America with two, river otter Lontra canadensis and sea otter Enhydra lutra; Latin America with four, giant otter Petronura brasiliensis, neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis, southern river otter Lontra provocax, and marine otter Lontra felina. Asia has four species, the Eurasian one, hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana, smooth otter Lutrogale perspicillata, and small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus. Africa also has four, including the Eurasian one, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, Congo clawless otter Aonyx congicus, and spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter considers the geographical distribution of the refugees within Greece, and in particular in Macedonia, after their settlement. It also looks at the degree to which the refugees were ...
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This chapter considers the geographical distribution of the refugees within Greece, and in particular in Macedonia, after their settlement. It also looks at the degree to which the refugees were successful in reconstituting their communities in their new lands.Less
This chapter considers the geographical distribution of the refugees within Greece, and in particular in Macedonia, after their settlement. It also looks at the degree to which the refugees were successful in reconstituting their communities in their new lands.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about ...
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This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about M. tuberculosis population genetics. To combat epidemics of drug-resistant TB, it is vital to understand why some resistant strains have greater reproductive fitness than drug-susceptible strains. The chapter first provides an overview of genetic variation in M. tuberculosis before discussing resistance (new and acquired) to first-and second-line drugs. It then considers the link between drug resistance and HIV coinfection, global distribution of drug-resistant TB, relative reproductive fitness, and absolute reproductive fitness. It shows that drug resistance is preventable and reversible, but this must be corroborated and expanded with longer series of data from a wider range of countries, countries with high rates of HIV infection (for example, Botswana and South Africa), and those reporting cases of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).Less
This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about M. tuberculosis population genetics. To combat epidemics of drug-resistant TB, it is vital to understand why some resistant strains have greater reproductive fitness than drug-susceptible strains. The chapter first provides an overview of genetic variation in M. tuberculosis before discussing resistance (new and acquired) to first-and second-line drugs. It then considers the link between drug resistance and HIV coinfection, global distribution of drug-resistant TB, relative reproductive fitness, and absolute reproductive fitness. It shows that drug resistance is preventable and reversible, but this must be corroborated and expanded with longer series of data from a wider range of countries, countries with high rates of HIV infection (for example, Botswana and South Africa), and those reporting cases of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).
John H. Dunning
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Offers an analytical framework for evaluating the implications of recent economic events on the spatial distribution of economic activities, and of the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) ...
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Offers an analytical framework for evaluating the implications of recent economic events on the spatial distribution of economic activities, and of the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and cross‐border coalitions of firms on the international and intranational division of labour. In particular, it is concerned with the parallel, yet apparently antithetical, forces towards the geographical dispersion of asset‐augmenting and asset‐exploiting activities, and the concentration of such activities in limited spatial areas—what has been referred to as the paradox of ‘sticky places within slippery space’.Less
Offers an analytical framework for evaluating the implications of recent economic events on the spatial distribution of economic activities, and of the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and cross‐border coalitions of firms on the international and intranational division of labour. In particular, it is concerned with the parallel, yet apparently antithetical, forces towards the geographical dispersion of asset‐augmenting and asset‐exploiting activities, and the concentration of such activities in limited spatial areas—what has been referred to as the paradox of ‘sticky places within slippery space’.
P. Elliott, J. Cuzick, D. English, and R. Stern (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms ...
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This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms of population data, disease incidence, and mortality are considered and related to the scale at which a study is being carried out. Statistical methods are reviewed for large scale correlation studies, intermediate scale map smoothing exercises, and small scale clustering investigations. Problems of measuring environmental exposures at different scales are also reviewed. These issues are then related to current practice via a comprehensive set of case studies which include a large correlation study in China, clustering of asthma attacks, the Sellafield-leukaemia cluster, environmental clusters of mesothelioma in Turkey, and a multi-source study of cancer incidence around an incinerator.Less
This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms of population data, disease incidence, and mortality are considered and related to the scale at which a study is being carried out. Statistical methods are reviewed for large scale correlation studies, intermediate scale map smoothing exercises, and small scale clustering investigations. Problems of measuring environmental exposures at different scales are also reviewed. These issues are then related to current practice via a comprehensive set of case studies which include a large correlation study in China, clustering of asthma attacks, the Sellafield-leukaemia cluster, environmental clusters of mesothelioma in Turkey, and a multi-source study of cancer incidence around an incinerator.
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226246130
- eISBN:
- 9780226246154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226246154.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter provides an overview of the process by which Wallace became one of the greatest Victorian naturalists. This is central to understanding his evolutionary worldview. The concepts and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the process by which Wallace became one of the greatest Victorian naturalists. This is central to understanding his evolutionary worldview. The concepts and attitudes held by Wallace had their origins in his earliest encounters with the natural world and these would guide Wallace's quest for an integrative framework linking social, political, religious, philosophical, and scientific issues. The study of the geographical distribution of animals and plants was a familiar one at the time of Wallace's voyage. Explanations of distributional data were generally embedded within the framework of the argument from design. Wallace's account of his first sightings and subsequent contacts with the orangutans is intriguing because it depicts the complex relationship of the specimen collector to the object of his quest. Nature was an influential platform for Wallace's expertise as scientist, scientific book reviewer, and science popularizer; thus, he had become a Victorian naturalist of the first rank.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the process by which Wallace became one of the greatest Victorian naturalists. This is central to understanding his evolutionary worldview. The concepts and attitudes held by Wallace had their origins in his earliest encounters with the natural world and these would guide Wallace's quest for an integrative framework linking social, political, religious, philosophical, and scientific issues. The study of the geographical distribution of animals and plants was a familiar one at the time of Wallace's voyage. Explanations of distributional data were generally embedded within the framework of the argument from design. Wallace's account of his first sightings and subsequent contacts with the orangutans is intriguing because it depicts the complex relationship of the specimen collector to the object of his quest. Nature was an influential platform for Wallace's expertise as scientist, scientific book reviewer, and science popularizer; thus, he had become a Victorian naturalist of the first rank.
Michael Storper
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do ...
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The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do the issues of location and specialization used in the usual economic analysis. The rest of the chapter discusses standard approaches to the question of globalization and territory, the four levels of globalization, the internationalization of productivity, and price norms in routine contestable production.Less
The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do the issues of location and specialization used in the usual economic analysis. The rest of the chapter discusses standard approaches to the question of globalization and territory, the four levels of globalization, the internationalization of productivity, and price norms in routine contestable production.
J. F. Bithell and T. J. Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515326
- eISBN:
- 9780191723667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines geographical variations in the incidence of childhood leukaemia. It shows there is more variation of incidence at the international level than at smaller geographical scales of ...
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This chapter examines geographical variations in the incidence of childhood leukaemia. It shows there is more variation of incidence at the international level than at smaller geographical scales of study. Geographical variations in childhood leukaemia incidence are generally not as great as is sometimes supposed, and that such as do occur may be due as much to genetic differences as to environmental ones.Less
This chapter examines geographical variations in the incidence of childhood leukaemia. It shows there is more variation of incidence at the international level than at smaller geographical scales of study. Geographical variations in childhood leukaemia incidence are generally not as great as is sometimes supposed, and that such as do occur may be due as much to genetic differences as to environmental ones.
John H. Dunning (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The underlying theme of this book is the impact of the increasing globalization of economic activity, and the advent of the knowledge‐based economy, on the spatial distribution of economic activity, ...
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The underlying theme of this book is the impact of the increasing globalization of economic activity, and the advent of the knowledge‐based economy, on the spatial distribution of economic activity, both between countries and within countries. More especially, it seeks to reconcile the paradox of ‘slippery space’, as demonstrated by the growing transnationalization of the production of goods and services, and that of ‘sticky places’ as shown by the increasing tendency for certain kinds of economic activity—and particularly knowledge‐intensive activities—to be concentrated, or clustered, in limited spatial areas. These twin forces, both of which have been separately identified and extensively analysed in the literature, may be considered as opposite sides of the same spatial coin. In this book, they are viewed from the lenses of several scholarly disciplines, each of which is advancing understanding of one of the most significant trends of our day and age. The book is divided into four main parts. Part One first identifies the key analytical issues to be examined later, and then presents geographical, economic, and business perspectives of these. Part Two looks at the role of macroregions as units of spatial analysis. Part Three contains eight country studies. Part Four examines in more detail some of the policy implications of the subject matter dealt with in earlier chapters. The book is aimed at scholars and graduate students in the fields of business, economics, geography, and political science.Less
The underlying theme of this book is the impact of the increasing globalization of economic activity, and the advent of the knowledge‐based economy, on the spatial distribution of economic activity, both between countries and within countries. More especially, it seeks to reconcile the paradox of ‘slippery space’, as demonstrated by the growing transnationalization of the production of goods and services, and that of ‘sticky places’ as shown by the increasing tendency for certain kinds of economic activity—and particularly knowledge‐intensive activities—to be concentrated, or clustered, in limited spatial areas. These twin forces, both of which have been separately identified and extensively analysed in the literature, may be considered as opposite sides of the same spatial coin. In this book, they are viewed from the lenses of several scholarly disciplines, each of which is advancing understanding of one of the most significant trends of our day and age. The book is divided into four main parts. Part One first identifies the key analytical issues to be examined later, and then presents geographical, economic, and business perspectives of these. Part Two looks at the role of macroregions as units of spatial analysis. Part Three contains eight country studies. Part Four examines in more detail some of the policy implications of the subject matter dealt with in earlier chapters. The book is aimed at scholars and graduate students in the fields of business, economics, geography, and political science.
M. Smarts and J. Estève
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents some ideas that were developed at the International Agency for Research on Cancer while preparing or participating in the production of several other cancer atlases. Maps convey ...
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This chapter presents some ideas that were developed at the International Agency for Research on Cancer while preparing or participating in the production of several other cancer atlases. Maps convey instant visual information on the geographical distribution of diseases, and are becoming an indispensable tool for epidemiologists. For mapping cancers, it is important to standardize and smoothen risks in appropriate manner to avoid conveying false information. Statistically driven methods area recommended for smoothing risks.Less
This chapter presents some ideas that were developed at the International Agency for Research on Cancer while preparing or participating in the production of several other cancer atlases. Maps convey instant visual information on the geographical distribution of diseases, and are becoming an indispensable tool for epidemiologists. For mapping cancers, it is important to standardize and smoothen risks in appropriate manner to avoid conveying false information. Statistically driven methods area recommended for smoothing risks.
Lorraine Eden and Antoine Monteils
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show ...
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The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.Less
The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.
William D. Rubinstein
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199593767
- eISBN:
- 9780191728815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593767.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left ...
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This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left probated wealth of at least £100,000 in three periods: 1809–39, 1860–1, and in 1906. In terms of occupations, the commercial and financial sector accounted for the largest number of very wealthy individuals, although over the period the proportion of those from administrative and professional backgrounds declined whilst those from the manufacturing and industrial sectors increased. London remained the geographical focus of these wealth holders, although in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, elites from provincial centres became more common. By the start of the twentieth century, it appeared that the possession of money rivalled the ownership of land as a measure of social status.Less
This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left probated wealth of at least £100,000 in three periods: 1809–39, 1860–1, and in 1906. In terms of occupations, the commercial and financial sector accounted for the largest number of very wealthy individuals, although over the period the proportion of those from administrative and professional backgrounds declined whilst those from the manufacturing and industrial sectors increased. London remained the geographical focus of these wealth holders, although in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, elites from provincial centres became more common. By the start of the twentieth century, it appeared that the possession of money rivalled the ownership of land as a measure of social status.
Ilkka Hanski
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226406305
- eISBN:
- 9780226406589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226406589.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explains why and how biodiversity changes based on research of species and species richness on Haminanluoto, an island in the easternpart of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The ...
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This chapter explains why and how biodiversity changes based on research of species and species richness on Haminanluoto, an island in the easternpart of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The composition of the bird community on Haminanluoto has changed dramatically; especially noteworthy is the increase in the numbers of large-bodied species such as swans, geese, ducks, and gulls. In contrast, small-bodied species, waders and passerines, have declined. The chapter first considers the fate of large-bodied species and why the geographical distributions of beetles and butterflies on Haminanluoto are shifting due to human-caused climate change. It shows that species may track changing environmental conditions by shifting their geographical ranges or by adapting to new conditions and concludes by discussing the current rate of species extinctions.Less
This chapter explains why and how biodiversity changes based on research of species and species richness on Haminanluoto, an island in the easternpart of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The composition of the bird community on Haminanluoto has changed dramatically; especially noteworthy is the increase in the numbers of large-bodied species such as swans, geese, ducks, and gulls. In contrast, small-bodied species, waders and passerines, have declined. The chapter first considers the fate of large-bodied species and why the geographical distributions of beetles and butterflies on Haminanluoto are shifting due to human-caused climate change. It shows that species may track changing environmental conditions by shifting their geographical ranges or by adapting to new conditions and concludes by discussing the current rate of species extinctions.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206927
- eISBN:
- 9780191677380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206927.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter attempts to map put the ‘geography of mental deficiency’ in Great Britain during the 1930s. It analyses three interrelated elements: the ...
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This chapter attempts to map put the ‘geography of mental deficiency’ in Great Britain during the 1930s. It analyses three interrelated elements: the perceptions of the geographical location and distribution of mental deficiency, the relationship between reported levels and the ecology of mental deficiency, and the geography of local authority provision. This chapter shows that the problem of mental deficiency varied according to the geography of social and economic conditions, the administrative difficulties of establishing a local administration, and the local resources to provide services.Less
This chapter attempts to map put the ‘geography of mental deficiency’ in Great Britain during the 1930s. It analyses three interrelated elements: the perceptions of the geographical location and distribution of mental deficiency, the relationship between reported levels and the ecology of mental deficiency, and the geography of local authority provision. This chapter shows that the problem of mental deficiency varied according to the geography of social and economic conditions, the administrative difficulties of establishing a local administration, and the local resources to provide services.
David Owen
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344670
- eISBN:
- 9781447302261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344670.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British ...
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This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British population, and the geographical distribution of minority ethnic groups. The chapter also discusses the evolution of the minority-ethnic-group population and the demographic trends underlying the continued growth in the minority population over the medium term.Less
This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British population, and the geographical distribution of minority ethnic groups. The chapter also discusses the evolution of the minority-ethnic-group population and the demographic trends underlying the continued growth in the minority population over the medium term.
David B. Audretsch
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main ...
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The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main sections. These address the following: the loss of the former comparative advantage of mature, technically moderate industries in Europe and North America; the breakdown at the level of the firm of the knowledge production function (this shows that the empirical link between knowledge inputs and innovative outputs becomes stronger as the unit of production becomes increasingly aggregated); knowledge spillovers to small firms from larger firms or universities; the importance of location and geographic space in knowledge spillovers; and the use of foreign direct investment as a strategy to access localized knowledge spillovers for transfer back to the home country.Less
The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main sections. These address the following: the loss of the former comparative advantage of mature, technically moderate industries in Europe and North America; the breakdown at the level of the firm of the knowledge production function (this shows that the empirical link between knowledge inputs and innovative outputs becomes stronger as the unit of production becomes increasingly aggregated); knowledge spillovers to small firms from larger firms or universities; the importance of location and geographic space in knowledge spillovers; and the use of foreign direct investment as a strategy to access localized knowledge spillovers for transfer back to the home country.
Richard A. Fortey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226748610
- eISBN:
- 9780226748597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226748597.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Paleontology
This chapter examines the distribution and evolution of marine life in the early Paleozoic. It discusses the pioneering work of Alfred Russel Wallace who recognized the differences in geographical ...
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This chapter examines the distribution and evolution of marine life in the early Paleozoic. It discusses the pioneering work of Alfred Russel Wallace who recognized the differences in geographical and taxonomic distribution of organisms across the so-called Wallace's Line. This chapter also explains the lessons of recent studies of biogeography and biodiversity for paleobiology and stresses the need to continue the study of broad patterns and detailed empirical taxonomic work to solve problems in biogeography and evolution.Less
This chapter examines the distribution and evolution of marine life in the early Paleozoic. It discusses the pioneering work of Alfred Russel Wallace who recognized the differences in geographical and taxonomic distribution of organisms across the so-called Wallace's Line. This chapter also explains the lessons of recent studies of biogeography and biodiversity for paleobiology and stresses the need to continue the study of broad patterns and detailed empirical taxonomic work to solve problems in biogeography and evolution.
Robert H. Gray and Lauren E. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520235922
- eISBN:
- 9780520929432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
At the end of the nineteenth century, there were indications that northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) were numerous in the midwestern United States. Cricket frog decline was documented for the ...
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At the end of the nineteenth century, there were indications that northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) were numerous in the midwestern United States. Cricket frog decline was documented for the first time in 1977, in the relatively small area occupied by the species in extreme southern Ontario, Canada. Numerous reports of decline and ample scientific literature on the biology of cricket frogs have been published, but a clear-cut indication of the cause(s) of this trend toward extinction remains unidentified. However, a number of anthropogenic factors and environmental conditions have been suggested. Cricket frog population declines present an excellent opportunity to study the process of amphibian extinction. Furthermore, amphibian declines are of obvious significance to the future of humankind. This chapter reviews the relevant biology and trend toward extinction of northern cricket frogs. It discusses the historic geographical distribution of northern cricket frogs, along with their habitat, life history, color polymorphism, effective breeding size of populations, threats to their existence, and morphological abnormalities. Extinction scenarios for the species are also presented.Less
At the end of the nineteenth century, there were indications that northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) were numerous in the midwestern United States. Cricket frog decline was documented for the first time in 1977, in the relatively small area occupied by the species in extreme southern Ontario, Canada. Numerous reports of decline and ample scientific literature on the biology of cricket frogs have been published, but a clear-cut indication of the cause(s) of this trend toward extinction remains unidentified. However, a number of anthropogenic factors and environmental conditions have been suggested. Cricket frog population declines present an excellent opportunity to study the process of amphibian extinction. Furthermore, amphibian declines are of obvious significance to the future of humankind. This chapter reviews the relevant biology and trend toward extinction of northern cricket frogs. It discusses the historic geographical distribution of northern cricket frogs, along with their habitat, life history, color polymorphism, effective breeding size of populations, threats to their existence, and morphological abnormalities. Extinction scenarios for the species are also presented.
Hyun-Min Hwang, Peter G. Green, and Thomas M. Young
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520274297
- eISBN:
- 9780520954014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274297.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
More than 80 percent of San Francisco Bay's historic tidal marshes have disappeared due to human activities, and the remaining marshes have been fragmented and contaminated. High levels of ...
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More than 80 percent of San Francisco Bay's historic tidal marshes have disappeared due to human activities, and the remaining marshes have been fragmented and contaminated. High levels of contaminants have contributed to the degradation of their habitat quality. After the implementation of management actions and the restriction on the use of toxic chemicals, a significant decrease in contaminant loading occurred, and marsh-habitat quality is being improved slowly. However, levels of contaminants in some tidal marshes are still high enough to threaten the well-being of aquatic life and wildlife. This review summarizes the geographical distribution and temporal trends of contaminants, especially mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, which are the most serious concerns for public health and environmental degradation in the San Francisco Bay.Less
More than 80 percent of San Francisco Bay's historic tidal marshes have disappeared due to human activities, and the remaining marshes have been fragmented and contaminated. High levels of contaminants have contributed to the degradation of their habitat quality. After the implementation of management actions and the restriction on the use of toxic chemicals, a significant decrease in contaminant loading occurred, and marsh-habitat quality is being improved slowly. However, levels of contaminants in some tidal marshes are still high enough to threaten the well-being of aquatic life and wildlife. This review summarizes the geographical distribution and temporal trends of contaminants, especially mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, which are the most serious concerns for public health and environmental degradation in the San Francisco Bay.
