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Termites are important soil engineers, responsible for decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, and creating habitats for other organisms. But some species cause damage, including several genera that attack cacao trees. These include termites belonging to the genera Macrotermes, Nasutitermes, Microcerotermes, Ancistrotermes, and Coptotermes. Some are mound-builders, while others construct carton nests of faeces and wood on tree trunks, or small dome-shaped mounds on trees. Twenty years ago, the termite Macrotermes bellicosus was not thought to damage cacao, but today, it is considered a major pest of the crop, responsible for significant damage to seedlings and even mature trees. This chapter examines termite biology and looks at how they damage cacao trees and what can be done to manage the problem.

I fulfils its referential function in the deictic mode. Deictic terms fulfil their referential role by the action of making an individual salient. That is the genus to which demonstration, utterance-relative uniqueness, and leading candidature belong as species. I fulfils its referential role by making an individual salient. Salience is the determinant of the term.

There is an apparent paradox with respect to Aquinas’s teaching on proximate and remote ends. On some occasions, he seems to assert that a proximate end specifies a human action, while the remote end is inconsequential. On other occasions, he appears to hold not only that a remote end gives a species to a human action, but also that this species has greater formal influence than the species from a proximate end. The way to resolve this paradox is to realize that Aquinas addresses two different questions with respect to the specification of human action. Sometimes, he is exploring what is required to determine a particular species of human action. In this case, he thinks that willing a proximate end (such as ‘having intercourse with another’s spouse’) is sufficient to determine this action’s species (adultery), and that no further end would add something critical for making this determination. On other occasions, he is wondering what the species of an action would be in a case where a particular proximate end (such as theft) is already being willed by an agent for a particular remote end (such as murder or almsgiving). In this case, he believes that the human action in question has two moral species, one from each end; the species from the remote end has a kind of formal primacy, since the proximate end is being willed for the remote end’s sake.

This chapter presents an introduction to mangroves and seagrasses, including their species, genera, and geographical regions. Mangroves are dicotyledonous woody shrubs or trees that are virtually confined to the tropics. They often form dense forests that dominate intertidal muddy shores, frequently consisting of virtually monospecific patches or bands. Seagrasses are monocotyledonous plants, typically with long, strap-like leaves, although in fact they are not true grasses.

The main goal of this study was to improve a phylogeny and classification for species referable to Sparganothina. Sparganothina was originally described on the basis of the following five characters: reduction to a trace or loss of the ocelli; reduction to a trace or loss of vein CuP in the forewing; the rudimentary and joined gnathos; the heavily sclerotized sacculus, enlarged distally with a free tip or projecting spur; and the nearly closed collarlike signum of the females. It is not possible however to use these characters to define Sparganothina as monophyletic when the array of new species is considered and if the four originally included species remain in the genus. The reduced gnathos serves more adequately than the other four characters to define the tribe as a whole. Additionally, undescribed species are recognized, but the unique male specimen is too badly damaged to be described or illustrated with accuracy.

The major problems in systematics of Heliodinidae have been lack of modern revisionary work for the majority of heliodinid groups; difficulty in identifying and recognizing species using existing descriptions, because most known species were described before 1940, when genitalia rarely were described or illustrated; and erroneous assignments of species to higher-level taxa because of similarity in appearance of remotely related species. Heliodinidae was not recognized as a family until Heinemann (1877), and before 1877, were placed in either “Tineina” or Elachistidae. Before 1910, most of the taxonomic information on Heliodinidae had been in the form of scattered descriptions of genera and species. Comments on relationships of various groups of heliodinids to the European Heliodines roesella (L.), the type species of Heliodines, and a few other genera were made by Meyrick (1906) and Walsingham (1881, 1909). Documentation of the biology began in the early period.

This section notes that the family Heterorhabdidae was erected by Sars (1902) to accommodate the genera Heterorhabdus Giesbrecht 1898 (published in Giesbrecht and Schmeil 1898), Haloptilus Giesbrecht 1898, and Augaptilus Giesbrecht 1889. It further notes that Sars (1905) added Disseta Giesbrecht 1889 and a new genus, Mesorhabdus, to the Heterorhabdidae and the transferred Haloptilus and Augaptilus into a new family, the Augaptilidae. It reports that Sars (1925) recognized in the Heterorhabdidae the following five genera: Disseta, Heterorhabdus, Mesorhabdus, Hemirhabdus Wolfenden 1911, and Heterostylites Sars 1920. It further reports that Brodsky (1950) subdivided the genus Heterorhabdus into two subgenera—Euheterorhabdus (Heterorhabdus) and Paraheterorhabdus. It notes that in this review of the Heterorhabdidae, Heptner (1972b) described two new genera (Microdisseta and Neorhabdus) for the Heterorhabdidae bringing the number of genera of the family to seven. It notes that Grice (1973) described Alrhabdus johnrdeae, which he referred provisionally to the Heterorhabdidae.

This chapter discusses the distribution pattern of all of the genera, subgenera, and species groups of the Heterorhabdidae, Mesorhabdus, Heterostylites, Hemirhabdus, Neorhabdus, Paraheterorhabdus and Heterorhabdus. It notes that the distribution pattern of the Heterorhabdidae is very similar to that of the bathypelagic genus Paraeuchaeta and thus supports the hypothesis proposed by Park (1994), that endemic species with a limited geographic range are found exclusively in highly productive waters, where they are usually abundant. It further notes that they are therefore believed to be eutrophic. It observes that species with a wide range of distribution are generally rare and are believed to be oligotrophic, although the total number of specimens found in the study for some of these rare species was actually higher than the eutrophic species, because they occurred in more samples.

This chapter discusses chiral anomalies associated with the gravitational field, namely, gravitational anomalies. It discusses gravitational generalization of chiral U(1) anomalies for ordinary gauge fields. A method for evaluating the Dirac genus and Chern characters in general 2n-dimensional Euclidean space-time is given. It is explained that there appear to be quantum anomalies in general coordinate and local Lorentz transformations for chiral Dirac fields in (4n+2)-dimensional curved space-time. If these anomalies are not cancelled, the basic principles of general relativity and quantum theory become incompatible with each other.

Chapter 7 considers how to integrate dissonant tetrachords into a model that focuses on triads. In order to disable the requirement that an analytic approach to dissonance must be internally consistent, the chapter begins by showing that Rameau’s theory of dissonance is based on four partly incommensurate principles, each of which is present in current classical theories of dissonance. The chapter then develops two incommensurate ways to integrate dissonance into pan-triadic syntax. The first way, proceeding by extension, involves reducing a chord to its consonant subset, if the latter is unique. The technique enriches a motivic and hermeneutic analysis of Wagner’s Parsifal by enlarging its scope. The second way, proceeding by analogy, groups dominant and half-diminished-seventh chords into a single Tristan genus, on the basis that they are minimal perturbation so the perfectly equal fully-diminished seventh chord. Geometric layouts (Douthett’s Power Towers) and transformations, analogous to the triadic case, are developed for charting progressions within the Tristan genus. The chapter concludes with an extended analysis of Chopin’s e-minor prelude.

Aristotle, in the Posterior Analytics, connects his account of definition and explanation with the theory of division. The features that figure in the relevant explanation include those that distinguish the kind in its relevant genus. His account of differentiation into genera and species is strongly interconnected with his explanation‐involving account of definition.

Xenocrates, who had accompanied Plato on one of his visits to Sicily, became head of the Academy in 339 B.C. Xenocrates stays close to what he takes to be the cosmological doctrine of Plato's Timaeus; indeed Xenocrates’ doctrine may be seen as something of a retreat from Speusippus’ radical position, perhaps in response to Aristotle's criticisms. Dillon reconstructs Xenocrates's cosmological or metaphysical scheme as comprising a pair of first principles, the Monad, or Nous, and the Dyad, or the ‘Everflowing’, to which the Pythagorean tetraktys corresponds as the active counterpart; and a World‐Soul, which receives the forms from the Supreme God's mind, and projects them upon the physical plane. In Logic, Xenocrates remained faithful to Platonic logic, rejecting the Aristotelian categories, although he did argue that the species was prior to the genus; in Ethics, while keen to formalize Plato's teachings, Xenocrates ends up with a position very similar to Aristotle's, in that he emphasizes the needs of the body as well as those of the soul. Xenocrates had a dominant effect on the development of Platonism, because he systematized what he took to be Plato's philosophical system, thus laying the foundation for the ‘Platonic’ system of philosophy; it is Xenocrates’ definition of Form, for instance, which became the standard definition of a Platonic Form.

This chapter discusses the species concepts debate and the revival of the study of logic in the early nineteenth century. It discusses the use of the notions of genus and species in logical discussions and suggests that the genera plus differentia definition remained widely accepted by logicians until the introduction of the new set theory and formal logic. It also discusses H.W.B. Joseph's influential book, Introduction to Logic, which suggests that the evolutionary species of Darwin and Spencer came from a different notion to that of the logical species of definitions. Joseph continued the tradition of Richard Whately, separating logical species defined by essence and biological species described by types. The chapter also examines different notions of taxonomic groups and pre-Darwinian evolutionary views of species.

This chapter describes the genus Heterostylites and differentiates it from Disseta and Mesorhabdus specifying distinct features in the antennular segment, the exopodal and endopodal segments, the masticatory edge of the Md, maxillule, maxilla, and coxa of Mxp, in the basis of P1 and P2. It notes that the females of Heterostylites can readily be distinguished from those of the other calanoid copepods by a unique feature of the P5—the serrated distal lappet of the second exopodal segment. It further notes that the male can be distinguished from those of the other heterorhabdid genera by the greatly enlarged second exopodal segment of the right P5.

This chapter discusses how much Victorian fiction and British psychoanalysis together teaches about relationality. It explains loneliness, wishfulness, restlessness, and aliveness as profoundly solitary emotions. Relational readings reveal that people are never more intensely related to other than when these emotions are felt. Although novel reading is a solitary activity, the chapter shows how intensely, if paradoxically, people are related to others while they read: to narrators, authors, characters, and other readers, and also to themselves, in the new forms of self-relation evolved by Victorian novels and consolidated by British object relations psychoanalysis. The chapter also talks about the contemporary psychoanalyst Christopher Bollas who has invented a new term to designate the opposite of trauma: “genera.” The psychic genera, in Bollas's theory, sponsors a very different kind of unconscious work. Rather than an open wound, it is a site of psychic incubation, an inner place to gather resources so that one may turn outward, to “novel experiences” that bring the self into renewing contact with ideational and affective states, often within an enriching interpersonal environment.

In both Europe and North America, modern herpetological families and genera became established quite early in the Cenozoic, and modern species occurred as early as the Miocene. Because of deteriorating climates that began late in the Eocene, a marked decrease in herpetological diversity occurred in the Oligocene in both continents. However, both areas became herpetologically enriched in the Miocene. In post-Miocene times Europe was isolated from Africa and warm areas in the east by the Mediterranean Sea and eastern mountain ranges, and a depauperate herpetofauna developed there that continued into recent times. In North America, however, with its vast, accessible southern land mass, the richness of the Miocene herpetofauna (with the exception of several archaic colubrid genera [Parmley and Holman, 1995] that became extinct in the the Miocene) persisted into modern times. The following discussion of changes in the European herpetofauna in the Cenozoic era has been synthesized from Auge (1986), Ballón (1991a), Bailon ct al. (1988), Barbadillo et al. (1997), Crochet et al. (1981), Estes (1981, 1982, 1983), Fritz (1995), Holman (1995c), Milncr (1986), Milner et al. (1982), Mlynarski (1976), Rage (1984a, 1984c, 1986, 1993), Rage and Auge (1993), Rage and Ford (1980), Roček (1994), Sanchiz. (1977b, in press), Sanchiz and Mlynarski (1979), Sanchiz and Roček (1996), Spinar (1972), Szyndlar (1984, 1991b, 1991c), and Szyndlar and Bohme (1993). Because of the high probability that herpetological fossils have been identified correctly at the family level, herpetological families are used here to reflect the taxonomic diversity of the European herpetofauna from the Paleocene through the Pliocene. In a following section, the earliest appearance of herpetological genera and species in the European Tertiary are discussed. Extinct families are prefixed with an asterisk (*). Families that became extinct in Europe in the Cenozoic but presently occur elsewhere are prefixed with a number sign (#). Two primitive, extinct, presumably permanently aquatic salamander families, me *Albanerpetontidae and *Batrachosauroididae (the latter also known from the Tertiary of North America) made limited appearances in the Cenozoic of Europe. The *Albanerpetontidae occurred only in the Middle Miocene (having reappeared from the Cretaceous), and the *Batrachosauroididae occurred from the Upper Paleocene to the Lower Eocene.