Cressida J. Heyes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310535
- eISBN:
- 9780199871445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310535.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter addresses the issue of how — in theory and in practice — feminism should engage bisexuality, intersexuality, transsexuality, transgender, and other emergent identities (or ...
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This chapter addresses the issue of how — in theory and in practice — feminism should engage bisexuality, intersexuality, transsexuality, transgender, and other emergent identities (or anti-identities) that reconfigure both conventional and conventionally feminist understandings of sex, gender, and sexuality. How feminists should imagine and create communities that take the institutions and practices of sex, gender, and sexuality to be politically relevant to freedom, or how might such communities incorporate our manifest and intransigent diversity, and build solidarity, is discussed with reference to the leitmotif of transgender. A critical analysis is made of two very different feminist texts: the 1994 reissue of Janice Raymond's notorious The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (originally published in 1979) and Bernice Hausman's 1995 book Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender. This chapter shows that the differences between the ethical and political dilemmas faced by feminists who are transgendered and those who are not are not as great as some theorists have suggested.Less
This chapter addresses the issue of how — in theory and in practice — feminism should engage bisexuality, intersexuality, transsexuality, transgender, and other emergent identities (or anti-identities) that reconfigure both conventional and conventionally feminist understandings of sex, gender, and sexuality. How feminists should imagine and create communities that take the institutions and practices of sex, gender, and sexuality to be politically relevant to freedom, or how might such communities incorporate our manifest and intransigent diversity, and build solidarity, is discussed with reference to the leitmotif of transgender. A critical analysis is made of two very different feminist texts: the 1994 reissue of Janice Raymond's notorious The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (originally published in 1979) and Bernice Hausman's 1995 book Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender. This chapter shows that the differences between the ethical and political dilemmas faced by feminists who are transgendered and those who are not are not as great as some theorists have suggested.
Jennifer Radden and John Z. Sadler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195389371
- eISBN:
- 9780199866328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389371.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
The centrality of culture and particularly gender to psychiatry and to the psychiatric project are demonstrated in Chapter 4. (Factors given attention include the cultural associations linking male ...
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The centrality of culture and particularly gender to psychiatry and to the psychiatric project are demonstrated in Chapter 4. (Factors given attention include the cultural associations linking male heterosexuality with mental health, the bias found in diagnostic categories, the differential treatment provided to women, and the implications of practicing psychiatry within traditionally male-oriented cultures.) As one implication of recent identity politics, issues of gender identity represent an inescapable ethical challenge for today's practitioner, and reflect ideas that have received little systematic attention. Moving beyond questions about misogyny, homophobia and homosexuality to explore the ethics of practice with trans-gendered identities, this chapter introduces the elements of a gender sensitive psychiatry.Less
The centrality of culture and particularly gender to psychiatry and to the psychiatric project are demonstrated in Chapter 4. (Factors given attention include the cultural associations linking male heterosexuality with mental health, the bias found in diagnostic categories, the differential treatment provided to women, and the implications of practicing psychiatry within traditionally male-oriented cultures.) As one implication of recent identity politics, issues of gender identity represent an inescapable ethical challenge for today's practitioner, and reflect ideas that have received little systematic attention. Moving beyond questions about misogyny, homophobia and homosexuality to explore the ethics of practice with trans-gendered identities, this chapter introduces the elements of a gender sensitive psychiatry.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter discusses the relationship of core gender identity, sexual orientation, and libido to gonadal hormones. Data suggest that core gender identity and sexual orientation relate to the early ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship of core gender identity, sexual orientation, and libido to gonadal hormones. Data suggest that core gender identity and sexual orientation relate to the early hormone environment (organizational influences of hormones), whereas libido, or the strength of sexual interest, relates more strongly to the hormone environment in adulthood (activational influences of hormones). This is consistent with evidence that sexual orientation and core gender identity relate to perinatal hormone abnormalities, but are not influenced by changing hormone levels in adulthood. In contrast, libido is activated by hormones that are present postpubertally, particularly androgens, with no evidence that high levels of androgens prenatally enhance libido.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship of core gender identity, sexual orientation, and libido to gonadal hormones. Data suggest that core gender identity and sexual orientation relate to the early hormone environment (organizational influences of hormones), whereas libido, or the strength of sexual interest, relates more strongly to the hormone environment in adulthood (activational influences of hormones). This is consistent with evidence that sexual orientation and core gender identity relate to perinatal hormone abnormalities, but are not influenced by changing hormone levels in adulthood. In contrast, libido is activated by hormones that are present postpubertally, particularly androgens, with no evidence that high levels of androgens prenatally enhance libido.
Linda Martín Alcoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195137347
- eISBN:
- 9780199785773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137345.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter focuses on women's specifically gendered identity and its basis in sexual difference. It argues that there are persuasive grounds for an objective rather than totally fluid account of ...
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This chapter focuses on women's specifically gendered identity and its basis in sexual difference. It argues that there are persuasive grounds for an objective rather than totally fluid account of sex categories, that objectivity does not require an escape from mediation in human knowledge or the ability to have “out of theory experiences”, and that the tendency for descriptive accounts to become prescriptive is a variable rather than uniform or absolute tendency and can be offset. The objective basis of sex categories is in the differential relationship to reproductive capacity between men and women, but a sexual categorization based on the biological division of reproductive labor does not establish a necessary link between reproduction beyond conception and heterosexuality.Less
This chapter focuses on women's specifically gendered identity and its basis in sexual difference. It argues that there are persuasive grounds for an objective rather than totally fluid account of sex categories, that objectivity does not require an escape from mediation in human knowledge or the ability to have “out of theory experiences”, and that the tendency for descriptive accounts to become prescriptive is a variable rather than uniform or absolute tendency and can be offset. The objective basis of sex categories is in the differential relationship to reproductive capacity between men and women, but a sexual categorization based on the biological division of reproductive labor does not establish a necessary link between reproduction beyond conception and heterosexuality.
Susan A. Speer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195306897
- eISBN:
- 9780199867943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter, written by Susan Speer, considers the role of hypothetical questions (HQs) in interactions between psychiatrists and transsexual patients in a British gender identity clinic. The ...
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This chapter, written by Susan Speer, considers the role of hypothetical questions (HQs) in interactions between psychiatrists and transsexual patients in a British gender identity clinic. The psychiatrists studied in this chapter perform a gatekeeping function vis‐à‐vis their transsexual patients in that they must diagnosis the patients as true transsexuals before the patients can receive publically funded sex reassignment surgery. Speers argues that the psychiatrists use hypothetical questions in this context as a diagnostic tool, specifically, as a way of testing the patients' commitment to a sex change. In particular, the psychiatrists use HQs to construct hypothetical scenarios about the negative consequences of treatment and query the patients as to how they would “feel, behave, or cope” given such a scenario.Less
This chapter, written by Susan Speer, considers the role of hypothetical questions (HQs) in interactions between psychiatrists and transsexual patients in a British gender identity clinic. The psychiatrists studied in this chapter perform a gatekeeping function vis‐à‐vis their transsexual patients in that they must diagnosis the patients as true transsexuals before the patients can receive publically funded sex reassignment surgery. Speers argues that the psychiatrists use hypothetical questions in this context as a diagnostic tool, specifically, as a way of testing the patients' commitment to a sex change. In particular, the psychiatrists use HQs to construct hypothetical scenarios about the negative consequences of treatment and query the patients as to how they would “feel, behave, or cope” given such a scenario.
Jennifer Radden (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149531
- eISBN:
- 9780199870943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149531.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter discusses theories of personal identity and examines some of their ethical and normative consequences in relation to two particular disorders: dissociative identity disorder and manic ...
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This chapter discusses theories of personal identity and examines some of their ethical and normative consequences in relation to two particular disorders: dissociative identity disorder and manic depression. It shows how characterization identity—constituted by the content of a person's self-concept—plays an important part in practice, as well as in diagnostic categories such as Gender Identity Disorder, a diagnosis that has been the subject of recent, vehement critique.Less
This chapter discusses theories of personal identity and examines some of their ethical and normative consequences in relation to two particular disorders: dissociative identity disorder and manic depression. It shows how characterization identity—constituted by the content of a person's self-concept—plays an important part in practice, as well as in diagnostic categories such as Gender Identity Disorder, a diagnosis that has been the subject of recent, vehement critique.
Geertje Mak
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719086908
- eISBN:
- 9781781702628
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086908.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
An adolescent girl is mocked when she takes a bath with her peers, because her genitals look like those of a boy. A couple visits a doctor asking to ‘create more space’ in the woman for intercourse. ...
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An adolescent girl is mocked when she takes a bath with her peers, because her genitals look like those of a boy. A couple visits a doctor asking to ‘create more space’ in the woman for intercourse. A doctor finds testicular tissue in a woman with appendicitis, and decides to keep his findings quiet. These are just a few of the three hundred European case histories of people whose sex was doubted during the long nineteenth century that this book draws upon. The book offers a refreshingly new perspective on the relation between physical sex and identity over the long nineteenth century. Rather than taking sex, sexuality and gender identity as a starting point for discussing their mutual relations, it historicizes these very categories. Based on a wealth of previously unused source material, the book asks how sex was doubted in practice—whether by lay people, by hermaphrodites themselves, or by physicians; how this doubt was dealt with; what tacit logics directed the practices by which a person was assigned a sex, and how these logics changed over time. The book highlights three different rationales behind practices of doubting and (re)assigning sex: inscription, body and self. Sex as inscription refers to a lifelong inscription of a person in the social body as male or female, marked by the person's appearance. This logic made way for logics in which the truth of inner anatomy and inner self were more significant.Less
An adolescent girl is mocked when she takes a bath with her peers, because her genitals look like those of a boy. A couple visits a doctor asking to ‘create more space’ in the woman for intercourse. A doctor finds testicular tissue in a woman with appendicitis, and decides to keep his findings quiet. These are just a few of the three hundred European case histories of people whose sex was doubted during the long nineteenth century that this book draws upon. The book offers a refreshingly new perspective on the relation between physical sex and identity over the long nineteenth century. Rather than taking sex, sexuality and gender identity as a starting point for discussing their mutual relations, it historicizes these very categories. Based on a wealth of previously unused source material, the book asks how sex was doubted in practice—whether by lay people, by hermaphrodites themselves, or by physicians; how this doubt was dealt with; what tacit logics directed the practices by which a person was assigned a sex, and how these logics changed over time. The book highlights three different rationales behind practices of doubting and (re)assigning sex: inscription, body and self. Sex as inscription refers to a lifelong inscription of a person in the social body as male or female, marked by the person's appearance. This logic made way for logics in which the truth of inner anatomy and inner self were more significant.
Mary Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479879601
- eISBN:
- 9781479807512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479879601.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter examines how the youth of Spectrum are forming gender identities in the context of transgender phenomena, a paradigm shift in the way gender is represented, understood, and explained. As ...
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This chapter examines how the youth of Spectrum are forming gender identities in the context of transgender phenomena, a paradigm shift in the way gender is represented, understood, and explained. As a space where genderqueerness is accepted and embraced, Spectrum is a kind of queer utopia. At Spectrum young people are allowed to feel ambivalence about their gender and can play with pronouns, gender expression, and identity. For those queer young people whose gender expression and identity is ambiguous, meaning that what they look like challenges mainstream society’s notions of what a boy or a girl is, Spectrum may be the first place they feel the liberation of not having to be one or the other. Spectrum youth are learning to complicate gender, be aware of the role gender attribution plays in our interactions with each other, and forge resistance to the entrenched gender binary.Less
This chapter examines how the youth of Spectrum are forming gender identities in the context of transgender phenomena, a paradigm shift in the way gender is represented, understood, and explained. As a space where genderqueerness is accepted and embraced, Spectrum is a kind of queer utopia. At Spectrum young people are allowed to feel ambivalence about their gender and can play with pronouns, gender expression, and identity. For those queer young people whose gender expression and identity is ambiguous, meaning that what they look like challenges mainstream society’s notions of what a boy or a girl is, Spectrum may be the first place they feel the liberation of not having to be one or the other. Spectrum youth are learning to complicate gender, be aware of the role gender attribution plays in our interactions with each other, and forge resistance to the entrenched gender binary.
Deborah Tannen, Shari Kendall, and Cynthia Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195313895
- eISBN:
- 9780199871940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313895.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book brings together a variety of linguistic studies on family talk based on a single set of data: the naturally occurring, face-to-face interactions of four American families. The studies ...
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This book brings together a variety of linguistic studies on family talk based on a single set of data: the naturally occurring, face-to-face interactions of four American families. The studies emerged from a three-year sociolinguistic project carried out at Georgetown University to examine how parents in dual-income families use language to constitute their identities as parents and professionals at home and at work, as well as the interactional and social consequences of these ways of speaking. Three broad themes emerged in the considerations of family discourse in these four families: the underlying dynamics of power and solidarity in the family context in general, and in the interactional framing of individual and shared family identities in particular; the negotiation of gendered identities in conjunction with family identities, especially in relation to the challenges faced by dual-income couples; and the complex discursive means through which family members actively assert, negotiate, and confirm their family's beliefs and values when children are present to create individual and shared family identities.Less
This book brings together a variety of linguistic studies on family talk based on a single set of data: the naturally occurring, face-to-face interactions of four American families. The studies emerged from a three-year sociolinguistic project carried out at Georgetown University to examine how parents in dual-income families use language to constitute their identities as parents and professionals at home and at work, as well as the interactional and social consequences of these ways of speaking. Three broad themes emerged in the considerations of family discourse in these four families: the underlying dynamics of power and solidarity in the family context in general, and in the interactional framing of individual and shared family identities in particular; the negotiation of gendered identities in conjunction with family identities, especially in relation to the challenges faced by dual-income couples; and the complex discursive means through which family members actively assert, negotiate, and confirm their family's beliefs and values when children are present to create individual and shared family identities.
Tiantian Zheng
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816691999
- eISBN:
- 9781452952499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816691999.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Chapter 3 unravels the gender roles and gender dynamics in tongzhi relationships. More specifically, it explores the ways in which tongzhi negotiate, rework, and recast hegemonic codes of masculinity ...
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Chapter 3 unravels the gender roles and gender dynamics in tongzhi relationships. More specifically, it explores the ways in which tongzhi negotiate, rework, and recast hegemonic codes of masculinity and femininity in their relationships and create unique forms of engagements with gender. Through foregrounding the relationships between 1 (penetrator) and 0 (penetrated), this chapter argues that these relationships and identities are constructed and shaped within the hegemonic gender norms that dictate gender roles, such as female sexual faithfulness as the object of control and male sexual promiscuity as the master of control. After entering the tongzhi community, as a result of his first sexual experience, each man is often defined as either 1 or 0 and expected to assume either a masculine or a feminine role. In this community, men learn how to be 1s and 0s through their experiences, and often their challenges and manipulations manifest the unstable and contentious nature of gender roles. Although these creative aberrations and appropriations of hegemonic gender norms allow for the individual pursuit of sexual pleasure and a certain degree of freedom, they continue to be self-contradictory and subject to intense contention.Less
Chapter 3 unravels the gender roles and gender dynamics in tongzhi relationships. More specifically, it explores the ways in which tongzhi negotiate, rework, and recast hegemonic codes of masculinity and femininity in their relationships and create unique forms of engagements with gender. Through foregrounding the relationships between 1 (penetrator) and 0 (penetrated), this chapter argues that these relationships and identities are constructed and shaped within the hegemonic gender norms that dictate gender roles, such as female sexual faithfulness as the object of control and male sexual promiscuity as the master of control. After entering the tongzhi community, as a result of his first sexual experience, each man is often defined as either 1 or 0 and expected to assume either a masculine or a feminine role. In this community, men learn how to be 1s and 0s through their experiences, and often their challenges and manipulations manifest the unstable and contentious nature of gender roles. Although these creative aberrations and appropriations of hegemonic gender norms allow for the individual pursuit of sexual pleasure and a certain degree of freedom, they continue to be self-contradictory and subject to intense contention.
Diana Tietjens Meyers
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140415
- eISBN:
- 9780199871476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140419.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Because individual identities evolve in the context of enculturation, interpersonal bonds of affection and interdependency, and unconscious attitudes and wishes, a philosophical account of ...
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Because individual identities evolve in the context of enculturation, interpersonal bonds of affection and interdependency, and unconscious attitudes and wishes, a philosophical account of self‐determination must not only give due weight to each individual's unique desires, capabilities, values, interests, and goals, but it must also accommodate these intrapsychic, interpersonal, and social realities insofar as they shape an individual's identity. In patriarchal cultures, women internalize oppression, for regnant narrative schemas, themes, and figurations provide the default templates for their self‐portraits and self‐narratives. Women's appropriation of these default templates reproduce subordinat ing norms and crowds out alternative understandings of who they are and what their lives are about. Thus, patriarchal cultures impede women's agency. In contrast to existing value‐neutral, value‐saturated, and self‐narrative approaches to autonomy, this account stresses the need for a well‐developed, well‐coordinated repertoire of agentic skills. Using these skills enriches women's self‐knowledge, extends their emanci patory potentialities, and strengthens their ability both to define themselves in their own terms and to enact their identities as they understand them – i.e., agentic skills bring women's voices into alignment with their individual identities and their lives.Less
Because individual identities evolve in the context of enculturation, interpersonal bonds of affection and interdependency, and unconscious attitudes and wishes, a philosophical account of self‐determination must not only give due weight to each individual's unique desires, capabilities, values, interests, and goals, but it must also accommodate these intrapsychic, interpersonal, and social realities insofar as they shape an individual's identity. In patriarchal cultures, women internalize oppression, for regnant narrative schemas, themes, and figurations provide the default templates for their self‐portraits and self‐narratives. Women's appropriation of these default templates reproduce subordinat ing norms and crowds out alternative understandings of who they are and what their lives are about. Thus, patriarchal cultures impede women's agency. In contrast to existing value‐neutral, value‐saturated, and self‐narrative approaches to autonomy, this account stresses the need for a well‐developed, well‐coordinated repertoire of agentic skills. Using these skills enriches women's self‐knowledge, extends their emanci patory potentialities, and strengthens their ability both to define themselves in their own terms and to enact their identities as they understand them – i.e., agentic skills bring women's voices into alignment with their individual identities and their lives.
Deborah Tannen, Shari Kendall, and Cynthia Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195313895
- eISBN:
- 9780199871940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313895.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter builds on prior research on language and identity to identify the discursive strategies through which one mother creates a gendered parental identity in a common domestic encounter: the ...
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This chapter builds on prior research on language and identity to identify the discursive strategies through which one mother creates a gendered parental identity in a common domestic encounter: the babysitting report. It explores how the mother linguistically creates a gendered parental identity while talking with her husband and her brother, who babysat their daughter. As her brother describes their daughter's misbehavior, the mother uses several interactional strategies in her responses that simultaneously work in concert toward constructing a coherent identity. When these verbal practices are interpreted within the sociocultural context, some of them appear to be “sex-class linked” and others are linked to what it means to be a parent; together, they produce the identity “mother”. This chapter contributes to research on the linguistic creation of identity in everyday interaction in general, and more specifically in family interaction, by demonstrating how gendered and parental identities are intertwined within family discourse.Less
This chapter builds on prior research on language and identity to identify the discursive strategies through which one mother creates a gendered parental identity in a common domestic encounter: the babysitting report. It explores how the mother linguistically creates a gendered parental identity while talking with her husband and her brother, who babysat their daughter. As her brother describes their daughter's misbehavior, the mother uses several interactional strategies in her responses that simultaneously work in concert toward constructing a coherent identity. When these verbal practices are interpreted within the sociocultural context, some of them appear to be “sex-class linked” and others are linked to what it means to be a parent; together, they produce the identity “mother”. This chapter contributes to research on the linguistic creation of identity in everyday interaction in general, and more specifically in family interaction, by demonstrating how gendered and parental identities are intertwined within family discourse.
Alice H. Eagly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Implicit judgmental biases compromise scientists' theories and research on the psychology of gender. One form of bias — social cognition — engages correspondent inference and the linked principle of ...
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Implicit judgmental biases compromise scientists' theories and research on the psychology of gender. One form of bias — social cognition — engages correspondent inference and the linked principle of psychological essentialism. Scientists thus typically favor explaining behavior by invoking personal traits that correspond to observed behaviors and by viewing the traits of men and women in essentialist terms. Scientists also exhibit ingroup bias based on their gender, which influences science through the linked principle of the congeniality bias in information processing, thus involving two basic phenomena of social psychology. Scientists therefore tend to favor theories and interpretations that flatter their own gender and shore up their gender identities. The equal representation of the sexes among researchers would help restrain the pro-male bias apparent in many of the traditional gender theories. These judgmental biases warrant further examination, in relation to not only gender research but also research pertaining to other social groups.Less
Implicit judgmental biases compromise scientists' theories and research on the psychology of gender. One form of bias — social cognition — engages correspondent inference and the linked principle of psychological essentialism. Scientists thus typically favor explaining behavior by invoking personal traits that correspond to observed behaviors and by viewing the traits of men and women in essentialist terms. Scientists also exhibit ingroup bias based on their gender, which influences science through the linked principle of the congeniality bias in information processing, thus involving two basic phenomena of social psychology. Scientists therefore tend to favor theories and interpretations that flatter their own gender and shore up their gender identities. The equal representation of the sexes among researchers would help restrain the pro-male bias apparent in many of the traditional gender theories. These judgmental biases warrant further examination, in relation to not only gender research but also research pertaining to other social groups.
Ronnee Schreiber
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195331813
- eISBN:
- 9780199851829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331813.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores the representational strategies of the CWA and IWF, and documents the extent to which conservative women's organizations rely on the relationship between gender identity and ...
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This chapter explores the representational strategies of the CWA and IWF, and documents the extent to which conservative women's organizations rely on the relationship between gender identity and representation to further their missions. It shows why CWA and IWF consider the presence of women in positions of political leadership integral to the construction of their political legitimacy. This translates into their putting forth women to speak to the media and to lobby members of Congress, in part as a foil against the perceived threat of feminist hegemony. These actions emphasize the significance of gender identity to them, even as they scoff at feminists for doing the same. By engaging in tactics they simultaneously impugn, they make evident moments of contradiction but explain these contradictions through the political context in which they operate.Less
This chapter explores the representational strategies of the CWA and IWF, and documents the extent to which conservative women's organizations rely on the relationship between gender identity and representation to further their missions. It shows why CWA and IWF consider the presence of women in positions of political leadership integral to the construction of their political legitimacy. This translates into their putting forth women to speak to the media and to lobby members of Congress, in part as a foil against the perceived threat of feminist hegemony. These actions emphasize the significance of gender identity to them, even as they scoff at feminists for doing the same. By engaging in tactics they simultaneously impugn, they make evident moments of contradiction but explain these contradictions through the political context in which they operate.
Linda Martín Alcoff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195137347
- eISBN:
- 9780199785773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137345.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that we have yet to formulate a theory that can incorporate with explanatory adequacy the struggles ...
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This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that we have yet to formulate a theory that can incorporate with explanatory adequacy the struggles regarding social status, social class, and social identity into one overarching account. One of the most serious obstacles facing any attempt to formulate an overarching theory is that the ontological basis of the focal point is very different if we are talking about status, about class, or about social identity. The concept of identity, as it is actually used in common practice, does not entail or even necessarily suggest the reifying effects that identity critics portend. What identities really are (as opposed to what they are sometimes said to be) is nothing to be politically afraid of.Less
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that we have yet to formulate a theory that can incorporate with explanatory adequacy the struggles regarding social status, social class, and social identity into one overarching account. One of the most serious obstacles facing any attempt to formulate an overarching theory is that the ontological basis of the focal point is very different if we are talking about status, about class, or about social identity. The concept of identity, as it is actually used in common practice, does not entail or even necessarily suggest the reifying effects that identity critics portend. What identities really are (as opposed to what they are sometimes said to be) is nothing to be politically afraid of.
Francisco J. Sánchez and Eric Vilain
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199765218
- eISBN:
- 9780199979585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765218.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of scientific understanding of transgender issues, drawing from empirical articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It briefly summarizes biological and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of scientific understanding of transgender issues, drawing from empirical articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It briefly summarizes biological and psychological research aimed at understanding the development of a transgender identity. It highlights four controversies that have caused tension among psychologists while straining the relationship between the profession and the transgender community: gender identity disorder as a diagnosable mental disorder; the description of autogynephilia among male-to-female transsexuals; the treatment of childhood gender nonconformity; and the proposition that transsexualism is an intersex condition.Less
This chapter provides an overview of scientific understanding of transgender issues, drawing from empirical articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It briefly summarizes biological and psychological research aimed at understanding the development of a transgender identity. It highlights four controversies that have caused tension among psychologists while straining the relationship between the profession and the transgender community: gender identity disorder as a diagnosable mental disorder; the description of autogynephilia among male-to-female transsexuals; the treatment of childhood gender nonconformity; and the proposition that transsexualism is an intersex condition.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of sex difference. It then considers conflicts arising from measurements of psychological sex differences. Sex differences in core gender identity ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of sex difference. It then considers conflicts arising from measurements of psychological sex differences. Sex differences in core gender identity and sexual orientation, cognition, aggression, play, handedness and language lateralization are discussed.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of sex difference. It then considers conflicts arising from measurements of psychological sex differences. Sex differences in core gender identity and sexual orientation, cognition, aggression, play, handedness and language lateralization are discussed.
Department of Adult and Juvenile Detention
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252493
- eISBN:
- 9780520944565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252493.003.0029
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter presents excerpts of King County's (Washington) General Policy Manual on gender identity regulations. The manual spells out the policy and protocols for dealing with transgender inmates. ...
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This chapter presents excerpts of King County's (Washington) General Policy Manual on gender identity regulations. The manual spells out the policy and protocols for dealing with transgender inmates. In particular, it explains how to provide the appropriate treatment of transgender, transsexual, intersex, and gender variant persons who are incarcerated and housed within King County's Department of Adult and Juvenile Detention. The guidelines ensure not only that transgender, transsexual, intersex, and gender variant inmates are treated with dignity, but that staff have the information and support they need to be more effective.Less
This chapter presents excerpts of King County's (Washington) General Policy Manual on gender identity regulations. The manual spells out the policy and protocols for dealing with transgender inmates. In particular, it explains how to provide the appropriate treatment of transgender, transsexual, intersex, and gender variant persons who are incarcerated and housed within King County's Department of Adult and Juvenile Detention. The guidelines ensure not only that transgender, transsexual, intersex, and gender variant inmates are treated with dignity, but that staff have the information and support they need to be more effective.
K. Jill Kiecolt, Michael Hughes, and Hans Momplaisir
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190873066
- eISBN:
- 9780190873097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190873066.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical ...
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This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical research on this question is surprisingly limited, despite widespread interest in gender identity in the social sciences and humanities. Using data from the 2014 Identity Module in the U.S. General Social Survey, we examine four dimensions of gender identity: importance, salience, pride, and verification. All four dimensions feature prominently in men’s and women’s lives. Gender identity is stronger for parents than for non-parents. In contrast, marriage/cohabitation and employment status are mostly unrelated to gender identity. Gender identity tends to be stronger among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and the less educated. We conclude that gender identity is an omnipresent reality in most people’s lives and that it contributes to maintaining gender as a set of categories that organize social relations.Less
This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical research on this question is surprisingly limited, despite widespread interest in gender identity in the social sciences and humanities. Using data from the 2014 Identity Module in the U.S. General Social Survey, we examine four dimensions of gender identity: importance, salience, pride, and verification. All four dimensions feature prominently in men’s and women’s lives. Gender identity is stronger for parents than for non-parents. In contrast, marriage/cohabitation and employment status are mostly unrelated to gender identity. Gender identity tends to be stronger among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and the less educated. We conclude that gender identity is an omnipresent reality in most people’s lives and that it contributes to maintaining gender as a set of categories that organize social relations.
Eleanor Cheung
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099876
- eISBN:
- 9789882206625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099876.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter briefly discusses Gender Identity Disorder (GID), the Standards of Care advocated by Harry Benjamin, and the treatment transsexual patients have been receiving in Hong Kong since 1986. ...
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This chapter briefly discusses Gender Identity Disorder (GID), the Standards of Care advocated by Harry Benjamin, and the treatment transsexual patients have been receiving in Hong Kong since 1986. It also describes whether or not GID should be regarded as a mental illness, and the recommendations for the future. It specifically explores and critiques the various ways in which the institutionalization of a gender identity spectrum has been recently taking shape in Hong Kong. As one of the first academic studies of this silenced topic in Hong Kong, it is significant not only as an account studying the history of contemporary transsexuality but also as a powerful political critique of Hong Kong's specifically modern regulatory apparatus of (inter and trans)sexuality.Less
This chapter briefly discusses Gender Identity Disorder (GID), the Standards of Care advocated by Harry Benjamin, and the treatment transsexual patients have been receiving in Hong Kong since 1986. It also describes whether or not GID should be regarded as a mental illness, and the recommendations for the future. It specifically explores and critiques the various ways in which the institutionalization of a gender identity spectrum has been recently taking shape in Hong Kong. As one of the first academic studies of this silenced topic in Hong Kong, it is significant not only as an account studying the history of contemporary transsexuality but also as a powerful political critique of Hong Kong's specifically modern regulatory apparatus of (inter and trans)sexuality.
