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Geographical Distribution of the Refugees

Elisabeth Kontogiorgi

in Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia: The Rural Settlement of Refugees 1922-1930

This chapter considers the geographical distribution of the refugees within Greece, and in particular in Macedonia, after their settlement. It also looks at the degree to which the refugees were ... More

This chapter considers the geographical distribution of the refugees within Greece, and in particular in Macedonia, after their settlement. It also looks at the degree to which the refugees were successful in reconstituting their communities in their new lands.Less

The Impact of the Completion of the European Internal Market on FDI

John H. Dunning

in Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy

The impact of the completion of the European Internal Market Programme (IMP) on the geographical distribution of economic activity within the European Community (now Union) is considered. More ... More

The impact of the completion of the European Internal Market Programme (IMP) on the geographical distribution of economic activity within the European Community (now Union) is considered. More particularly, the empirical validity of a number of hypotheses, drawn from foreign direct investment (FDI) theory, on the likely effect of the removal of tariff barriers on intra‐EC and extra‐EC trade and FDI flows and the relationship between the two are considered. The evidence strongly suggests that the twin forces of regionalization and localization have been accelerated by recent European integration, and that the balance between the two is strongly determined by the knowledge intensity and mobility of the economic activities involved.Less

Pen pictures. Thirteen otters of the world: some natural history

Hans Kruuk

in Otters: Ecology, behaviour and conservation

This chapter describes each of the 13 otter species, with photographs and geographical distribution, an outline of their natural history, a summary of known diet and feeding habits, main habitats, ... More

This chapter describes each of the 13 otter species, with photographs and geographical distribution, an outline of their natural history, a summary of known diet and feeding habits, main habitats, and notes on breeding, social behaviour, conservation status, and threats to survival. The chapter is divided into geographical sections: Europe with common or Eurasian otter Lutra lutra; North America with two, river otter Lontra canadensis and sea otter Enhydra lutra; Latin America with four, giant otter Petronura brasiliensis, neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis, southern river otter Lontra provocax, and marine otter Lontra felina. Asia has four species, the Eurasian one, hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana, smooth otter Lutrogale perspicillata, and small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus. Africa also has four, including the Eurasian one, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, Congo clawless otter Aonyx congicus, and spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis.Less

The Making of a Victorian Naturalist

in An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace

This chapter provides an overview of the process by which Wallace became one of the greatest Victorian naturalists. This is central to understanding his evolutionary worldview. The concepts and ... More

This chapter provides an overview of the process by which Wallace became one of the greatest Victorian naturalists. This is central to understanding his evolutionary worldview. The concepts and attitudes held by Wallace had their origins in his earliest encounters with the natural world and these would guide Wallace's quest for an integrative framework linking social, political, religious, philosophical, and scientific issues. The study of the geographical distribution of animals and plants was a familiar one at the time of Wallace's voyage. Explanations of distributional data were generally embedded within the framework of the argument from design. Wallace's account of his first sightings and subsequent contacts with the orangutans is intriguing because it depicts the complex relationship of the specimen collector to the object of his quest. Nature was an influential platform for Wallace's expertise as scientist, scientific book reviewer, and science popularizer; thus, he had become a Victorian naturalist of the first rank.Less

Strains and Drug Resistance

Christopher Dye

in The Population Biology of Tuberculosis

This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about ... More

This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about M. tuberculosis population genetics. To combat epidemics of drug-resistant TB, it is vital to understand why some resistant strains have greater reproductive fitness than drug-susceptible strains. The chapter first provides an overview of genetic variation in M. tuberculosis before discussing resistance (new and acquired) to first-and second-line drugs. It then considers the link between drug resistance and HIV coinfection, global distribution of drug-resistant TB, relative reproductive fitness, and absolute reproductive fitness. It shows that drug resistance is preventable and reversible, but this must be corroborated and expanded with longer series of data from a wider range of countries, countries with high rates of HIV infection (for example, Botswana and South Africa), and those reporting cases of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).Less

Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge Economy: The Issues Stated

John H. Dunning

in Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy

Offers an analytical framework for evaluating the implications of recent economic events on the spatial distribution of economic activities, and of the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) ... More

Offers an analytical framework for evaluating the implications of recent economic events on the spatial distribution of economic activities, and of the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and cross‐border coalitions of firms on the international and intranational division of labour. In particular, it is concerned with the parallel, yet apparently antithetical, forces towards the geographical dispersion of asset‐augmenting and asset‐exploiting activities, and the concentration of such activities in limited spatial areas—what has been referred to as the paradox of ‘sticky places within slippery space’.Less

Globalization and Knowledge Flows: An Industrial Geographer's Perspective

Michael Storper

in Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy

The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do ... More

The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do the issues of location and specialization used in the usual economic analysis. The rest of the chapter discusses standard approaches to the question of globalization and territory, the four levels of globalization, the internationalization of productivity, and price norms in routine contestable production.Less

Geographical variations in childhood leukaemia incidence

J. F. Bithell and T. J. Vincent

in Spatial Epidemiology: Methods and Applications

This chapter examines geographical variations in the incidence of childhood leukaemia. It shows there is more variation of incidence at the international level than at smaller geographical scales of ... More

This chapter examines geographical variations in the incidence of childhood leukaemia. It shows there is more variation of incidence at the international level than at smaller geographical scales of study. Geographical variations in childhood leukaemia incidence are generally not as great as is sometimes supposed, and that such as do occur may be due as much to genetic differences as to environmental ones.Less

Regional Integration: NAFTA and the Reconfiguration of North American Industry

Lorraine Eden and Antoine Monteils

in Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy

The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show ... More

The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.Less

The Wealth Structure of Britain in 1809–39, 1860–1, and 1906

William D. Rubinstein

in Men, Women, and Money: Perspectives on Gender, Wealth, and Investment 1850-1930

This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left ... More

This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left probated wealth of at least £100,000 in three periods: 1809–39, 1860–1, and in 1906. In terms of occupations, the commercial and financial sector accounted for the largest number of very wealthy individuals, although over the period the proportion of those from administrative and professional backgrounds declined whilst those from the manufacturing and industrial sectors increased. London remained the geographical focus of these wealth holders, although in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, elites from provincial centres became more common. By the start of the twentieth century, it appeared that the possession of money rivalled the ownership of land as a measure of social status.Less

Changing Biodiversity

Ilkka Hanski

in Messages from Islands: A Global Biodiversity Tour

This chapter explains why and how biodiversity changes based on research of species and species richness on Haminanluoto, an island in the easternpart of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The ... More

This chapter explains why and how biodiversity changes based on research of species and species richness on Haminanluoto, an island in the easternpart of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The composition of the bird community on Haminanluoto has changed dramatically; especially noteworthy is the increase in the numbers of large-bodied species such as swans, geese, ducks, and gulls. In contrast, small-bodied species, waders and passerines, have declined. The chapter first considers the fate of large-bodied species and why the geographical distributions of beetles and butterflies on Haminanluoto are shifting due to human-caused climate change. It shows that species may track changing environmental conditions by shifting their geographical ranges or by adapting to new conditions and concludes by discussing the current rate of species extinctions.Less

The demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain

David Owen

in Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain

This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British ... More

This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British population, and the geographical distribution of minority ethnic groups. The chapter also discusses the evolution of the minority-ethnic-group population and the demographic trends underlying the continued growth in the minority population over the medium term.Less

Knowledge, Globalization, and Regions: An Economist's Perspective

David B. Audretsch

in Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy

The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main ... More

The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main sections. These address the following: the loss of the former comparative advantage of mature, technically moderate industries in Europe and North America; the breakdown at the level of the firm of the knowledge production function (this shows that the empirical link between knowledge inputs and innovative outputs becomes stronger as the unit of production becomes increasingly aggregated); knowledge spillovers to small firms from larger firms or universities; the importance of location and geographic space in knowledge spillovers; and the use of foreign direct investment as a strategy to access localized knowledge spillovers for transfer back to the home country.Less

Biogeography and Evolution in the Early Paleozoic

Richard A. Fortey

in The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology

This chapter examines the distribution and evolution of marine life in the early Paleozoic. It discusses the pioneering work of Alfred Russel Wallace who recognized the differences in geographical ... More

This chapter examines the distribution and evolution of marine life in the early Paleozoic. It discusses the pioneering work of Alfred Russel Wallace who recognized the differences in geographical and taxonomic distribution of organisms across the so-called Wallace's Line. This chapter also explains the lessons of recent studies of biogeography and biodiversity for paleobiology and stresses the need to continue the study of broad patterns and detailed empirical taxonomic work to solve problems in biogeography and evolution.Less

Defining the Corpus: Chronology, Technique, Distribution

Caspar Meyer

in Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia: From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity

This chapter addresses some of the cardinal questions associated with a group of objects, particularly those concerning chronology and geographical distribution: where the objects were found and what ... More

This chapter addresses some of the cardinal questions associated with a group of objects, particularly those concerning chronology and geographical distribution: where the objects were found and what their appearance can reveal about the date and place of production. To this end, the chapter reviews some of the evidence that is traditionally brought to bear in studies of Scythian art and culture. It places Greco-Scythian metalwork in the broader traditions of nomadic elite patronage and display and considers the possibilities offered by archaeology in locating the production of the artefacts chronologically and geographically. It argues that Greco-Scythian artefacts were designed to organise rituals of elite distinction and that they played on notions of civility and barbarism reminiscent of those perpetuated in modern orientalism.Less

Decline of Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans)

Robert H. Gray and Lauren E. Brown

in Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species

At the end of the nineteenth century, there were indications that northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) were numerous in the midwestern United States. Cricket frog decline was documented for the ... More

At the end of the nineteenth century, there were indications that northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) were numerous in the midwestern United States. Cricket frog decline was documented for the first time in 1977, in the relatively small area occupied by the species in extreme southern Ontario, Canada. Numerous reports of decline and ample scientific literature on the biology of cricket frogs have been published, but a clear-cut indication of the cause(s) of this trend toward extinction remains unidentified. However, a number of anthropogenic factors and environmental conditions have been suggested. Cricket frog population declines present an excellent opportunity to study the process of amphibian extinction. Furthermore, amphibian declines are of obvious significance to the future of humankind. This chapter reviews the relevant biology and trend toward extinction of northern cricket frogs. It discusses the historic geographical distribution of northern cricket frogs, along with their habitat, life history, color polymorphism, effective breeding size of populations, threats to their existence, and morphological abnormalities. Extinction scenarios for the species are also presented.Less