Laura Pilozzi-Edmonds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755011
- eISBN:
- 9780199918867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755011.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Women are underrepresented in tertiary science and engineering programs in most countries globally. This chapter explores how a pioneering initiative at the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania ...
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Women are underrepresented in tertiary science and engineering programs in most countries globally. This chapter explores how a pioneering initiative at the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania has dramatically improved the enrollment, achievement and acceptance of female students in science and engineering programs. The Special Pre-Entry Program helps young women with poor science grades in secondary national exams to gain admittance to the College of Engineering and Technology. The central finding from this case study is that poor grades at the end of secondary school do not necessarily reflect young women’s potential to perform well in higher education. By their last year of study, girls coming from the pre-entry program were on par with the rest of the class in terms of performance. Policies should therefore ensure that girls receive a quality education at the secondary level in the gender-sensitive environment necessary for them to develop to their full potential.Less
Women are underrepresented in tertiary science and engineering programs in most countries globally. This chapter explores how a pioneering initiative at the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania has dramatically improved the enrollment, achievement and acceptance of female students in science and engineering programs. The Special Pre-Entry Program helps young women with poor science grades in secondary national exams to gain admittance to the College of Engineering and Technology. The central finding from this case study is that poor grades at the end of secondary school do not necessarily reflect young women’s potential to perform well in higher education. By their last year of study, girls coming from the pre-entry program were on par with the rest of the class in terms of performance. Policies should therefore ensure that girls receive a quality education at the secondary level in the gender-sensitive environment necessary for them to develop to their full potential.
Martha H. Verbrugge
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168792
- eISBN:
- 9780199949649
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168792.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, American History: 19th Century
This book examines the philosophies, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including ...
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This book examines the philosophies, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including coed and single-sex, public and private, and predominantly white or black institutions. Working primarily with female students, women physical educators had to consider what an active female could and should do compared to an active male. Applying concepts of sex differences, they debated the implications of female anatomy, physiology, reproductive functions, and psychosocial traits for achieving gender parity in the gym. Teachers’ interpretations were contingent on where they worked and whom they taught. They also responded to broad historical conditions, including developments in American feminism, law, and education, society’s changing attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, and scientific controversies over sex differences and the relative weight of nature versus nurture. While deliberating fairness for female students, white and black women physical educators also pursued equity for themselves, as their workplaces and nascent profession often marginalized female and minority personnel. Questions of difference and equity divided the field throughout the twentieth century; while some women teachers favored moderate views and incremental change, others promoted justice for their students and themselves by exerting authority at their schools, critiquing traditional concepts of “difference,” and devising innovative curricula. Drawing on extensive archival research, this book sheds new light on physical education’s application of scientific ideas, the politics of gender, race, and sexuality in the domain of active bodies, and the enduring complexities of difference and equity in American culture.Less
This book examines the philosophies, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including coed and single-sex, public and private, and predominantly white or black institutions. Working primarily with female students, women physical educators had to consider what an active female could and should do compared to an active male. Applying concepts of sex differences, they debated the implications of female anatomy, physiology, reproductive functions, and psychosocial traits for achieving gender parity in the gym. Teachers’ interpretations were contingent on where they worked and whom they taught. They also responded to broad historical conditions, including developments in American feminism, law, and education, society’s changing attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, and scientific controversies over sex differences and the relative weight of nature versus nurture. While deliberating fairness for female students, white and black women physical educators also pursued equity for themselves, as their workplaces and nascent profession often marginalized female and minority personnel. Questions of difference and equity divided the field throughout the twentieth century; while some women teachers favored moderate views and incremental change, others promoted justice for their students and themselves by exerting authority at their schools, critiquing traditional concepts of “difference,” and devising innovative curricula. Drawing on extensive archival research, this book sheds new light on physical education’s application of scientific ideas, the politics of gender, race, and sexuality in the domain of active bodies, and the enduring complexities of difference and equity in American culture.
Mokubung Nkomo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755011
- eISBN:
- 9780199918867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755011.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The inequality that exists in the lower rungs of the education pyramid is multiplied several fold at the tertiary level, where marginalization is acute. This chapter focuses on the challenges and ...
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The inequality that exists in the lower rungs of the education pyramid is multiplied several fold at the tertiary level, where marginalization is acute. This chapter focuses on the challenges and successes that South Africa has experienced in its efforts to promote racial and gender equity in tertiary education, and explores the lessons that South Africa can offer to and learn from other countries. In this chapter ‘equity’ is understood to mean the application of the fairness principle, which is premised on the acknowledgement of the effects of past discrimination and the need for redress in order to achieve equality for all. The chapter concludes that what is most important in all instances is to have effective programs in place that will ensure success once students from underrepresented backgrounds are admitted to higher education.Less
The inequality that exists in the lower rungs of the education pyramid is multiplied several fold at the tertiary level, where marginalization is acute. This chapter focuses on the challenges and successes that South Africa has experienced in its efforts to promote racial and gender equity in tertiary education, and explores the lessons that South Africa can offer to and learn from other countries. In this chapter ‘equity’ is understood to mean the application of the fairness principle, which is premised on the acknowledgement of the effects of past discrimination and the need for redress in order to achieve equality for all. The chapter concludes that what is most important in all instances is to have effective programs in place that will ensure success once students from underrepresented backgrounds are admitted to higher education.
Marlaine Lockheed and Maureen Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755011
- eISBN:
- 9780199918867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755011.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The largest challenge remaining to achieve universal primary and secondary education is that of socially excluded girls. Raising the availability and quality of schools for all socially disadvantaged ...
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The largest challenge remaining to achieve universal primary and secondary education is that of socially excluded girls. Raising the availability and quality of schools for all socially disadvantaged children will reduce much of this gender gap, but compensatory programs designed for and targeted at socially excluded girls will also be required. Although hard evidence about the effects of programs specifically targeted to socially excluded girls is limited, several types of initiatives hold promise, and some evidence of effectiveness, for improving gender equity. This chapter examines the characteristics of these interventions. It concludes that programs that have been effective at attracting and retaining girls in school have remarkably similar characteristics: they establish schools within the village or community, provide good quality instructional materials for students and teachers (often in local languages), support teachers through training and other regular professional development, and may include specific incentives for girls to attend school regularly.Less
The largest challenge remaining to achieve universal primary and secondary education is that of socially excluded girls. Raising the availability and quality of schools for all socially disadvantaged children will reduce much of this gender gap, but compensatory programs designed for and targeted at socially excluded girls will also be required. Although hard evidence about the effects of programs specifically targeted to socially excluded girls is limited, several types of initiatives hold promise, and some evidence of effectiveness, for improving gender equity. This chapter examines the characteristics of these interventions. It concludes that programs that have been effective at attracting and retaining girls in school have remarkably similar characteristics: they establish schools within the village or community, provide good quality instructional materials for students and teachers (often in local languages), support teachers through training and other regular professional development, and may include specific incentives for girls to attend school regularly.
Sohela Nazneen and Simeen Mahmud
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198722564
- eISBN:
- 9780191789250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722564.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying ...
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Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.Less
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.
Merle Froschl and Barbara Sprung
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755011
- eISBN:
- 9780199918867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755011.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional ...
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In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional focus and concerted effort that has worked so well over the past several decades to address inequities in girls’ education. This chapter synthesizes research from the United States and from countries around the world that documents the difficulties that boys are experiencing in school and the strategies that are being employed to remedy the situation. It focuses in particular on how boys are faring in the increasingly academic, teacher-directed approach to early childhood education. Drawing on evidence from programs from nations and states around the world, it goes on to propose strategies to reduce the negative educational outcomes that disproportionately affect boys during the early years and beyond.Less
In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional focus and concerted effort that has worked so well over the past several decades to address inequities in girls’ education. This chapter synthesizes research from the United States and from countries around the world that documents the difficulties that boys are experiencing in school and the strategies that are being employed to remedy the situation. It focuses in particular on how boys are faring in the increasingly academic, teacher-directed approach to early childhood education. Drawing on evidence from programs from nations and states around the world, it goes on to propose strategies to reduce the negative educational outcomes that disproportionately affect boys during the early years and beyond.
Martha H. Verbrugge
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168792
- eISBN:
- 9780199949649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168792.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, American History: 19th Century
Chapter 2 examines how female physical educators (primarily white teachers) conceptualized active womanhood: How did female bodies resemble and/or differ from male anatomy, physiology, and physical ...
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Chapter 2 examines how female physical educators (primarily white teachers) conceptualized active womanhood: How did female bodies resemble and/or differ from male anatomy, physiology, and physical aptitude? Were women’s and men’s psychosocial traits similar and/or divergent? What did sex differences imply for female exercise, recreation, and sports? Answering these questions proved difficult as American notions of fitness and femininity changed, scientific debates over human differences intensified, and professional physical educators sought social legitimacy between the 1890s and 1940s. White gym teachers fashioned complicated views that sustained the value of their profession, affirmed bourgeois whiteness and heterosexual femininity, justified both sex segregation and gender equity in the gym, and left room for new ideas about active womanhood.Less
Chapter 2 examines how female physical educators (primarily white teachers) conceptualized active womanhood: How did female bodies resemble and/or differ from male anatomy, physiology, and physical aptitude? Were women’s and men’s psychosocial traits similar and/or divergent? What did sex differences imply for female exercise, recreation, and sports? Answering these questions proved difficult as American notions of fitness and femininity changed, scientific debates over human differences intensified, and professional physical educators sought social legitimacy between the 1890s and 1940s. White gym teachers fashioned complicated views that sustained the value of their profession, affirmed bourgeois whiteness and heterosexual femininity, justified both sex segregation and gender equity in the gym, and left room for new ideas about active womanhood.
Nicholas Barr and Peter Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311303
- eISBN:
- 9780199893461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311303.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Wages, hours of work, and labor force participation differ across men and women, as do pensions. The issue of pension differences for men and women is framed in this chapter. The chapter also ...
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Wages, hours of work, and labor force participation differ across men and women, as do pensions. The issue of pension differences for men and women is framed in this chapter. The chapter also discusses the different effects on men and women of annual taxes on earnings. Pension issues related to gender, including survivor pensions, are discussed towards the end of the chapter. The final section offers some conclusions.Less
Wages, hours of work, and labor force participation differ across men and women, as do pensions. The issue of pension differences for men and women is framed in this chapter. The chapter also discusses the different effects on men and women of annual taxes on earnings. Pension issues related to gender, including survivor pensions, are discussed towards the end of the chapter. The final section offers some conclusions.
Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and K.G. Santhya
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198096238
- eISBN:
- 9780199082940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198096238.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter describes programmes to empower women, documentsevidence on women’s situation, and outlines socio-cultural, programmatic, and policy level challenges impeding women’s empowerment. Gender ...
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This chapter describes programmes to empower women, documentsevidence on women’s situation, and outlines socio-cultural, programmatic, and policy level challenges impeding women’s empowerment. Gender inequities persist in educational attainment, and participation in wage work and political life.Women continue to have limited access to money, control over economic resources, freedom of movement and decision-making authority; gender-based violence, son preference and sex selection persist.Efforts to break down patriarchal norms and women’s social isolation, raisewomen’s awareness oftheir entitlements, build marketable skills among them andaddress menhave been limited. Promising actions, including conditional and unconditional cash transfers have not been well-evaluated or scaled up. Laws and acts are unevenly enforced, as are programmes intended to prevent early marriage, gender based violence and crimes against women. Notwithstanding a range of well conceptualised policies and programmes,inter-sectoral coordination necessary to promote gender equity and equality is limited.Less
This chapter describes programmes to empower women, documentsevidence on women’s situation, and outlines socio-cultural, programmatic, and policy level challenges impeding women’s empowerment. Gender inequities persist in educational attainment, and participation in wage work and political life.Women continue to have limited access to money, control over economic resources, freedom of movement and decision-making authority; gender-based violence, son preference and sex selection persist.Efforts to break down patriarchal norms and women’s social isolation, raisewomen’s awareness oftheir entitlements, build marketable skills among them andaddress menhave been limited. Promising actions, including conditional and unconditional cash transfers have not been well-evaluated or scaled up. Laws and acts are unevenly enforced, as are programmes intended to prevent early marriage, gender based violence and crimes against women. Notwithstanding a range of well conceptualised policies and programmes,inter-sectoral coordination necessary to promote gender equity and equality is limited.
Anne Barnhill
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855469
- eISBN:
- 9780199932788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855469.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual ...
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Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual flourishing given the realities of sexism within a specific social context; second, character traits related to sex that encourage feminist change. Modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the second sense—it encourages feminist change, however minimally. More precisely, modesty is a feminist sexual virtue for those women whose sexuality is overvalued, though not for those women whose sexuality is undervalued. Regrettably, I doubt that sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the first sense; given the realities of sexism, being modest doesn’t necessarily allow individual women to flourish sexually, but might in fact put a damper on their sex lives. In identifying sexual modesty as a feminist sexual virtue for women, I find a surprising point of agreement with conservative and feminist critic Roger Scruton, though we disagree about why sexual modesty is a virtue for women. However, I put myself at odds with those feminist writers who consider women’s sexually provocative display of their bodies and their sexuality to be a feminist act.Less
Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual flourishing given the realities of sexism within a specific social context; second, character traits related to sex that encourage feminist change. Modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the second sense—it encourages feminist change, however minimally. More precisely, modesty is a feminist sexual virtue for those women whose sexuality is overvalued, though not for those women whose sexuality is undervalued. Regrettably, I doubt that sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the first sense; given the realities of sexism, being modest doesn’t necessarily allow individual women to flourish sexually, but might in fact put a damper on their sex lives. In identifying sexual modesty as a feminist sexual virtue for women, I find a surprising point of agreement with conservative and feminist critic Roger Scruton, though we disagree about why sexual modesty is a virtue for women. However, I put myself at odds with those feminist writers who consider women’s sexually provocative display of their bodies and their sexuality to be a feminist act.
Stewart D. Friedman and Jeffrey H. Greenhaus
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195112757
- eISBN:
- 9780199848737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112757.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Over the past few years, society as a whole has started to look more closely at the family-friendliness of employers. A family-friendliness movement has been initiated, motivated by social and ...
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Over the past few years, society as a whole has started to look more closely at the family-friendliness of employers. A family-friendliness movement has been initiated, motivated by social and cultural forces pushing for gender equity, a sense that society may be ignoring the needs of children and of our communities, and an increased awareness of the significance of personal and spiritual development. This movement's focus on the workplace started from an increased sensitivity to the role employers play in molding their employees' personal lives. People are realizing that employer policies and practices dealing with work and life outside of work can have a crucial impact beyond the workplace.Less
Over the past few years, society as a whole has started to look more closely at the family-friendliness of employers. A family-friendliness movement has been initiated, motivated by social and cultural forces pushing for gender equity, a sense that society may be ignoring the needs of children and of our communities, and an increased awareness of the significance of personal and spiritual development. This movement's focus on the workplace started from an increased sensitivity to the role employers play in molding their employees' personal lives. People are realizing that employer policies and practices dealing with work and life outside of work can have a crucial impact beyond the workplace.
Nicholas Barr and Peter Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387728
- eISBN:
- 9780199870905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387728.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Living arrangements are diverse, a person's living arrangements change over time, as does marital status. Married couples differ in the extent to which they share resources. This chapter explores ...
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Living arrangements are diverse, a person's living arrangements change over time, as does marital status. Married couples differ in the extent to which they share resources. This chapter explores some of the implications for these living arrangements for the design of pensions. It first frames the issues, and then discusses general aspects of pension design. It then considers pension credits for child care, individual versus family pensions, survivor pensions, and divorce.Less
Living arrangements are diverse, a person's living arrangements change over time, as does marital status. Married couples differ in the extent to which they share resources. This chapter explores some of the implications for these living arrangements for the design of pensions. It first frames the issues, and then discusses general aspects of pension design. It then considers pension credits for child care, individual versus family pensions, survivor pensions, and divorce.
Wendy Oliver and Doug Risner (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062662
- eISBN:
- 9780813051956
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062662.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily ...
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Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily lives of dancers, choreographers, directors, educators, and students through surveys, interviews, analyses of data from institutional sources, and action research studies.
Dancers, dance artists, and dance scholars from the United States, Australia, and Canada discuss equity in three areas: concert dance, the studio, and higher education. The chapters provide evidence of bias, stereotyping, and other behaviors that are often invisible to those involved, as well as to audiences. The contributors answer incisive questions about the role of gender in various aspects of the field, including physical expression and body image, classroom experiences and pedagogy, and performance and funding opportunities.
The findings reveal how inequitable practices combined with societal pressures can create environments that hinder health, happiness, and success. At the same time, they highlight the individuals working to eliminate discrimination and open up new possibilities for expression and achievement in studios, choreography, performance venues, and institutions of higher education. The dance community can strive to eliminate discrimination, but first it must understand the status quo for gender in the dance world.Less
Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily lives of dancers, choreographers, directors, educators, and students through surveys, interviews, analyses of data from institutional sources, and action research studies.
Dancers, dance artists, and dance scholars from the United States, Australia, and Canada discuss equity in three areas: concert dance, the studio, and higher education. The chapters provide evidence of bias, stereotyping, and other behaviors that are often invisible to those involved, as well as to audiences. The contributors answer incisive questions about the role of gender in various aspects of the field, including physical expression and body image, classroom experiences and pedagogy, and performance and funding opportunities.
The findings reveal how inequitable practices combined with societal pressures can create environments that hinder health, happiness, and success. At the same time, they highlight the individuals working to eliminate discrimination and open up new possibilities for expression and achievement in studios, choreography, performance venues, and institutions of higher education. The dance community can strive to eliminate discrimination, but first it must understand the status quo for gender in the dance world.
Nicholas Barr and Peter Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311303
- eISBN:
- 9780199893461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311303.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
In 2006, the Presidential Advisory Council on Pension Reform issued a carefully written report examining the circumstances of the pension system in Chile, presenting criteria for evaluating ...
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In 2006, the Presidential Advisory Council on Pension Reform issued a carefully written report examining the circumstances of the pension system in Chile, presenting criteria for evaluating improvements and putting forward seventy proposals for reform. President Michelle Bachelet sent a pension reform bill to the legislature containing many but not all of the council's recommendations, which, with some amendments, was passed into law in January 2008. This chapter sets out and evaluates some of the council's recommendations. Chile had a system of market-based, funded individual accounts providing consumption smoothing but had not adequately developed its distributional and antipoverty institutions. The chapter briefly summarizes the council's strategic thinking. It then sets out the council's recommendations about a new basic pension, and summarizes recommendations concerning individual accounts, discusses mandatory coverage, and finally looks at the proposed reforms to strengthen gender equity.Less
In 2006, the Presidential Advisory Council on Pension Reform issued a carefully written report examining the circumstances of the pension system in Chile, presenting criteria for evaluating improvements and putting forward seventy proposals for reform. President Michelle Bachelet sent a pension reform bill to the legislature containing many but not all of the council's recommendations, which, with some amendments, was passed into law in January 2008. This chapter sets out and evaluates some of the council's recommendations. Chile had a system of market-based, funded individual accounts providing consumption smoothing but had not adequately developed its distributional and antipoverty institutions. The chapter briefly summarizes the council's strategic thinking. It then sets out the council's recommendations about a new basic pension, and summarizes recommendations concerning individual accounts, discusses mandatory coverage, and finally looks at the proposed reforms to strengthen gender equity.
Mary P. Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807830628
- eISBN:
- 9781469606057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807876688_ryan.8
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
Focusing on the movement of women from home to the workplace, this chapter describes the influx of women into the paid labor force and how they secured gender equity. Women of diverse backgrounds ...
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Focusing on the movement of women from home to the workplace, this chapter describes the influx of women into the paid labor force and how they secured gender equity. Women of diverse backgrounds made the central business district a worldly, rather than a domestic, workplace. In the process, they were rewriting the job description of their gender and quietly challenging the most basic coordinate of gender difference, the asymmetry of the sexes.Less
Focusing on the movement of women from home to the workplace, this chapter describes the influx of women into the paid labor force and how they secured gender equity. Women of diverse backgrounds made the central business district a worldly, rather than a domestic, workplace. In the process, they were rewriting the job description of their gender and quietly challenging the most basic coordinate of gender difference, the asymmetry of the sexes.
Brid Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349880
- eISBN:
- 9781447301974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349880.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The last decade has seen a limited focus on men as fathers within a wide-ranging project emphasising the importance of investing in children. There has been an array of developments in relation to ...
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The last decade has seen a limited focus on men as fathers within a wide-ranging project emphasising the importance of investing in children. There has been an array of developments in relation to strengthening the responsibilities of birth fathers and some opening up of possibilities for social fathering through legislation. There have been moves towards supporting both mothers and fathers in sharing care, although these are limited and do not seem concerned to promote gender equity. This chapter identifies the key developments in policies, analysing their rationale and, where possible, identifying effects. A brief attempt is made to locate such developments within a wider international context.Less
The last decade has seen a limited focus on men as fathers within a wide-ranging project emphasising the importance of investing in children. There has been an array of developments in relation to strengthening the responsibilities of birth fathers and some opening up of possibilities for social fathering through legislation. There have been moves towards supporting both mothers and fathers in sharing care, although these are limited and do not seem concerned to promote gender equity. This chapter identifies the key developments in policies, analysing their rationale and, where possible, identifying effects. A brief attempt is made to locate such developments within a wider international context.
Mette Hjort
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474428729
- eISBN:
- 9781474449595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428729.003.0007
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
“Gender Equity in Screen Culture: On Susanne Bier, the Celluloid Ceiling, and the Growing Appeal of TV Production” reflects on Bier’s career in light of the “unprecedented attention” recently ...
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“Gender Equity in Screen Culture: On Susanne Bier, the Celluloid Ceiling, and the Growing Appeal of TV Production” reflects on Bier’s career in light of the “unprecedented attention” recently directed at gender inequality in the film industry. Mette Hjort foregrounds, in particular, the fact that Bier’s success involved her overcoming challenges posed by both her gender and her nationality. The chapter stresses that Bier’s shifting perception of such challenges is provocative, specifically Bier’s increasingly vocal support of gender equity in screen industries. Hjort concludes by predicting the likely effects of “a broader involvement of women in the film industry,” which Bier’s career harbingers.Less
“Gender Equity in Screen Culture: On Susanne Bier, the Celluloid Ceiling, and the Growing Appeal of TV Production” reflects on Bier’s career in light of the “unprecedented attention” recently directed at gender inequality in the film industry. Mette Hjort foregrounds, in particular, the fact that Bier’s success involved her overcoming challenges posed by both her gender and her nationality. The chapter stresses that Bier’s shifting perception of such challenges is provocative, specifically Bier’s increasingly vocal support of gender equity in screen industries. Hjort concludes by predicting the likely effects of “a broader involvement of women in the film industry,” which Bier’s career harbingers.
Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon, Valerie J. Hoekstra, Alice J. Kang, and Miki Caul Kittilson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- October 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198861577
- eISBN:
- 9780191893568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198861577.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 6 examines the influence of international factors on the appointment of women to high courts in the case studies, focusing on the impact of international and regional norms, the ratification ...
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Chapter 6 examines the influence of international factors on the appointment of women to high courts in the case studies, focusing on the impact of international and regional norms, the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the advocacy of international and domestic nongovernmental women’s rights organizations. The emergence of regional norms of gender equity in governance, including in the judiciary, is traced for Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Drawing on United Nations and country-specific primary sources, the rise of CEDAW mandated reporting on gender diversity in the judiciary and on high courts is documented in four of the case study countries (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa). Including the United States, the five case studies highlight the role of domestic advocacy organizations that exert pressure on appointers to consider women candidates for judgeship on high courts.Less
Chapter 6 examines the influence of international factors on the appointment of women to high courts in the case studies, focusing on the impact of international and regional norms, the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the advocacy of international and domestic nongovernmental women’s rights organizations. The emergence of regional norms of gender equity in governance, including in the judiciary, is traced for Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Drawing on United Nations and country-specific primary sources, the rise of CEDAW mandated reporting on gender diversity in the judiciary and on high courts is documented in four of the case study countries (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa). Including the United States, the five case studies highlight the role of domestic advocacy organizations that exert pressure on appointers to consider women candidates for judgeship on high courts.
Daniel Kreiss, Kirsten Adams, Jenni Ciesielski, Haley Fernandez, Kate Frauenfelder, Brinley Lowe, and Gabrielle Micchia
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197535943
- eISBN:
- 9780197535981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197535943.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The introduction conveys how political technology lies at the intersection of two male-dominated fields—politics and technology—and has grown significantly in electoral importance in the 21st ...
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The introduction conveys how political technology lies at the intersection of two male-dominated fields—politics and technology—and has grown significantly in electoral importance in the 21st century. It relates how campaigns have increasingly organized dedicated divisions for technology, digital media, data, and analytics operations and have turned to a growing field of specialized political practitioners and the tech industry itself to staff them. The introduction previews the key findings and details the plan of the book. It also makes three primary arguments about the importance of gender diversity for campaigns in terms of messaging, technological design, and the functioning of campaign organizations. The introduction further argues that gender diversity matters for equity and fairness in the workforce and political culture more broadly.Less
The introduction conveys how political technology lies at the intersection of two male-dominated fields—politics and technology—and has grown significantly in electoral importance in the 21st century. It relates how campaigns have increasingly organized dedicated divisions for technology, digital media, data, and analytics operations and have turned to a growing field of specialized political practitioners and the tech industry itself to staff them. The introduction previews the key findings and details the plan of the book. It also makes three primary arguments about the importance of gender diversity for campaigns in terms of messaging, technological design, and the functioning of campaign organizations. The introduction further argues that gender diversity matters for equity and fairness in the workforce and political culture more broadly.
Daniel Kreiss, Kirsten Adams, Jenni Ciesielski, Haley Fernandez, Kate Frauenfelder, Brinley Lowe, and Gabrielle Micchia
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197535943
- eISBN:
- 9780197535981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197535943.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The conclusion turns the book’s findings into a set of recommendations for how campaigns can create the more equitable political technology field of the future. The conclusion argues that candidates ...
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The conclusion turns the book’s findings into a set of recommendations for how campaigns can create the more equitable political technology field of the future. The conclusion argues that candidates and their campaigns must create more deliberate hiring processes designed to achieve gender equity, inclusion, and diversity more broadly, especially in leadership. Creating real institutions to ensure accountability would result in clear consequences for misconduct. Investing in positions such as chief diversity officers would provide for more sustained efforts to recruit, retain, and develop staffers from underrepresented groups. Campaigns can create more workplace flexibility to support all their employees. Women in leadership positions can promote women’s voices in office culture. Male allies must use their already recognized voices to promote those of women and work to ensure representation through hiring and promotion. Media outlets need to be more deliberate about their coverage of campaigns.Less
The conclusion turns the book’s findings into a set of recommendations for how campaigns can create the more equitable political technology field of the future. The conclusion argues that candidates and their campaigns must create more deliberate hiring processes designed to achieve gender equity, inclusion, and diversity more broadly, especially in leadership. Creating real institutions to ensure accountability would result in clear consequences for misconduct. Investing in positions such as chief diversity officers would provide for more sustained efforts to recruit, retain, and develop staffers from underrepresented groups. Campaigns can create more workplace flexibility to support all their employees. Women in leadership positions can promote women’s voices in office culture. Male allies must use their already recognized voices to promote those of women and work to ensure representation through hiring and promotion. Media outlets need to be more deliberate about their coverage of campaigns.
