Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular ...
More
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.Less
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological ...
More
This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological evidence from genomics or functional brain imaging is likely to have limited traction in the criminal courtroom itself, a new diagram is nonetheless emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will or an exculpatory argument that “my brain made me do it,” as some have suggested. Rather it is developing around the themes of susceptibility, prediction, and precaution that have come to infuse many aspects of criminal justice systems as they have come to focus on questions of risk—risk assessment, risk management, and risk reduction.Less
This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological evidence from genomics or functional brain imaging is likely to have limited traction in the criminal courtroom itself, a new diagram is nonetheless emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will or an exculpatory argument that “my brain made me do it,” as some have suggested. Rather it is developing around the themes of susceptibility, prediction, and precaution that have come to infuse many aspects of criminal justice systems as they have come to focus on questions of risk—risk assessment, risk management, and risk reduction.
ZIHENG YANG
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567028
- eISBN:
- 9780191728280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses current challenges and future perspectives of the field. Topics covered include theoretical issues in phylogeny reconstruction, computational issues in analysis of large and ...
More
This chapter discusses current challenges and future perspectives of the field. Topics covered include theoretical issues in phylogeny reconstruction, computational issues in analysis of large and heterogeneous data sets, genome rearrangement data, and comparative genomics.Less
This chapter discusses current challenges and future perspectives of the field. Topics covered include theoretical issues in phylogeny reconstruction, computational issues in analysis of large and heterogeneous data sets, genome rearrangement data, and comparative genomics.
Xun Gu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199213269
- eISBN:
- 9780191594762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213269.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Evolutionary genomics is a relatively new research field with the ultimate goal of understanding the underlying evolutionary and genetic mechanisms for the emergence of genome complexity under ...
More
Evolutionary genomics is a relatively new research field with the ultimate goal of understanding the underlying evolutionary and genetic mechanisms for the emergence of genome complexity under changing environments. It stems from an integration of high throughput data from functional genomics, statistical modelling and bioinformatics, and the procedure of phylogeny-based analysis. This book summarises the statistical framework of evolutionary genomics, and illustrates how statistical modelling and testing can enhance our understanding of functional genomic evolution. The book reviews the recent developments in methodology from an evolutionary perspective of genome function, and incorporates substantial examples from high throughput data in model organisms. In addition to phylogeny-based functional analysis of DNA sequences, the book includes discussion on how new types of functional genomic data (e.g., microarray) can provide exciting new insights into the evolution of genome function, which can lead in turn to an understanding of the emergence of genome complexity during evolution.Less
Evolutionary genomics is a relatively new research field with the ultimate goal of understanding the underlying evolutionary and genetic mechanisms for the emergence of genome complexity under changing environments. It stems from an integration of high throughput data from functional genomics, statistical modelling and bioinformatics, and the procedure of phylogeny-based analysis. This book summarises the statistical framework of evolutionary genomics, and illustrates how statistical modelling and testing can enhance our understanding of functional genomic evolution. The book reviews the recent developments in methodology from an evolutionary perspective of genome function, and incorporates substantial examples from high throughput data in model organisms. In addition to phylogeny-based functional analysis of DNA sequences, the book includes discussion on how new types of functional genomic data (e.g., microarray) can provide exciting new insights into the evolution of genome function, which can lead in turn to an understanding of the emergence of genome complexity during evolution.
M. Vidyasagar
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691133157
- eISBN:
- 9781400850518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691133157.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This book explores important aspects of Markov and hidden Markov processes and the applications of these ideas to various problems in computational biology. It starts from first principles, so that ...
More
This book explores important aspects of Markov and hidden Markov processes and the applications of these ideas to various problems in computational biology. It starts from first principles, so that no previous knowledge of probability is necessary. However, the work is rigorous and mathematical, making it useful to engineers and mathematicians, even those not interested in biological applications. A range of exercises is provided, including drills to familiarize the reader with concepts and more advanced problems that require deep thinking about the theory. Biological applications are taken from post-genomic biology, especially genomics and proteomics. The topics examined include standard material such as the Perron–Frobenius theorem, transient and recurrent states, hitting probabilities and hitting times, maximum likelihood estimation, the Viterbi algorithm, and the Baum–Welch algorithm. The book contains discussions of extremely useful topics not usually seen at the basic level, such as ergodicity of Markov processes, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), information theory, and large deviation theory for both i.i.d and Markov processes. It also presents state-of-the-art realization theory for hidden Markov models. Among biological applications, it offers an in-depth look at the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Technique) algorithm, including a comprehensive explanation of the underlying theory. Other applications such as profile hidden Markov models are also explored.Less
This book explores important aspects of Markov and hidden Markov processes and the applications of these ideas to various problems in computational biology. It starts from first principles, so that no previous knowledge of probability is necessary. However, the work is rigorous and mathematical, making it useful to engineers and mathematicians, even those not interested in biological applications. A range of exercises is provided, including drills to familiarize the reader with concepts and more advanced problems that require deep thinking about the theory. Biological applications are taken from post-genomic biology, especially genomics and proteomics. The topics examined include standard material such as the Perron–Frobenius theorem, transient and recurrent states, hitting probabilities and hitting times, maximum likelihood estimation, the Viterbi algorithm, and the Baum–Welch algorithm. The book contains discussions of extremely useful topics not usually seen at the basic level, such as ergodicity of Markov processes, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), information theory, and large deviation theory for both i.i.d and Markov processes. It also presents state-of-the-art realization theory for hidden Markov models. Among biological applications, it offers an in-depth look at the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Technique) algorithm, including a comprehensive explanation of the underlying theory. Other applications such as profile hidden Markov models are also explored.
Richard R. Copley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549429
- eISBN:
- 9780191721601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
Comparisons between completely sequenced metazoan genomes have generally emphasized how similar their encoded protein content is, even when the comparison is between phyla. Given the manifest ...
More
Comparisons between completely sequenced metazoan genomes have generally emphasized how similar their encoded protein content is, even when the comparison is between phyla. Given the manifest differences between phyla and, in particular, intuitive notions that some animals are more complex than others, this creates something of a paradox. Simplistic explanations have included arguments such as increased numbers of genes; greater numbers of protein products produced through alternative splicing; increased numbers of regulatory non-coding RNAs and increased complexity of the cis-regulatory code. An obvious value of complete genome sequences lies in their ability to provide us with inventories of such components. This chapter examines progress being made in linking genome content to the pattern of animal evolution, and argues that the gap between genome and phenotypic complexity can only be understood through the totality of interacting components.Less
Comparisons between completely sequenced metazoan genomes have generally emphasized how similar their encoded protein content is, even when the comparison is between phyla. Given the manifest differences between phyla and, in particular, intuitive notions that some animals are more complex than others, this creates something of a paradox. Simplistic explanations have included arguments such as increased numbers of genes; greater numbers of protein products produced through alternative splicing; increased numbers of regulatory non-coding RNAs and increased complexity of the cis-regulatory code. An obvious value of complete genome sequences lies in their ability to provide us with inventories of such components. This chapter examines progress being made in linking genome content to the pattern of animal evolution, and argues that the gap between genome and phenotypic complexity can only be understood through the totality of interacting components.
Johanna Laybourn-Parry and Warwick F. Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related ...
More
This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related impacts in the polar regions, and the importance of high latitude lakes and rivers as sentinels of global change; the increased availability of wireless network technology to obtain high temporal resolution data sets from these remote sites; the emergence of new sensor technologies and underwater platforms, including robotic systems that may be used in the future to explore subglacial lakes and other polar waters; and the development of surface imagery approaches ranging from local-scale observations by unmanned aerial vehicles to circumpolar-scale measurements by satellite, for example by synthetic aperture radar. The chapter also examines the new opportunities provided by environmental genomics, including application towards bioprospecting for novel extremophiles and biomolecules of pharmaceutical and industrial interest.Less
This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related impacts in the polar regions, and the importance of high latitude lakes and rivers as sentinels of global change; the increased availability of wireless network technology to obtain high temporal resolution data sets from these remote sites; the emergence of new sensor technologies and underwater platforms, including robotic systems that may be used in the future to explore subglacial lakes and other polar waters; and the development of surface imagery approaches ranging from local-scale observations by unmanned aerial vehicles to circumpolar-scale measurements by satellite, for example by synthetic aperture radar. The chapter also examines the new opportunities provided by environmental genomics, including application towards bioprospecting for novel extremophiles and biomolecules of pharmaceutical and industrial interest.
Muin Khoury, Sara Bedrosian, Marta Gwinn, Julian Higgins, John Ioannidis, and Julian Little (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The first edition of Human Genome Epidemiology, published in 2004, discussed how the epidemiologic approach provides an important scientific foundation for studying the continuum from gene discovery ...
More
The first edition of Human Genome Epidemiology, published in 2004, discussed how the epidemiologic approach provides an important scientific foundation for studying the continuum from gene discovery to the development, application and evaluation of human genome information in improving health and preventing disease. Since that time, advances in human genomics have continued to occur at a breathtaking pace. With contributions from leaders in the field from around the world, this new edition is a fully updated look at the ways in which genetic factors in common diseases are studied. Methodologic developments in collection, analysis and synthesis of data, as well as issues surrounding specific applications of human genomic information for medicine and public health are all discussed. In addition, the book focuses on practical applications of human genome variation in clinical practice and disease prevention. The book is a useful tool for understanding the rapidly evolving methods of the discovery and use of genetic information in medicine and public health in the 21st century.Less
The first edition of Human Genome Epidemiology, published in 2004, discussed how the epidemiologic approach provides an important scientific foundation for studying the continuum from gene discovery to the development, application and evaluation of human genome information in improving health and preventing disease. Since that time, advances in human genomics have continued to occur at a breathtaking pace. With contributions from leaders in the field from around the world, this new edition is a fully updated look at the ways in which genetic factors in common diseases are studied. Methodologic developments in collection, analysis and synthesis of data, as well as issues surrounding specific applications of human genomic information for medicine and public health are all discussed. In addition, the book focuses on practical applications of human genome variation in clinical practice and disease prevention. The book is a useful tool for understanding the rapidly evolving methods of the discovery and use of genetic information in medicine and public health in the 21st century.
Evian Gordon, MD, PhD and Stephen Koslow, PhD (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a ...
More
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.Less
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.
Muin J. Khoury, Sara R. Bedrosian, Marta Gwinn, Julian Little, Julian P. T. Higgins, and John P. A. Ioannidis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the Rationale for a Second Edition of Human Genome Epidemiology. It then discusses public health applications of genome-wide association studies, the ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the Rationale for a Second Edition of Human Genome Epidemiology. It then discusses public health applications of genome-wide association studies, the emergence of public health genomics, and phases of translation research in genomics. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the Rationale for a Second Edition of Human Genome Epidemiology. It then discusses public health applications of genome-wide association studies, the emergence of public health genomics, and phases of translation research in genomics. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Philippa Brice and Ron Zimmern
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then ...
More
This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then looks at the future prospects for the field and its role within medicine and health care in the 21st century and beyond. Public health genomics is built around the prevention of morbidity and mortality and the promotion of health, and seeks these benefits at the population level in addition to that of individual patients. This is a paradigm that should not only unite genomics and epidemiology, medicine, and public health, but which should also underpin all health services and biomedical research in the modern world.Less
This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then looks at the future prospects for the field and its role within medicine and health care in the 21st century and beyond. Public health genomics is built around the prevention of morbidity and mortality and the promotion of health, and seeks these benefits at the population level in addition to that of individual patients. This is a paradigm that should not only unite genomics and epidemiology, medicine, and public health, but which should also underpin all health services and biomedical research in the modern world.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter demonstrates a reader-friendly discussion about the shift in orientation by molecular biologists away from genes per se, into the wider fields of genomics and epigenetics—that is, to the ...
More
This chapter demonstrates a reader-friendly discussion about the shift in orientation by molecular biologists away from genes per se, into the wider fields of genomics and epigenetics—that is, to the contextualization of genes. Emphasis is given by many of these researchers to the dynamic interaction of DNA with both micro-environments internal to the body and macro-environments external to the body, and their interrelationship. This approach takes into account individual developmental and life course experiences that may bring about long-lasting modification to or even permanent changes in gene function. These emerging epigenetic models embrace complexity and acknowledge irresolvable uncertainty. The effects of historical, political, and social environments on individual biology and lived experience are also recognized, but thus far only spottily researched.Less
This chapter demonstrates a reader-friendly discussion about the shift in orientation by molecular biologists away from genes per se, into the wider fields of genomics and epigenetics—that is, to the contextualization of genes. Emphasis is given by many of these researchers to the dynamic interaction of DNA with both micro-environments internal to the body and macro-environments external to the body, and their interrelationship. This approach takes into account individual developmental and life course experiences that may bring about long-lasting modification to or even permanent changes in gene function. These emerging epigenetic models embrace complexity and acknowledge irresolvable uncertainty. The effects of historical, political, and social environments on individual biology and lived experience are also recognized, but thus far only spottily researched.
Steven M. Teutsch, Linda A. Bradley, Glenn E. Palomaki, James E. Haddow, Margaret Piper, Ned Calonge, W. David Dotson, Michael P. Douglas, and Alfred O. Berg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Initiative, established by the Office of Public Health Genomics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, supports ...
More
The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Initiative, established by the Office of Public Health Genomics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, supports the development and implementation of a rigorous, evidence-based process for evaluating genetic tests, and other genomic applications for clinical and public health practice in the United States. An independent, nonfederal EGAPP Working Group (EWG), a multidisciplinary expert panel, selects topics, oversees the systematic review of evidence, and makes recommendations based on that evidence. This chapter describes the EGAPP processes, and details the specific methods and approaches used by the EWG.Less
The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Initiative, established by the Office of Public Health Genomics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, supports the development and implementation of a rigorous, evidence-based process for evaluating genetic tests, and other genomic applications for clinical and public health practice in the United States. An independent, nonfederal EGAPP Working Group (EWG), a multidisciplinary expert panel, selects topics, oversees the systematic review of evidence, and makes recommendations based on that evidence. This chapter describes the EGAPP processes, and details the specific methods and approaches used by the EWG.
Rodolfo Valdez, Muin J. Khoury, and Paula W. Yoon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0029
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
With the advent of molecular genetics, the accelerated mapping of human genes to specific chromosome locations was made possible without the use of detailed pedigrees. Moreover, following the ...
More
With the advent of molecular genetics, the accelerated mapping of human genes to specific chromosome locations was made possible without the use of detailed pedigrees. Moreover, following the sequencing of the human genome, new techniques now allow for the scanning of entire genomes in search of genes or gene markers associated with a given trait, regardless of the pattern of inheritance. Among these major advances, however, it is not likely that an instrument as useful as family history will be rendered obsolete as a genomic tool. This chapter argues not only that the use of family history will continue to be valid in clinical settings, but also that family history is poised to become a tool of widespread use in public health settings. Since the emphasis will be on the latter argument, the clinical aspects of family history are briefly addressed.Less
With the advent of molecular genetics, the accelerated mapping of human genes to specific chromosome locations was made possible without the use of detailed pedigrees. Moreover, following the sequencing of the human genome, new techniques now allow for the scanning of entire genomes in search of genes or gene markers associated with a given trait, regardless of the pattern of inheritance. Among these major advances, however, it is not likely that an instrument as useful as family history will be rendered obsolete as a genomic tool. This chapter argues not only that the use of family history will continue to be valid in clinical settings, but also that family history is poised to become a tool of widespread use in public health settings. Since the emphasis will be on the latter argument, the clinical aspects of family history are briefly addressed.
Marc Delarue
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520979
- eISBN:
- 9780191706295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520979.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
In the context of structural genomics projects, there are two main routes to consider for solving efficiently and rapidly the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the target gene products by ...
More
In the context of structural genomics projects, there are two main routes to consider for solving efficiently and rapidly the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the target gene products by crystallography. The first is the Multiple-wavelength Anomalous Diffraction (MAD) technique, which necessitates growing SeMet-substituted protein crystals. The second is molecular replacement (MR), which requires X-ray data for the native protein as well as the structure of a related homolog. This chapter describes some of the newest developments in MR to get the best possible set of phases to initialize refinement and reconstruction in the best possible conditions.Less
In the context of structural genomics projects, there are two main routes to consider for solving efficiently and rapidly the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the target gene products by crystallography. The first is the Multiple-wavelength Anomalous Diffraction (MAD) technique, which necessitates growing SeMet-substituted protein crystals. The second is molecular replacement (MR), which requires X-ray data for the native protein as well as the structure of a related homolog. This chapter describes some of the newest developments in MR to get the best possible set of phases to initialize refinement and reconstruction in the best possible conditions.
H. M. Krishna Murthy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520979
- eISBN:
- 9780191706295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520979.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
From a relatively small beginning, nearly two decades ago, phase calculation using multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) data has become more widespread and generally used. This chapter ...
More
From a relatively small beginning, nearly two decades ago, phase calculation using multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) data has become more widespread and generally used. This chapter discusses the most recent developments and experimental details. Topics covered include the theoretical background of MAD phasing and some of the choices that need to be made in the design and implementation of MAD experiments.Less
From a relatively small beginning, nearly two decades ago, phase calculation using multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) data has become more widespread and generally used. This chapter discusses the most recent developments and experimental details. Topics covered include the theoretical background of MAD phasing and some of the choices that need to be made in the design and implementation of MAD experiments.
Andelka M. Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474422598
- eISBN:
- 9781474476485
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422598.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
The personal genomics industry (aka direct-to-consumer genetic testing) has created a market for genetic tests as consumer services. This has taken genetic testing out of the clinic and into people’s ...
More
The personal genomics industry (aka direct-to-consumer genetic testing) has created a market for genetic tests as consumer services. This has taken genetic testing out of the clinic and into people’s homes. The industry is diverse offering tests for various health conditions and ancestry, as well as more dubious tests, such as ‘peace of mind’ paternity, ‘infidelity’ (or surreptitious testing), child talent, and even matchmaking. It is growing rapidly, but at present many tests are not standardized and the industry has not been subject to specific regulation. As with many other Internet based industries, companies tend to rely on their electronic wrap contracts to govern their relationships with their consumers. This book provides an introduction to the world of personal genomics and examines the rise of the industry and its use of ‘wrap’ contracts, drawing upon the author’s review of the contracts of 71 companies that provide tests for health purposes. It explores the different types of tests available and the issues that this industry raises for law and for society.Less
The personal genomics industry (aka direct-to-consumer genetic testing) has created a market for genetic tests as consumer services. This has taken genetic testing out of the clinic and into people’s homes. The industry is diverse offering tests for various health conditions and ancestry, as well as more dubious tests, such as ‘peace of mind’ paternity, ‘infidelity’ (or surreptitious testing), child talent, and even matchmaking. It is growing rapidly, but at present many tests are not standardized and the industry has not been subject to specific regulation. As with many other Internet based industries, companies tend to rely on their electronic wrap contracts to govern their relationships with their consumers. This book provides an introduction to the world of personal genomics and examines the rise of the industry and its use of ‘wrap’ contracts, drawing upon the author’s review of the contracts of 71 companies that provide tests for health purposes. It explores the different types of tests available and the issues that this industry raises for law and for society.
R. J. Morris, A. Perrakis, and V. S. Lamzin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520979
- eISBN:
- 9780191706295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520979.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter casts the high-throughput automation efforts being developed to meet the needs of Structural Genomics initiatives in the framework of an optimization problem. It gives a general overview ...
More
This chapter casts the high-throughput automation efforts being developed to meet the needs of Structural Genomics initiatives in the framework of an optimization problem. It gives a general overview on optimization techniques with a bias specifically towards the problem of crystallographic refinement. This picture is extended as the chapter considers model building, program flow control, decision-making, validation, and automation. Finer details of different approaches are provided in a conclusive review of some popular software packages and pipelines.Less
This chapter casts the high-throughput automation efforts being developed to meet the needs of Structural Genomics initiatives in the framework of an optimization problem. It gives a general overview on optimization techniques with a bias specifically towards the problem of crystallographic refinement. This picture is extended as the chapter considers model building, program flow control, decision-making, validation, and automation. Finer details of different approaches are provided in a conclusive review of some popular software packages and pipelines.
Geoff Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165745
- eISBN:
- 9781400866199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165745.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter addresses the widespread assumption that capitalism's future can best be understood as made up of more, and better, technology. The scale of scientific and technological activity today ...
More
This chapter addresses the widespread assumption that capitalism's future can best be understood as made up of more, and better, technology. The scale of scientific and technological activity today is wholly unprecedented, and guarantees a flood of new knowledge and things. A succession of “longwave theories” have tried to make sense of the long cycles of economic change, and now hint at a new kind of economy emerging from low carbon technologies, broadband, genomics, and nanotechnology. But technologies have always been as much shaped by societies as shaping them, and people should expect struggles to shape technology and science—struggles that will often pit big governments and big business against the public.Less
This chapter addresses the widespread assumption that capitalism's future can best be understood as made up of more, and better, technology. The scale of scientific and technological activity today is wholly unprecedented, and guarantees a flood of new knowledge and things. A succession of “longwave theories” have tried to make sense of the long cycles of economic change, and now hint at a new kind of economy emerging from low carbon technologies, broadband, genomics, and nanotechnology. But technologies have always been as much shaped by societies as shaping them, and people should expect struggles to shape technology and science—struggles that will often pit big governments and big business against the public.
Leanne M. Williams and Evian Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in ...
More
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.Less
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.
