Sarah M. Pike
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195177299
- eISBN:
- 9780199785537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177299.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
New religious movements have typically emerged and thrived in times of social upheaval during which normative gender roles are challenged, such as in the United States during the industrializing ...
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New religious movements have typically emerged and thrived in times of social upheaval during which normative gender roles are challenged, such as in the United States during the industrializing mid-19th century and in the 1960s-1970s. New religions offer a range of roles for men and women that are shaped by a variety of different factors, including mythology, conceptions of deity, the role and teachings of the founder and leaders, and the demographic background of participants. Gender roles in NRMs include hierarchical models, role reversals, partnerships, and androgynous models. NRMs have typically experimented with alternative sex, marriage, and family structures, including celibacy, polygamy, and free love.Less
New religious movements have typically emerged and thrived in times of social upheaval during which normative gender roles are challenged, such as in the United States during the industrializing mid-19th century and in the 1960s-1970s. New religions offer a range of roles for men and women that are shaped by a variety of different factors, including mythology, conceptions of deity, the role and teachings of the founder and leaders, and the demographic background of participants. Gender roles in NRMs include hierarchical models, role reversals, partnerships, and androgynous models. NRMs have typically experimented with alternative sex, marriage, and family structures, including celibacy, polygamy, and free love.
Karen E. Campbell and Peter V. Marsden
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691133317
- eISBN:
- 9781400845569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691133317.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
Several previous General Social Survey-based studies have revealed increasing acceptance of nontraditional gender roles. This chapter builds upon and extends these findings. It shows that adults ...
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Several previous General Social Survey-based studies have revealed increasing acceptance of nontraditional gender roles. This chapter builds upon and extends these findings. It shows that adults became less predisposed toward a “separate spheres” conception holding that women should specialize in caring for children and households while men predominate in the more public arenas of employment and politics. Most growth in acceptance of broadened women's roles took place by the mid-1990s, however, mirroring trends in women's labor force participation and their representation in political office. The chapter then illustrates the regional convergence noted by Fischer and Hout (2006), showing that southerners continue to espouse more traditional views about gender, but less so over time.Less
Several previous General Social Survey-based studies have revealed increasing acceptance of nontraditional gender roles. This chapter builds upon and extends these findings. It shows that adults became less predisposed toward a “separate spheres” conception holding that women should specialize in caring for children and households while men predominate in the more public arenas of employment and politics. Most growth in acceptance of broadened women's roles took place by the mid-1990s, however, mirroring trends in women's labor force participation and their representation in political office. The chapter then illustrates the regional convergence noted by Fischer and Hout (2006), showing that southerners continue to espouse more traditional views about gender, but less so over time.
Jana Marguerite Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195315431
- eISBN:
- 9780199872022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315431.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines prevalent contemporary theologies of marriage, including “the domestic church,” nuptial theology, and the Religion, Culture, and Family Project at the University of Chicago. ...
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This chapter examines prevalent contemporary theologies of marriage, including “the domestic church,” nuptial theology, and the Religion, Culture, and Family Project at the University of Chicago. These theologies (among others) present problems for considering both marriage and singleness theologically. These include three difficult dichotomies: male/female gender roles that continue to be central to feminist discussions about families; an idolization of marriage to the detriment of single people; and a public/private distinction that sees religion and households as related to more “public” activities of politics and economic trade, but secondary. The argument of this book is not to suggest that these dichotomies can necessarily be overcome, or easily shrugged away, but rather to claim that a more fruitful path for theologians is to consider households more broadly. The idea of marriage and singleness together, in relation to the Household of God, comes forward as a possible alternative.Less
This chapter examines prevalent contemporary theologies of marriage, including “the domestic church,” nuptial theology, and the Religion, Culture, and Family Project at the University of Chicago. These theologies (among others) present problems for considering both marriage and singleness theologically. These include three difficult dichotomies: male/female gender roles that continue to be central to feminist discussions about families; an idolization of marriage to the detriment of single people; and a public/private distinction that sees religion and households as related to more “public” activities of politics and economic trade, but secondary. The argument of this book is not to suggest that these dichotomies can necessarily be overcome, or easily shrugged away, but rather to claim that a more fruitful path for theologians is to consider households more broadly. The idea of marriage and singleness together, in relation to the Household of God, comes forward as a possible alternative.
Jennifer L. Walsh and L. Monique Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342956
- eISBN:
- 9780199894284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342956.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Gender socialization is the process by which children and youth learn cultural norms and expectations for gender roles. Because the mass media have played an increasing role in this process, analyses ...
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Gender socialization is the process by which children and youth learn cultural norms and expectations for gender roles. Because the mass media have played an increasing role in this process, analyses of media content can reveal how youth have been influenced over time. A review of research indicates that women (including youth) have been under-represented compared to men in the mass media. Television commercials tend to emphasize women's appearance, and female characters show more deference and shyness compared to males. Music videos have tended to show men as aggressive and violent and women as affectionate and sexual. Teen magazine content for women has focused on appearance and dating since the 1950s. Magazine advertising has also emphasized female beauty and youthfulness. There has been little change in adolescent gender roles in any of these media. Exposure to these media may contribute to adolescent viewers' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors about gender roles.Less
Gender socialization is the process by which children and youth learn cultural norms and expectations for gender roles. Because the mass media have played an increasing role in this process, analyses of media content can reveal how youth have been influenced over time. A review of research indicates that women (including youth) have been under-represented compared to men in the mass media. Television commercials tend to emphasize women's appearance, and female characters show more deference and shyness compared to males. Music videos have tended to show men as aggressive and violent and women as affectionate and sexual. Teen magazine content for women has focused on appearance and dating since the 1950s. Magazine advertising has also emphasized female beauty and youthfulness. There has been little change in adolescent gender roles in any of these media. Exposure to these media may contribute to adolescent viewers' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors about gender roles.
Julia Bush
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199248773
- eISBN:
- 9780191714689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248773.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The ...
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This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The post-war careers of former anti-suffrage leaders illustrate their new opportunities for gendered public service. Gender continuity and change are evaluated in relation to parliamentary politics and government, before turning to the evolution of the non-political women's movement. This retrospective survey prepares the way for conclusions on the women anti-suffragists' long-term historical importance. Women leaders were always at the heart of organized anti-suffragism. Their role was often distinctive and sometimes creative. Anti-suffragism was a women's social cause, and found widespread support within the British women's movement as well as among the female public. The histories of suffragism and anti-suffragism are closer than has often been assumed. Though anti-suffrage women failed to hold back democracy, they succeeded in giving voice to important currents of conservative opinion.Less
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The post-war careers of former anti-suffrage leaders illustrate their new opportunities for gendered public service. Gender continuity and change are evaluated in relation to parliamentary politics and government, before turning to the evolution of the non-political women's movement. This retrospective survey prepares the way for conclusions on the women anti-suffragists' long-term historical importance. Women leaders were always at the heart of organized anti-suffragism. Their role was often distinctive and sometimes creative. Anti-suffragism was a women's social cause, and found widespread support within the British women's movement as well as among the female public. The histories of suffragism and anti-suffragism are closer than has often been assumed. Though anti-suffrage women failed to hold back democracy, they succeeded in giving voice to important currents of conservative opinion.
Lucille Michaels
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the roles of women in the Holy Order of MANS and in the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) and offers a model for understanding the relationships among gender roles, gender qualities, ...
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This chapter examines the roles of women in the Holy Order of MANS and in the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) and offers a model for understanding the relationships among gender roles, gender qualities, and power in religious movements. It explores the teachings of these orders and how they relate to the roles of women. The founders of the OCS live in a time that is more appreciative of the feminine and have created an organization that more effectively empowers women and values the feminine. But, as happened with the Holy Order of MANS, there is always the risk of reversion to societal pressures to conform to gender roles. The fact that the OCS has integrated an appreciation of women at all levels of the structure and that the order educates its members to see, understand, and combat social and emotional pressures to conform to gender roles is key to its support for the long-term empowerment of women and honoring of the divine feminine.Less
This chapter examines the roles of women in the Holy Order of MANS and in the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) and offers a model for understanding the relationships among gender roles, gender qualities, and power in religious movements. It explores the teachings of these orders and how they relate to the roles of women. The founders of the OCS live in a time that is more appreciative of the feminine and have created an organization that more effectively empowers women and values the feminine. But, as happened with the Holy Order of MANS, there is always the risk of reversion to societal pressures to conform to gender roles. The fact that the OCS has integrated an appreciation of women at all levels of the structure and that the order educates its members to see, understand, and combat social and emotional pressures to conform to gender roles is key to its support for the long-term empowerment of women and honoring of the divine feminine.
Serena Mayeri, Ryan Brown, Nathaniel Persily, and Son Ho Kim
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195329414
- eISBN:
- 9780199851720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329414.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The last four decades have seen significant changes in women's economic and political participation and in the degree to which gender definitively restricts women's opportunities in the workplace and ...
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The last four decades have seen significant changes in women's economic and political participation and in the degree to which gender definitively restricts women's opportunities in the workplace and in public life. The public opinion data discussed here reflect, to some degree, those profound shifts. Though egalitarian attitudes are not shared by all demographic groups, most Americans are now unwilling to endorse abstractly worded traditional positions on the proper roles of men and women. However, these opinion shifts have not translated into the ratification of an Equal Rights Amendment to the federal Constitution, nor hav they portended increasingly egalitarian attitudes on the concrete issue of whether women should be drafted into the military on the same basis as men. The story of incremental change in gender role attitudes provides an example of how constitutionally relevant beliefs might evolve over time.Less
The last four decades have seen significant changes in women's economic and political participation and in the degree to which gender definitively restricts women's opportunities in the workplace and in public life. The public opinion data discussed here reflect, to some degree, those profound shifts. Though egalitarian attitudes are not shared by all demographic groups, most Americans are now unwilling to endorse abstractly worded traditional positions on the proper roles of men and women. However, these opinion shifts have not translated into the ratification of an Equal Rights Amendment to the federal Constitution, nor hav they portended increasingly egalitarian attitudes on the concrete issue of whether women should be drafted into the military on the same basis as men. The story of incremental change in gender role attitudes provides an example of how constitutionally relevant beliefs might evolve over time.
Adele Reinhartz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195146967
- eISBN:
- 9780199785469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter looks at the portrayal of Mary, Jesus' mother, in the Gospels and in the Jesus biopics. The films ask two major questions: What was Mary's role in Jesus' infancy and childhood? And, what ...
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This chapter looks at the portrayal of Mary, Jesus' mother, in the Gospels and in the Jesus biopics. The films ask two major questions: What was Mary's role in Jesus' infancy and childhood? And, what sort of relationship did Mary and Jesus have in his adulthood? It concludes that Mary's cinematic portrayal is affected by the conventional psychological assumptions of modern western society: the connection between childhood experiences and adult identity, and the notion that one of the marks of a mature adult is the quality of her or his relationship with parents and other family members. Also crucial is the role of Mary in Christian, particularly Catholic, theology. While Mary's role in film may be empowering for some women, she is generally cast in a supportive and secondary role.Less
This chapter looks at the portrayal of Mary, Jesus' mother, in the Gospels and in the Jesus biopics. The films ask two major questions: What was Mary's role in Jesus' infancy and childhood? And, what sort of relationship did Mary and Jesus have in his adulthood? It concludes that Mary's cinematic portrayal is affected by the conventional psychological assumptions of modern western society: the connection between childhood experiences and adult identity, and the notion that one of the marks of a mature adult is the quality of her or his relationship with parents and other family members. Also crucial is the role of Mary in Christian, particularly Catholic, theology. While Mary's role in film may be empowering for some women, she is generally cast in a supportive and secondary role.
Julia Bush
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199248773
- eISBN:
- 9780191714689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248773.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Women played an important and in some ways distinctive role in the British anti-suffrage movement, though many female ‘antis’ were reluctant to take an active part in public campaigning. It could be ...
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Women played an important and in some ways distinctive role in the British anti-suffrage movement, though many female ‘antis’ were reluctant to take an active part in public campaigning. It could be argued plausibly before 1914 that the majority of ‘ordinary’ women did not want the parliamentary vote. Anti-suffragists' prominent role within the largest non-political women's organizations suggests their views were closely attuned to mainstream female opinion on desirable gender roles. Anti-suffrage beliefs were varied in origin and diverse in expression. The new approaches which have shaped revisionist histories of suffragism in recent years are of equal relevance to understanding the complex history of its female opponents. These women's ideas formed part of an extended debate on the Woman Question, rather than merely over the franchise issue. Suffragists and female anti-suffragists found much common ground, drawing from the same developing spectrum of ideas around gender and citizenship. The chapter concludes with a summary of the book's structure and contents.Less
Women played an important and in some ways distinctive role in the British anti-suffrage movement, though many female ‘antis’ were reluctant to take an active part in public campaigning. It could be argued plausibly before 1914 that the majority of ‘ordinary’ women did not want the parliamentary vote. Anti-suffragists' prominent role within the largest non-political women's organizations suggests their views were closely attuned to mainstream female opinion on desirable gender roles. Anti-suffrage beliefs were varied in origin and diverse in expression. The new approaches which have shaped revisionist histories of suffragism in recent years are of equal relevance to understanding the complex history of its female opponents. These women's ideas formed part of an extended debate on the Woman Question, rather than merely over the franchise issue. Suffragists and female anti-suffragists found much common ground, drawing from the same developing spectrum of ideas around gender and citizenship. The chapter concludes with a summary of the book's structure and contents.
Kate Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199267361
- eISBN:
- 9780191708299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267361.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Challenging the assumption that women were the driving force behind the decline in family size in Britain, this chapter explores the finding that between the 1920s and the 1950s, it was husbands, not ...
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Challenging the assumption that women were the driving force behind the decline in family size in Britain, this chapter explores the finding that between the 1920s and the 1950s, it was husbands, not wives, who rooted out birth control information, framed contraceptive strategies for the family, and put these into practice. This phenomenon should not be seen as evidence of women's increasing ability to pressurize men to do their bidding. Rather, the increased use of contraception during the first half of the 20th century is revealed to be a story of men's power over a couple's sexual relationship. However, women saw male control of contraception as both appropriate and personally advantageous. Embarrassed by issues associated with sex and wedded to notions of respectability which valued women's sexual innocence and passivity, women had much invested in a world which constructed contraceptive responsibility as a male duty.Less
Challenging the assumption that women were the driving force behind the decline in family size in Britain, this chapter explores the finding that between the 1920s and the 1950s, it was husbands, not wives, who rooted out birth control information, framed contraceptive strategies for the family, and put these into practice. This phenomenon should not be seen as evidence of women's increasing ability to pressurize men to do their bidding. Rather, the increased use of contraception during the first half of the 20th century is revealed to be a story of men's power over a couple's sexual relationship. However, women saw male control of contraception as both appropriate and personally advantageous. Embarrassed by issues associated with sex and wedded to notions of respectability which valued women's sexual innocence and passivity, women had much invested in a world which constructed contraceptive responsibility as a male duty.
Kathryn Gleadle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264492
- eISBN:
- 9780191734274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264492.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Historians of feminism, such as Jane Rendall, have demonstrated how the family was construed as a vital locus of civic virtue in Enlightenment histories, evangelical moralizing, and revolutionary ...
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Historians of feminism, such as Jane Rendall, have demonstrated how the family was construed as a vital locus of civic virtue in Enlightenment histories, evangelical moralizing, and revolutionary politics. More recently, scholars of elite politics have demonstrated that family networks of patronage and electoral influence were critical to the functioning of parliamentary politics. Within the family, gendered roles which privileged the position of the male head of the household remained remarkably enduring, a factor which complicated the construction of female political subjectivity. The family was an important forum for the constitution of political culture and women were sometimes fully implicated in this. It was a process which could — but did not inevitably — result in the construction of empowering female subjectivities. Whilst the bland imprecision of ‘female influence’ acknowledged women's potential for political input within the family, it obscured the complexities of exercising such sway within the actuality of family relations and underplayed the significance of broader cultural currents which prioritized wifely submission.Less
Historians of feminism, such as Jane Rendall, have demonstrated how the family was construed as a vital locus of civic virtue in Enlightenment histories, evangelical moralizing, and revolutionary politics. More recently, scholars of elite politics have demonstrated that family networks of patronage and electoral influence were critical to the functioning of parliamentary politics. Within the family, gendered roles which privileged the position of the male head of the household remained remarkably enduring, a factor which complicated the construction of female political subjectivity. The family was an important forum for the constitution of political culture and women were sometimes fully implicated in this. It was a process which could — but did not inevitably — result in the construction of empowering female subjectivities. Whilst the bland imprecision of ‘female influence’ acknowledged women's potential for political input within the family, it obscured the complexities of exercising such sway within the actuality of family relations and underplayed the significance of broader cultural currents which prioritized wifely submission.
Kate A. Richmond, Ronald F. Levant, and Shamin C. J. Ladhani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199732074
- eISBN:
- 9780199933457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732074.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter draws upon feminist theory to expose how various systems of oppression, organized around social identities (race, class, able-bodied), are inextricably linked to masculinity. The authors ...
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This chapter draws upon feminist theory to expose how various systems of oppression, organized around social identities (race, class, able-bodied), are inextricably linked to masculinity. The authors begin by highlighting how all men’s identities are informed by normative male role expectations, and then demonstrate how dominant ideologies about the male role create strains on individual men by expecting conformity to a narrow and unrealistic idealized male role. The chapter draws upon the ADDRESSING model, introduced by Hays (2007), to highlight some of the ways other important social identities interface with dominant masculine norms and influence the psychological development of individual men. The chapter with a case study highlighting the intersectional effects on men’s psychological development and health.Less
This chapter draws upon feminist theory to expose how various systems of oppression, organized around social identities (race, class, able-bodied), are inextricably linked to masculinity. The authors begin by highlighting how all men’s identities are informed by normative male role expectations, and then demonstrate how dominant ideologies about the male role create strains on individual men by expecting conformity to a narrow and unrealistic idealized male role. The chapter draws upon the ADDRESSING model, introduced by Hays (2007), to highlight some of the ways other important social identities interface with dominant masculine norms and influence the psychological development of individual men. The chapter with a case study highlighting the intersectional effects on men’s psychological development and health.
Rebekah L. Miles
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144161
- eISBN:
- 9780199834495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144163.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Because Reinhold Niebuhr has been so widely criticized by feminist theologians, a critical retrieval must first examine the extensive charges against him. To this end, this chapter outlines feminist ...
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Because Reinhold Niebuhr has been so widely criticized by feminist theologians, a critical retrieval must first examine the extensive charges against him. To this end, this chapter outlines feminist criticisms of Niebuhr and develops a framework for a feminist reappropriation of Niebuhr that takes into account these criticisms. It is suggested that feminist criticisms of Niebuhr's understanding of gender roles do not fundamentally challenge Niebuhr's model of the free and bound self (human self‐transcendence and boundedness). Indeed, these criticisms actually exemplify the need to recognize the moral significance of both our given bodily reality and our human freedom partially to transcend and transform that givenness. Niebuhr's understanding of human moral experience provides a framework for that recognition.Less
Because Reinhold Niebuhr has been so widely criticized by feminist theologians, a critical retrieval must first examine the extensive charges against him. To this end, this chapter outlines feminist criticisms of Niebuhr and develops a framework for a feminist reappropriation of Niebuhr that takes into account these criticisms. It is suggested that feminist criticisms of Niebuhr's understanding of gender roles do not fundamentally challenge Niebuhr's model of the free and bound self (human self‐transcendence and boundedness). Indeed, these criticisms actually exemplify the need to recognize the moral significance of both our given bodily reality and our human freedom partially to transcend and transform that givenness. Niebuhr's understanding of human moral experience provides a framework for that recognition.
Sofia Neves and Conceição Nogueira
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese ...
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This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.Less
This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.
Zoe Vania Waxman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541546
- eISBN:
- 9780191709739
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541546.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter looks at the representation of women's Holocaust testimonies. It shows how studies of women's lives during the Holocaust, in attempting to portray women in a specific manner, seek a ...
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This chapter looks at the representation of women's Holocaust testimonies. It shows how studies of women's lives during the Holocaust, in attempting to portray women in a specific manner, seek a homogeneity of experience that did not exist and overlooks testimonies which do not fit with preconceived gender roles. These studies often project their own concerns, rejecting testimonies that reveal experiences outside the dictates of collective memory – such as the female Jewish Kapos (heads of work commandos) who came to mimic the behaviour of their SS captors. This chapter looks at some of the women who resist easy categorisation.Less
This chapter looks at the representation of women's Holocaust testimonies. It shows how studies of women's lives during the Holocaust, in attempting to portray women in a specific manner, seek a homogeneity of experience that did not exist and overlooks testimonies which do not fit with preconceived gender roles. These studies often project their own concerns, rejecting testimonies that reveal experiences outside the dictates of collective memory – such as the female Jewish Kapos (heads of work commandos) who came to mimic the behaviour of their SS captors. This chapter looks at some of the women who resist easy categorisation.
Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Naomi Cahn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195396645
- eISBN:
- 9780199918416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396645.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter addresses three primary components relevant to gender structures and roles within peacekeeping operations: First, the mandates of the peacekeeping operations; second, the training, ...
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This chapter addresses three primary components relevant to gender structures and roles within peacekeeping operations: First, the mandates of the peacekeeping operations; second, the training, discipline, and codes of conduct that peacekeepers must observe along with the types of sanctions imposed for breaches; and finally, the gender composition of peacekeeping missions. The chapter discusses the types and current evolution of peacekeeping missions, the professionals who constitute them, the conditions of service, and the particular forms of masculinity that can arise or be compounded in the peacekeeping context. It details lessons learned from the successes of peacekeeping missions, as well as the multitudinous examples of negative peacekeeping, in particular gender-based abuse of local populations by peacekeepers. Finally, it speculates on what gender-positive peacekeeping might look like by addressing peacekeeper accountability, including both “hard” law (jurisdiction of courts to try peacekeepers for crimes committed in service) and “soft” law (the development of codes of conduct and training materials for peacekeepers going to the field), and by increasing roles for women and expanding existing roles for men.Less
This chapter addresses three primary components relevant to gender structures and roles within peacekeeping operations: First, the mandates of the peacekeeping operations; second, the training, discipline, and codes of conduct that peacekeepers must observe along with the types of sanctions imposed for breaches; and finally, the gender composition of peacekeeping missions. The chapter discusses the types and current evolution of peacekeeping missions, the professionals who constitute them, the conditions of service, and the particular forms of masculinity that can arise or be compounded in the peacekeeping context. It details lessons learned from the successes of peacekeeping missions, as well as the multitudinous examples of negative peacekeeping, in particular gender-based abuse of local populations by peacekeepers. Finally, it speculates on what gender-positive peacekeeping might look like by addressing peacekeeper accountability, including both “hard” law (jurisdiction of courts to try peacekeepers for crimes committed in service) and “soft” law (the development of codes of conduct and training materials for peacekeepers going to the field), and by increasing roles for women and expanding existing roles for men.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter discusses the role of the travelogue, both as a locus for the safely bound exotic Other, and as the potential conduit for hybrid constructions of identity. It introduces the central ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the travelogue, both as a locus for the safely bound exotic Other, and as the potential conduit for hybrid constructions of identity. It introduces the central concept of vagabondage, the search for identity through motion in women’s travel writing from Olympe Audouard and Isabella Bird to Isabelle Eberhardt. The chapter establishes a composite basis of gender and postcolonial theory, creating a nuanced critique of Edward Said and Judith Butler. It gives a historical overview of the British and French colonial empires from 1850–1950 and their representations in popular culture. It also analyses the persistent structures of Orientalism and their impact on European gender roles and travel writing. A brief biography of the main women travel writers discussed and an outline of following chapters are also given.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the travelogue, both as a locus for the safely bound exotic Other, and as the potential conduit for hybrid constructions of identity. It introduces the central concept of vagabondage, the search for identity through motion in women’s travel writing from Olympe Audouard and Isabella Bird to Isabelle Eberhardt. The chapter establishes a composite basis of gender and postcolonial theory, creating a nuanced critique of Edward Said and Judith Butler. It gives a historical overview of the British and French colonial empires from 1850–1950 and their representations in popular culture. It also analyses the persistent structures of Orientalism and their impact on European gender roles and travel writing. A brief biography of the main women travel writers discussed and an outline of following chapters are also given.
Joan E Cashin
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195053449
- eISBN:
- 9780199853861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195053449.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The migration of planters' sons towards the Southwest has been one kind of dream derived from the aspiration to overcome the success of ancestors and elders, but with the transition of those who fled ...
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The migration of planters' sons towards the Southwest has been one kind of dream derived from the aspiration to overcome the success of ancestors and elders, but with the transition of those who fled in search of higher grounds came massive changes, not always good changes. Those who left the seaboard to establish their independence realized the importance of the family's resources in a volatile economy, as well as the things that kinship and similar relations could offer to help attain success. Over the years, a bad taste of independence gave some men in their new male role license to manipulate others. As for the planter women, migration was but a move towards looking back to the only life they had known. This book is a story of planter migration, the divisions between generations of planter men, their gender roles, family, and races in the seaboard and the Old Southwest.Less
The migration of planters' sons towards the Southwest has been one kind of dream derived from the aspiration to overcome the success of ancestors and elders, but with the transition of those who fled in search of higher grounds came massive changes, not always good changes. Those who left the seaboard to establish their independence realized the importance of the family's resources in a volatile economy, as well as the things that kinship and similar relations could offer to help attain success. Over the years, a bad taste of independence gave some men in their new male role license to manipulate others. As for the planter women, migration was but a move towards looking back to the only life they had known. This book is a story of planter migration, the divisions between generations of planter men, their gender roles, family, and races in the seaboard and the Old Southwest.
Neil Websdale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195315417
- eISBN:
- 9780199777464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315417.003.005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Chapter 5 explores the emotional styles of 14 civil reputable familicidal hearts (7 male, 7 female). These perpetrators appear conformist, proper, respectable, almost emotionally constipated or ...
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Chapter 5 explores the emotional styles of 14 civil reputable familicidal hearts (7 male, 7 female). These perpetrators appear conformist, proper, respectable, almost emotionally constipated or tightly constrained. Unlike livid coercive hearts, they tend to maintain their intimate relationships, find common ground with spouses and partners, and make various accommodations, including playing their specific part in a gendered division of labor. As the author points out, when honorable and respectable men and women commit familicide, their acts raise the disturbing possibility that other like-situated persons have similar potential. The author explores the way civil reputable hearts appeared to fit into the social order, examines their latent discontent including their oftentimes suppressed rage and emotional suffering, and, finally discusses their planning and preparation to kill.Less
Chapter 5 explores the emotional styles of 14 civil reputable familicidal hearts (7 male, 7 female). These perpetrators appear conformist, proper, respectable, almost emotionally constipated or tightly constrained. Unlike livid coercive hearts, they tend to maintain their intimate relationships, find common ground with spouses and partners, and make various accommodations, including playing their specific part in a gendered division of labor. As the author points out, when honorable and respectable men and women commit familicide, their acts raise the disturbing possibility that other like-situated persons have similar potential. The author explores the way civil reputable hearts appeared to fit into the social order, examines their latent discontent including their oftentimes suppressed rage and emotional suffering, and, finally discusses their planning and preparation to kill.
Susan Moller Okin
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289647
- eISBN:
- 9780191596698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289642.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Okin argues that what is unjust in the situation of women in developing countries is not different in kind from the injustices that unequal family structures produce in developed countries. In both ...
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Okin argues that what is unjust in the situation of women in developing countries is not different in kind from the injustices that unequal family structures produce in developed countries. In both cases, the family, which claims to be a source of love and a school for ethical virtue, often manifests and perpetuates injustice. Contending against feminists opposed to generalizing about the context of women, Okin maintains that generalizing with proper caution and sensitivity can be a valuable and crucial part of good feminist argument, bringing to light what is salient and pervasive in unjust laws and practices.Less
Okin argues that what is unjust in the situation of women in developing countries is not different in kind from the injustices that unequal family structures produce in developed countries. In both cases, the family, which claims to be a source of love and a school for ethical virtue, often manifests and perpetuates injustice. Contending against feminists opposed to generalizing about the context of women, Okin maintains that generalizing with proper caution and sensitivity can be a valuable and crucial part of good feminist argument, bringing to light what is salient and pervasive in unjust laws and practices.
