Charlotte Witt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199740413
- eISBN:
- 9780199918720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740413.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter argues that gender is the principle of normative unity for social individuals. First, it explains further what a principle of normative unity is and why social individuals might need ...
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This chapter argues that gender is the principle of normative unity for social individuals. First, it explains further what a principle of normative unity is and why social individuals might need one. It develops the idea that a social agent must act under a coherent, unified set of norms, and that a coherent, unified set of norms requires a principle of normative unity. Aristotle's discussion of the relationship between a life of virtuous activity and other kinds of lives (and the goods that correspond to them) is used as a model for the relationship between the social role that serves as a principle of normative unity for an agent—referred to as the mega social role—and that agent's other social roles. Second, the chapter explains why it is reasonable to think that gender provides a principle of normative unity for social individuals in societies like ours. Third, it shows that gender norms provide the principle of normative unity for agents in human societies. It considers two alternative views: firstly, that for some agents in some societies the principle of normative unity is another mega social role, like race; and, secondly, that the principle of normative unity is variable depending upon the individual's self-understanding. After considering, and rejecting, these alternatives, it is argued that gender is essential to social individuals because gender normatively unifies social role occupiers so that an individual social agent exists. The relationship between the thesis that gender is uniessential to social individuals and other conceptions of gender essentialism is discussed.Less
This chapter argues that gender is the principle of normative unity for social individuals. First, it explains further what a principle of normative unity is and why social individuals might need one. It develops the idea that a social agent must act under a coherent, unified set of norms, and that a coherent, unified set of norms requires a principle of normative unity. Aristotle's discussion of the relationship between a life of virtuous activity and other kinds of lives (and the goods that correspond to them) is used as a model for the relationship between the social role that serves as a principle of normative unity for an agent—referred to as the mega social role—and that agent's other social roles. Second, the chapter explains why it is reasonable to think that gender provides a principle of normative unity for social individuals in societies like ours. Third, it shows that gender norms provide the principle of normative unity for agents in human societies. It considers two alternative views: firstly, that for some agents in some societies the principle of normative unity is another mega social role, like race; and, secondly, that the principle of normative unity is variable depending upon the individual's self-understanding. After considering, and rejecting, these alternatives, it is argued that gender is essential to social individuals because gender normatively unifies social role occupiers so that an individual social agent exists. The relationship between the thesis that gender is uniessential to social individuals and other conceptions of gender essentialism is discussed.
Caroline Levine
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160627
- eISBN:
- 9781400852604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160627.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter argues that if we consider closely the workings of hierarchical forms, we will find that they exert a far less orderly and systematic kind of domination than we might expect. It begins ...
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This chapter argues that if we consider closely the workings of hierarchical forms, we will find that they exert a far less orderly and systematic kind of domination than we might expect. It begins with a reading of Sophocles's Antigone. In this tragedy, the playwright sets a number powerful hierarchies in motion, almost all of them organized as simple binaries: masculine over feminine, king over subjects, friends over enemies, gods over humans. As these meet and intersect in the course of the dramatic action, a firm insistence on one hierarchy typically ends up reversing or subverting the logic of another, generating a political landscape of radical instability and unpredictability. The second section of the chapter expands to include other forms: what happens when bounded wholes and rhythms, too, come into the picture, organizing our experience atop or alongside hierarchies? Do these different, nonhomologous forms work with or athwart one another? The focus will be gender norms, a problem of longstanding interest in literary and cultural studies.Less
This chapter argues that if we consider closely the workings of hierarchical forms, we will find that they exert a far less orderly and systematic kind of domination than we might expect. It begins with a reading of Sophocles's Antigone. In this tragedy, the playwright sets a number powerful hierarchies in motion, almost all of them organized as simple binaries: masculine over feminine, king over subjects, friends over enemies, gods over humans. As these meet and intersect in the course of the dramatic action, a firm insistence on one hierarchy typically ends up reversing or subverting the logic of another, generating a political landscape of radical instability and unpredictability. The second section of the chapter expands to include other forms: what happens when bounded wholes and rhythms, too, come into the picture, organizing our experience atop or alongside hierarchies? Do these different, nonhomologous forms work with or athwart one another? The focus will be gender norms, a problem of longstanding interest in literary and cultural studies.
Schirin Amir-Moazami
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter looks at the issue of “young” Muslims from the perspective of pious Muslim women in two European settings: France and Germany. It concentrates, on the one hand, on the ways in which ...
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This chapter looks at the issue of “young” Muslims from the perspective of pious Muslim women in two European settings: France and Germany. It concentrates, on the one hand, on the ways in which these young women construct a notion of youthfulness in response to a dominant secular “emancipation” narrative of sexual freedom and also in negotiation with gendered norms in their families. On the other hand, it embeds the emerging alternative conceptions of youthfulness within the wider framework of national citizenship traditions and shows how the women in both countries have adopted and/or transformed notions of membership through recourse to national or supranational traditions.Less
This chapter looks at the issue of “young” Muslims from the perspective of pious Muslim women in two European settings: France and Germany. It concentrates, on the one hand, on the ways in which these young women construct a notion of youthfulness in response to a dominant secular “emancipation” narrative of sexual freedom and also in negotiation with gendered norms in their families. On the other hand, it embeds the emerging alternative conceptions of youthfulness within the wider framework of national citizenship traditions and shows how the women in both countries have adopted and/or transformed notions of membership through recourse to national or supranational traditions.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Cross-dressing in women’s travel writing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be seen as a carnivalesque affair, featuring bearded ladies and flamboyant Queens. Using the performative gender ...
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Cross-dressing in women’s travel writing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be seen as a carnivalesque affair, featuring bearded ladies and flamboyant Queens. Using the performative gender theories of Judith Butler and Marjorie Garber, this chapter questions the extent to which such theatrical cross-dressing allows European women travel writers to transgress social boundaries in their home and host countries. The first section of this chapter considers Jane Dieulafoy’s painstaking construction of textual legitimacy for her cross-dressing, which both invokes and abjures the legacy of bearded Queens by displacing it along Oriental cultural fault lines. It then examines the tensions that emerge in Isabella Bird’s travelogues as a result of the author’s determination to convincingly perform femininity in the Orient for her British audience. The final section explores Isabelle Eberhardt’s more radical constructions of linguistic and physical gender vagabondage in Algeria and Tunisia, and the restrictive social mechanisms they provoke.Less
Cross-dressing in women’s travel writing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be seen as a carnivalesque affair, featuring bearded ladies and flamboyant Queens. Using the performative gender theories of Judith Butler and Marjorie Garber, this chapter questions the extent to which such theatrical cross-dressing allows European women travel writers to transgress social boundaries in their home and host countries. The first section of this chapter considers Jane Dieulafoy’s painstaking construction of textual legitimacy for her cross-dressing, which both invokes and abjures the legacy of bearded Queens by displacing it along Oriental cultural fault lines. It then examines the tensions that emerge in Isabella Bird’s travelogues as a result of the author’s determination to convincingly perform femininity in the Orient for her British audience. The final section explores Isabelle Eberhardt’s more radical constructions of linguistic and physical gender vagabondage in Algeria and Tunisia, and the restrictive social mechanisms they provoke.
Nancy Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226922270
- eISBN:
- 9780226922294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226922294.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter examines the gender roles and norms promulgated in the Abstinence Only Until Marriage education (AOUME) and Comprehensive Sexuality education (CSE) programs. AOUME models draw on a ...
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This chapter examines the gender roles and norms promulgated in the Abstinence Only Until Marriage education (AOUME) and Comprehensive Sexuality education (CSE) programs. AOUME models draw on a gender ideology that is backed by millennia of religious and social practice. This neotraditionalist model allows AOUM educators to acknowledge and address the effects of socially differentiated gender norms on students' lives, and as such powerfully connects with the gender inequity experiences of teachers, students, and parents. On the other hand, the CSE curricula and programs are largely silent about the realities of gender norms and practices in the United States, attempting instead to create universal human equality by silencing talk about gender. They are thus often out of synch with teachers', students', and parents' lived experiences of gender differences and inequities.Less
This chapter examines the gender roles and norms promulgated in the Abstinence Only Until Marriage education (AOUME) and Comprehensive Sexuality education (CSE) programs. AOUME models draw on a gender ideology that is backed by millennia of religious and social practice. This neotraditionalist model allows AOUM educators to acknowledge and address the effects of socially differentiated gender norms on students' lives, and as such powerfully connects with the gender inequity experiences of teachers, students, and parents. On the other hand, the CSE curricula and programs are largely silent about the realities of gender norms and practices in the United States, attempting instead to create universal human equality by silencing talk about gender. They are thus often out of synch with teachers', students', and parents' lived experiences of gender differences and inequities.
Heather Martel
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066189
- eISBN:
- 9780813058399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066189.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter theorizes gender at Fort Caroline and in the early Protestant Atlantic as an historically, culturally specific system for defining relations of power, which marked some as more masculine ...
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This chapter theorizes gender at Fort Caroline and in the early Protestant Atlantic as an historically, culturally specific system for defining relations of power, which marked some as more masculine (powerful, dominant) and others as less masculine or feminine (weak, dependent, submissive) in relation to those with more masculinity. Long after their authors were dead, the Protestant travel narratives that are the sources for this study continued to do the gendered work of colonialism by characterizing Indigenous gender systems, hygienic customs, third gender–specific roles and fashions, and instances when Indigenous women demonstrated power as transgressions of Christian gender norms that Protestant colonizers obliged themselves to “fix” by imposing Christian norms.Less
This chapter theorizes gender at Fort Caroline and in the early Protestant Atlantic as an historically, culturally specific system for defining relations of power, which marked some as more masculine (powerful, dominant) and others as less masculine or feminine (weak, dependent, submissive) in relation to those with more masculinity. Long after their authors were dead, the Protestant travel narratives that are the sources for this study continued to do the gendered work of colonialism by characterizing Indigenous gender systems, hygienic customs, third gender–specific roles and fashions, and instances when Indigenous women demonstrated power as transgressions of Christian gender norms that Protestant colonizers obliged themselves to “fix” by imposing Christian norms.
Susanne Fahlén
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199681136
- eISBN:
- 9780191767449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681136.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter confronts the agency capabilities gap from two perspectives (1) Comparing policies aimed at promoting worklife balance, their implementation and outcomes, with gendered norms regarding ...
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This chapter confronts the agency capabilities gap from two perspectives (1) Comparing policies aimed at promoting worklife balance, their implementation and outcomes, with gendered norms regarding work and care. The chapter uses county level data and survey data across eleven European countries and Japan. The chapter uses county level data and survey data across eleven European countries and Japan. (2) the chapter examines the agency gap in attitudes regarding worklife balance priorities and working time capabilities (Lee and McCann 2006), which is operationalized as the differences between actual work hours in paid work and how many hours one would choose to work if it meant a loss or gain in pay.This analysis shows a complex relationship between work aspiration and practices which can be linked to national differences in worklife balance policies and gender norms.Less
This chapter confronts the agency capabilities gap from two perspectives (1) Comparing policies aimed at promoting worklife balance, their implementation and outcomes, with gendered norms regarding work and care. The chapter uses county level data and survey data across eleven European countries and Japan. The chapter uses county level data and survey data across eleven European countries and Japan. (2) the chapter examines the agency gap in attitudes regarding worklife balance priorities and working time capabilities (Lee and McCann 2006), which is operationalized as the differences between actual work hours in paid work and how many hours one would choose to work if it meant a loss or gain in pay.This analysis shows a complex relationship between work aspiration and practices which can be linked to national differences in worklife balance policies and gender norms.
C. Y. Cyrus Chu and Ruoh‐Rong Yu
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578092
- eISBN:
- 9780191722424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578092.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Parents' son preferences can be revealed either by their answers to some attitude questions, or by their behaviors which are related to some underlying preferences. This chapter presents the ...
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Parents' son preferences can be revealed either by their answers to some attitude questions, or by their behaviors which are related to some underlying preferences. This chapter presents the distribution of responses to several gender‐norm related questions such as respondents' attitude toward male‐line lineage preservation, and their perception of co‐residing with married sons. It appears that Taiwanese parents are more “traditional” than those in Mainland China toward such attitude questions. Concerning son preferences revealed by parental decisions, parents' education investment in and inter vivos transfers to sons/daughters are used to identify the possible existence and intensity of such preferences. It turns out that revealed son preferences in China are stronger than those in Taiwan, and that Taiwanese parents have a slightly greater preference for the eldest son.Less
Parents' son preferences can be revealed either by their answers to some attitude questions, or by their behaviors which are related to some underlying preferences. This chapter presents the distribution of responses to several gender‐norm related questions such as respondents' attitude toward male‐line lineage preservation, and their perception of co‐residing with married sons. It appears that Taiwanese parents are more “traditional” than those in Mainland China toward such attitude questions. Concerning son preferences revealed by parental decisions, parents' education investment in and inter vivos transfers to sons/daughters are used to identify the possible existence and intensity of such preferences. It turns out that revealed son preferences in China are stronger than those in Taiwan, and that Taiwanese parents have a slightly greater preference for the eldest son.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of ...
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This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.Less
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Combining paratextual and textual analysis with an examination of contemporaneous reviews and external marketing, this chapter explores how women travellers position gender identity as a key selling ...
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Combining paratextual and textual analysis with an examination of contemporaneous reviews and external marketing, this chapter explores how women travellers position gender identity as a key selling point of their travelogues. The first section considers the travelogue’s paratext, including titles, bindings and frontispieces, and their intended impact on the purchaser. It then moves from a comparison of prefaces and narratorial positioning to a study of content in these Oriental travelogues, suggesting that the gender ambiguity introduced by vagabondage is central to their commercial attraction. Having briefly discussed the question of metatext, the final section addresses the figure of the author, interpreting reviews and public appearances by these women travellers as a form of external marketing for the travelogue. Debunking images of the humble author pushed into publishing by mistake, this chapter shows how women travel writers from 1850-1950 commodify themselves within and without the text, using their bodies to market their travelogues, literally selling the skirt.Less
Combining paratextual and textual analysis with an examination of contemporaneous reviews and external marketing, this chapter explores how women travellers position gender identity as a key selling point of their travelogues. The first section considers the travelogue’s paratext, including titles, bindings and frontispieces, and their intended impact on the purchaser. It then moves from a comparison of prefaces and narratorial positioning to a study of content in these Oriental travelogues, suggesting that the gender ambiguity introduced by vagabondage is central to their commercial attraction. Having briefly discussed the question of metatext, the final section addresses the figure of the author, interpreting reviews and public appearances by these women travellers as a form of external marketing for the travelogue. Debunking images of the humble author pushed into publishing by mistake, this chapter shows how women travel writers from 1850-1950 commodify themselves within and without the text, using their bodies to market their travelogues, literally selling the skirt.
Erin Heidt-Forsythe
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520298187
- eISBN:
- 9780520970434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520298187.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Egg donation in the United States has been characterized as a “wild west”—there are no regulations that limit the expanding commercial markets in egg donation. Contesting this conventional thinking, ...
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Egg donation in the United States has been characterized as a “wild west”—there are no regulations that limit the expanding commercial markets in egg donation. Contesting this conventional thinking, the introduction explores how we think about egg donation for reproduction through stereotypes of femininity and how that shapes the politics of egg donation. Laying out the three major themes of this book—body and morality politics, framing, and gender and politics—this chapter forwards the main argument of the book. Rather than seeing the United States as bereft of politics, body and morality politics frames have created a logic of egg donation politics for reproduction and research. This chapter concludes with an overview of the book.Less
Egg donation in the United States has been characterized as a “wild west”—there are no regulations that limit the expanding commercial markets in egg donation. Contesting this conventional thinking, the introduction explores how we think about egg donation for reproduction through stereotypes of femininity and how that shapes the politics of egg donation. Laying out the three major themes of this book—body and morality politics, framing, and gender and politics—this chapter forwards the main argument of the book. Rather than seeing the United States as bereft of politics, body and morality politics frames have created a logic of egg donation politics for reproduction and research. This chapter concludes with an overview of the book.
Julia C. Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833879
- eISBN:
- 9780824870836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833879.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter examines the trope of the “odd body,” which defies classification as either masculine or feminine, male or female, and is frequently used to critique binary models of gender. The “odd ...
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This chapter examines the trope of the “odd body,” which defies classification as either masculine or feminine, male or female, and is frequently used to critique binary models of gender. The “odd body” refers to a protagonist whose physiology fails to conform to gendered expectations of “normalcy.” It serves as a subversive challenge to the logic of “sexual indifference” that would confine women to the realm of the inferior so that men may envision themselves as superior. The chapter analyzes three examples of women's fiction in which bodies are perversely reproductive (or nonreproductive), deformed, or androgynous, covertly or overtly defying prescribed patterns of difference between masculine and feminine norms: Kōno Taeko's “Toddler-Hunting”; Takahashi Takako's “Secret” (Hi, 1973); and Kurahashi Yumiko's “Snake” (Hebi, 1960). These texts highlight the three women writers' attempt to problematize the binary logic that underlies the strict policing of gender norms.Less
This chapter examines the trope of the “odd body,” which defies classification as either masculine or feminine, male or female, and is frequently used to critique binary models of gender. The “odd body” refers to a protagonist whose physiology fails to conform to gendered expectations of “normalcy.” It serves as a subversive challenge to the logic of “sexual indifference” that would confine women to the realm of the inferior so that men may envision themselves as superior. The chapter analyzes three examples of women's fiction in which bodies are perversely reproductive (or nonreproductive), deformed, or androgynous, covertly or overtly defying prescribed patterns of difference between masculine and feminine norms: Kōno Taeko's “Toddler-Hunting”; Takahashi Takako's “Secret” (Hi, 1973); and Kurahashi Yumiko's “Snake” (Hebi, 1960). These texts highlight the three women writers' attempt to problematize the binary logic that underlies the strict policing of gender norms.
Lesley J. Pruitt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520290600
- eISBN:
- 9780520964716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290600.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter 5 explores how the FFPU evoked a number of common gendered fears, both around women’s participation in security and women’s participation as women working in all-female units. The latter ...
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Chapter 5 explores how the FFPU evoked a number of common gendered fears, both around women’s participation in security and women’s participation as women working in all-female units. The latter represents concerns based on a global culture of gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping wherein women’s involvement is typically considered legitimate only when they are participating as a small minority in male-majority units. Efforts at including more women in peacekeeping may be limited or stalled by strictly adherence to this culture of gender mainstreaming. Alternatives to that culture may foster greater traction in achieving gender equity, peace, and security. Moving forward requires efforts from both men and women within the United Nations and beyond, including efforts to challenge existing gender norms.Less
Chapter 5 explores how the FFPU evoked a number of common gendered fears, both around women’s participation in security and women’s participation as women working in all-female units. The latter represents concerns based on a global culture of gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping wherein women’s involvement is typically considered legitimate only when they are participating as a small minority in male-majority units. Efforts at including more women in peacekeeping may be limited or stalled by strictly adherence to this culture of gender mainstreaming. Alternatives to that culture may foster greater traction in achieving gender equity, peace, and security. Moving forward requires efforts from both men and women within the United Nations and beyond, including efforts to challenge existing gender norms.
Serene J. Khader
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199777884
- eISBN:
- 9780199919055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777884.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter discusses the conceptual problems with defining “women's empowerment” that have arisen in two types of gender and development interventions: microcredit interventions and interventions ...
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This chapter discusses the conceptual problems with defining “women's empowerment” that have arisen in two types of gender and development interventions: microcredit interventions and interventions aimed at helping women question prevailing gender norms. Empowerment is typically thought of as the overcoming of adaptive preference, where adaptive preference is thought as the lack of some form of choice. This chapter argues that the concepts developed as part of the deliberative perfectionist approach can help us move beyond some of the paradoxes development theorists have identified in prevailing definitions of empowerment. It focuses on two families of conceptual problems that arise in attempts to operationalize empowerment: problems related to equating empowerment with choice and problems related to identifying states of empowerment and disempowerment.Less
This chapter discusses the conceptual problems with defining “women's empowerment” that have arisen in two types of gender and development interventions: microcredit interventions and interventions aimed at helping women question prevailing gender norms. Empowerment is typically thought of as the overcoming of adaptive preference, where adaptive preference is thought as the lack of some form of choice. This chapter argues that the concepts developed as part of the deliberative perfectionist approach can help us move beyond some of the paradoxes development theorists have identified in prevailing definitions of empowerment. It focuses on two families of conceptual problems that arise in attempts to operationalize empowerment: problems related to equating empowerment with choice and problems related to identifying states of empowerment and disempowerment.
Meghan Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447337638
- eISBN:
- 9781447337676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447337638.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter addresses the challenges girls face in accessing human rights-based sex education. Sex education sharply brings into focus the discriminatory gender norms that influence and undermine a ...
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This chapter addresses the challenges girls face in accessing human rights-based sex education. Sex education sharply brings into focus the discriminatory gender norms that influence and undermine a girl's right to education and the accountability challenges that are becoming increasingly pervasive throughout all of education. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the prominent legal instrument on women's rights, offers new ways of conceptualising and addressing these challenges. There are specific obligations referring to sex education in the treaty and most importantly there is a positive obligation on the state to provide sex education to fulfil the fundamental rights of girls and women. Indeed, sex education is a necessary measure to ensure girls and women's right to life, health, education, gender equality, and freedom from violence.Less
This chapter addresses the challenges girls face in accessing human rights-based sex education. Sex education sharply brings into focus the discriminatory gender norms that influence and undermine a girl's right to education and the accountability challenges that are becoming increasingly pervasive throughout all of education. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the prominent legal instrument on women's rights, offers new ways of conceptualising and addressing these challenges. There are specific obligations referring to sex education in the treaty and most importantly there is a positive obligation on the state to provide sex education to fulfil the fundamental rights of girls and women. Indeed, sex education is a necessary measure to ensure girls and women's right to life, health, education, gender equality, and freedom from violence.
Ben Cislaghi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474419796
- eISBN:
- 9781474445139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419796.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Chapter 4 pictures the rural community of Galle Toubaaco before the Tostan programme. It looks at three aspects of community members’ life that are tracked throughout the HRE part of their ...
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Chapter 4 pictures the rural community of Galle Toubaaco before the Tostan programme. It looks at three aspects of community members’ life that are tracked throughout the HRE part of their participation in the Tostan program. This chapter examines in particular how community members constructed gender relations, made decisions or had access to the decision-making process, and fulfilled roles available to them. It also uncovers existing social norms before the programme began, showing that some human-rights-inconsistent norms and practices were in place and offering an analysis of the reasons for it.Less
Chapter 4 pictures the rural community of Galle Toubaaco before the Tostan programme. It looks at three aspects of community members’ life that are tracked throughout the HRE part of their participation in the Tostan program. This chapter examines in particular how community members constructed gender relations, made decisions or had access to the decision-making process, and fulfilled roles available to them. It also uncovers existing social norms before the programme began, showing that some human-rights-inconsistent norms and practices were in place and offering an analysis of the reasons for it.
Miranda Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816687411
- eISBN:
- 9781452949109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816687411.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines the role of accounting in constituting gendered norms and pathologies of personal finance through the production and circulation of knowledge, especially statistical ...
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This chapter examines the role of accounting in constituting gendered norms and pathologies of personal finance through the production and circulation of knowledge, especially statistical articulation of populations, across the domains of popular culture, marketing research, and legitimate social science. In particular, it highlights a nexus of the two central features of neoliberalism: governmentality and financialization. It considers negative, pathologized portrayals of women as impulsive shopaholics on one hand and paralyzed non-investors on the other in relation to the boundaries of responsible entrepreneurial subjectivity. It shows that these portrayals, found across a range of discursive sites, proffer images of proper femininity and masculinity, to be achieved through the enactment of different configurations of personal financial attitudes and behaviors. Noting the diversity and internal contradictions implicit in responsible entrepreneurial subjectivity, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of the recent financial crisis and concomitant shifts in the evaluation of gendered behaviors.Less
This chapter examines the role of accounting in constituting gendered norms and pathologies of personal finance through the production and circulation of knowledge, especially statistical articulation of populations, across the domains of popular culture, marketing research, and legitimate social science. In particular, it highlights a nexus of the two central features of neoliberalism: governmentality and financialization. It considers negative, pathologized portrayals of women as impulsive shopaholics on one hand and paralyzed non-investors on the other in relation to the boundaries of responsible entrepreneurial subjectivity. It shows that these portrayals, found across a range of discursive sites, proffer images of proper femininity and masculinity, to be achieved through the enactment of different configurations of personal financial attitudes and behaviors. Noting the diversity and internal contradictions implicit in responsible entrepreneurial subjectivity, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of the recent financial crisis and concomitant shifts in the evaluation of gendered behaviors.
Vincent L. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042805
- eISBN:
- 9780252051661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042805.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter illuminates how Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace achieved mainstream commercial success by discussing the dynamic gender norms of the postwar era. Drawing on Wini ...
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This chapter illuminates how Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace achieved mainstream commercial success by discussing the dynamic gender norms of the postwar era. Drawing on Wini Breines, the chapter frames the era as one of “disorientation”--notably, the outgrowth of gender conformity was pervasive alienation. These tensions generated spaces of gender rebellion that were stigmatized in mainstream media exposés and publicized simultaneously. This visibility reflected a public interest in deviance and helped gay men and lesbians develop an awareness of a community that catalyzed the Homophile and Gay Liberation movements. Parallel to these political movements was a subcultural movement among queer artists in film, literature, and popular music that is discernibly queer yet trafficked in sexual ambiguity at the time.Less
This chapter illuminates how Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace achieved mainstream commercial success by discussing the dynamic gender norms of the postwar era. Drawing on Wini Breines, the chapter frames the era as one of “disorientation”--notably, the outgrowth of gender conformity was pervasive alienation. These tensions generated spaces of gender rebellion that were stigmatized in mainstream media exposés and publicized simultaneously. This visibility reflected a public interest in deviance and helped gay men and lesbians develop an awareness of a community that catalyzed the Homophile and Gay Liberation movements. Parallel to these political movements was a subcultural movement among queer artists in film, literature, and popular music that is discernibly queer yet trafficked in sexual ambiguity at the time.
Joseph R. Fitzgerald
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176499
- eISBN:
- 9780813176529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176499.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Focusing on Richardson’s childhood, this chapter details how Gloria’s family socialized her according to gender norms for middle-class black girls yet allowed her to be her own person. They supported ...
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Focusing on Richardson’s childhood, this chapter details how Gloria’s family socialized her according to gender norms for middle-class black girls yet allowed her to be her own person. They supported her when she displayed strong personality traits, such as standing up for herself against perceived injustices. Richardson’s family taught her to respect the black working class, who were so important to her family’s financial success, and she was expected to carry on the tradition of race service. Richardson’s family also played an influential role in the development of her philosophies on race and class, her political leadership, and her secular humanism, all of which would play a part in her civil rights activism.Less
Focusing on Richardson’s childhood, this chapter details how Gloria’s family socialized her according to gender norms for middle-class black girls yet allowed her to be her own person. They supported her when she displayed strong personality traits, such as standing up for herself against perceived injustices. Richardson’s family taught her to respect the black working class, who were so important to her family’s financial success, and she was expected to carry on the tradition of race service. Richardson’s family also played an influential role in the development of her philosophies on race and class, her political leadership, and her secular humanism, all of which would play a part in her civil rights activism.
Susan M. Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124766
- eISBN:
- 9780813135083
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124766.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter discusses women's ministering among Southern Baptists, which has led them to take on traditional responsibilities of nurturing and educating. It has also compelled them to challenge ...
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This chapter discusses women's ministering among Southern Baptists, which has led them to take on traditional responsibilities of nurturing and educating. It has also compelled them to challenge gender norms and traditional roles that have excluded women from ordained ministry and the pastorate. This chapter looks at two Southern Baptist female missionaries, Lottie Moon and Annie Armstrong, and other facets of the ministry, including the Girls' Auxiliary and the Mother Seminary.Less
This chapter discusses women's ministering among Southern Baptists, which has led them to take on traditional responsibilities of nurturing and educating. It has also compelled them to challenge gender norms and traditional roles that have excluded women from ordained ministry and the pastorate. This chapter looks at two Southern Baptist female missionaries, Lottie Moon and Annie Armstrong, and other facets of the ministry, including the Girls' Auxiliary and the Mother Seminary.
