Belinda Bennett, Isabel Karpin, Angela Ballantyne, and Wendy Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso:acprof/9780199545520.003.0022
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter presents the current challenges facing legislators, regulators, researchers, and ethics committees in determining how and when to include women appropriately in research, and ensure that ...
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This chapter presents the current challenges facing legislators, regulators, researchers, and ethics committees in determining how and when to include women appropriately in research, and ensure that sex analysis of research results is routinely performed. It offers five issues that require attention to address these challenges: that national regulatory statements could provide researchers with definitions of the terms ‘sex’ , ‘gender’, and ‘gender equity’ in research; that sex and gender analysis should be built into health research protocols; the lack of internationally comparable data regarding the rates of inclusion of men and women presents a major hurdle for analysing the efficacy of different regulatory strategies; the accessibility of data would be facilitated by a requirement for publication of the results of health research to include descriptions of sex analysis performed on research data; and that institutional review boards, research ethics committees, and researchers themselves require better education about the scientific and ethical importance of including of women in clinical research.Less
This chapter presents the current challenges facing legislators, regulators, researchers, and ethics committees in determining how and when to include women appropriately in research, and ensure that sex analysis of research results is routinely performed. It offers five issues that require attention to address these challenges: that national regulatory statements could provide researchers with definitions of the terms ‘sex’ , ‘gender’, and ‘gender equity’ in research; that sex and gender analysis should be built into health research protocols; the lack of internationally comparable data regarding the rates of inclusion of men and women presents a major hurdle for analysing the efficacy of different regulatory strategies; the accessibility of data would be facilitated by a requirement for publication of the results of health research to include descriptions of sex analysis performed on research data; and that institutional review boards, research ethics committees, and researchers themselves require better education about the scientific and ethical importance of including of women in clinical research.
Debra L. Dodson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198296744
- eISBN:
- 9780191603709
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296746.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book explores the complex relationship between women’s presence and impact in two strikingly different, consecutive congresses. Drawing on hundreds of elite interviews and archival information, ...
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This book explores the complex relationship between women’s presence and impact in two strikingly different, consecutive congresses. Drawing on hundreds of elite interviews and archival information, the case studies of three highly visible policy areas (reproductive rights, women’s health, and health care policy) move beyond the question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to confront the oft-ignored, contested issues surrounding gender difference and impact: its probabilistic nature, contested legitimacy, and disputed meaning. The analysis enhances understanding of how gendered forces at the individual, institutional, and societal levels combine to reinforce and redefine gendered relationships to power in the public sphere, and suggests strategies to strengthen substantive representation of women.Less
This book explores the complex relationship between women’s presence and impact in two strikingly different, consecutive congresses. Drawing on hundreds of elite interviews and archival information, the case studies of three highly visible policy areas (reproductive rights, women’s health, and health care policy) move beyond the question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to confront the oft-ignored, contested issues surrounding gender difference and impact: its probabilistic nature, contested legitimacy, and disputed meaning. The analysis enhances understanding of how gendered forces at the individual, institutional, and societal levels combine to reinforce and redefine gendered relationships to power in the public sphere, and suggests strategies to strengthen substantive representation of women.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to ...
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This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to social class differences, sixteen to gender differences, and twenty to age differences. This gives a ranking of age > gender > social class for the findings. The social class, gender, and age differences are presented in summary form.Less
This chapter summarizes the statistically significant results obtained through the use of the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Of the forty-six statistically significant differences, ten refer to social class differences, sixteen to gender differences, and twenty to age differences. This gives a ranking of age > gender > social class for the findings. The social class, gender, and age differences are presented in summary form.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199271849
- eISBN:
- 9780191602733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271844.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines the gender and cross-national differences in employment commitment among unemployed youth. Employment commitment is higher among young unemployed women than young unemployed ...
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This chapter examines the gender and cross-national differences in employment commitment among unemployed youth. Employment commitment is higher among young unemployed women than young unemployed men. Having children or a partner negatively affects employment commitment among unemployed females, while the reverse is true among men. Welfare regimes do not influence gender differences in employment commitment, but do impact actual labour market behaviour.Less
This chapter examines the gender and cross-national differences in employment commitment among unemployed youth. Employment commitment is higher among young unemployed women than young unemployed men. Having children or a partner negatively affects employment commitment among unemployed females, while the reverse is true among men. Welfare regimes do not influence gender differences in employment commitment, but do impact actual labour market behaviour.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of ...
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Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.Less
Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.
Christopher F. Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159751
- eISBN:
- 9781400852697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159751.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter explores how the conditions of deliberation affect the definition of justice adopted by both individuals and groups, and how these concepts of justice influence their concrete policy ...
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This chapter explores how the conditions of deliberation affect the definition of justice adopted by both individuals and groups, and how these concepts of justice influence their concrete policy decisions about income redistribution. The preferences of women and men tend to differ with respect to redistributive policies. These gender differences in policy preferences are directly relevant to the subject of deliberation and decision making. Moreover, the chapter shows that discussion under conditions that elevate women's status affects who sets the agenda, shapes the expression of women's and men's preferences, helps women to become more certain of their views about the proper ways to redistribute income, and, ultimately, affects the group's eventual decision.Less
This chapter explores how the conditions of deliberation affect the definition of justice adopted by both individuals and groups, and how these concepts of justice influence their concrete policy decisions about income redistribution. The preferences of women and men tend to differ with respect to redistributive policies. These gender differences in policy preferences are directly relevant to the subject of deliberation and decision making. Moreover, the chapter shows that discussion under conditions that elevate women's status affects who sets the agenda, shapes the expression of women's and men's preferences, helps women to become more certain of their views about the proper ways to redistribute income, and, ultimately, affects the group's eventual decision.
Bogdan W. Mach
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among ...
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Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.Less
Detailed 1972–1988–1994 comparisons of intergenerational mobility in Poland reveal significant gender differences. Instances of upward movement increase over time among women, but remain stable among men. No temporal change is the general trend in male relative mobility, while a clear tendency towards increasing fluidity characterizes its female patterns. Although in terms of the core model of Erikson and Goldthorpe, Polish mobility patterns move closer and closer to the West European ‘core’ for men as well as for women, gender differences exist in the specific effects included in the model: a strengthening of hierarchy effects is more characteristic of men, whereas a decline in inheritance effects is more characteristic of women. This consistent pattern of gender differences is difficult to interpret systematically in the context of macro-structural developments taking place in Poland in the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, and invites further research on the detailed effects of educational differentials.
William J. Koch, Kevin S. Douglas, Tonia L. Nicholls, and Melanie L. O'Neill
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188288
- eISBN:
- 9780199870486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188288.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses exposure to potentially traumatic events and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), limitations of current knowledge and future research directions, and the ...
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This chapter discusses exposure to potentially traumatic events and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), limitations of current knowledge and future research directions, and the psychometric assessment of PTSD in women. It argues that most current knowledge addresses biological sex differences in the prevalence of PTSD, without adequately accounting for gender differences (e.g., social influences) that potentially underlie variations in post-traumatic coping. The field awaits an increased understanding of the toxicity of the stressor (e.g., subjective level of fear or risk of serious harm or death in males and females exposed to the same trauma category) and the event characteristics, as well as the social, cultural, and economic factors influencing trauma exposure and post-trauma adjustment. Research to date has also failed to control sufficiently for age at exposure, the impact of chronic traumas (e.g., child abuse, partner abuse), attachment, and/or traumas involving betrayals of trust (e.g., child sexual abuse, abuse by intimate partners, sexual harassment, and stalking, which affect women disproportionately).Less
This chapter discusses exposure to potentially traumatic events and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), limitations of current knowledge and future research directions, and the psychometric assessment of PTSD in women. It argues that most current knowledge addresses biological sex differences in the prevalence of PTSD, without adequately accounting for gender differences (e.g., social influences) that potentially underlie variations in post-traumatic coping. The field awaits an increased understanding of the toxicity of the stressor (e.g., subjective level of fear or risk of serious harm or death in males and females exposed to the same trauma category) and the event characteristics, as well as the social, cultural, and economic factors influencing trauma exposure and post-trauma adjustment. Research to date has also failed to control sufficiently for age at exposure, the impact of chronic traumas (e.g., child abuse, partner abuse), attachment, and/or traumas involving betrayals of trust (e.g., child sexual abuse, abuse by intimate partners, sexual harassment, and stalking, which affect women disproportionately).
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
After recapitulating the egalitarian perspective of the book, this chapter explains how this is necessarily directed toward an ideal of justice. The ideal is best approximated through an ethic of ...
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After recapitulating the egalitarian perspective of the book, this chapter explains how this is necessarily directed toward an ideal of justice. The ideal is best approximated through an ethic of virtue rather than an ethic of obligation. An egalitarian ethic of virtue promotes the flourishing of all individuals throughout the life span by attending to their different needs, preferences, and capabilities, and by minimizing the inequities that are often associated with these differences. An ethic of obligation requires minimal efforts to reduce these inequities, whereas an ethic of virtue calls for maximal efforts to reduce them. In the context of women’s health care, gender justice demands attention to gender differences as both obligatory and virtuous.Less
After recapitulating the egalitarian perspective of the book, this chapter explains how this is necessarily directed toward an ideal of justice. The ideal is best approximated through an ethic of virtue rather than an ethic of obligation. An egalitarian ethic of virtue promotes the flourishing of all individuals throughout the life span by attending to their different needs, preferences, and capabilities, and by minimizing the inequities that are often associated with these differences. An ethic of obligation requires minimal efforts to reduce these inequities, whereas an ethic of virtue calls for maximal efforts to reduce them. In the context of women’s health care, gender justice demands attention to gender differences as both obligatory and virtuous.
Charlotte Lyn Bright, James Herbert Williams, and Granger Petersen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369595
- eISBN:
- 9780199865215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369595.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
It has been posited that the juvenile justice system was designed around the needs of boys, who traditionally have constituted the majority juvenile court-involved population. As girls have become a ...
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It has been posited that the juvenile justice system was designed around the needs of boys, who traditionally have constituted the majority juvenile court-involved population. As girls have become a larger and better understood minority in this system, however, scholarship has begun to recognize their specific pathways and needs. Chapter 4 focuses on gender and violent offending, emphasizing the most recent empirical evidence on similarities and differences in boys’ and girls’ violent behavior. The chapter addresses the following questions: What proportion of violent crimes do male and female youth commit? Are boys and girls becoming more or less violent? Why do youth behave violently in the first place, and why do girls seem to be less violent than boys? What can protect boys and girls from committing violent behavior? How do race, ethnicity, and gender impact violence and the juvenile justice system’s response to it? What are the potential young adult outcomes of violence among girls? Finally, what can we do about boys’ and girls’ violence, and what do we still need to learn in order to respond to appropriately?Less
It has been posited that the juvenile justice system was designed around the needs of boys, who traditionally have constituted the majority juvenile court-involved population. As girls have become a larger and better understood minority in this system, however, scholarship has begun to recognize their specific pathways and needs. Chapter 4 focuses on gender and violent offending, emphasizing the most recent empirical evidence on similarities and differences in boys’ and girls’ violent behavior. The chapter addresses the following questions: What proportion of violent crimes do male and female youth commit? Are boys and girls becoming more or less violent? Why do youth behave violently in the first place, and why do girls seem to be less violent than boys? What can protect boys and girls from committing violent behavior? How do race, ethnicity, and gender impact violence and the juvenile justice system’s response to it? What are the potential young adult outcomes of violence among girls? Finally, what can we do about boys’ and girls’ violence, and what do we still need to learn in order to respond to appropriately?
Gina Lai
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0150
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses the networks and gender differences that exist in marriages. It first identifies the factors that can possibly affect network integration among married individuals. It then ...
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This chapter discusses the networks and gender differences that exist in marriages. It first identifies the factors that can possibly affect network integration among married individuals. It then checks the relationship between social capital and marital network integration. Finally, it analyzes the gender effect on network integration and its relationship to social capital.Less
This chapter discusses the networks and gender differences that exist in marriages. It first identifies the factors that can possibly affect network integration among married individuals. It then checks the relationship between social capital and marital network integration. Finally, it analyzes the gender effect on network integration and its relationship to social capital.
Brant R. Burleson and Lisa K. Hanasono
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380170
- eISBN:
- 9780199864355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380170.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely ...
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Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.Less
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines the use of modal auxiliaries. There are few social class differences, but some age and gender differences. Females are responsible for the majority of epistemic uses of modals. ...
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This chapter examines the use of modal auxiliaries. There are few social class differences, but some age and gender differences. Females are responsible for the majority of epistemic uses of modals. The adolescents use modal auxiliaries more frequently than the adults. Variation in the use of modals seems to depend more on topic rather than on any social factors.Less
This chapter examines the use of modal auxiliaries. There are few social class differences, but some age and gender differences. Females are responsible for the majority of epistemic uses of modals. The adolescents use modal auxiliaries more frequently than the adults. Variation in the use of modals seems to depend more on topic rather than on any social factors.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences ...
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This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences on brain gender are discussed. It is argued that understanding the range of factors that influence behaviors, including, but not limited to, hormones, can permit the choice of levels at which to intervene, should intervention seem desirable. Even though a psychological characteristic may be found to involve innate predispositions, either genetic or hormonal, it might be preferable to change it through other mechanisms.Less
This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences on brain gender are discussed. It is argued that understanding the range of factors that influence behaviors, including, but not limited to, hormones, can permit the choice of levels at which to intervene, should intervention seem desirable. Even though a psychological characteristic may be found to involve innate predispositions, either genetic or hormonal, it might be preferable to change it through other mechanisms.
Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201243
- eISBN:
- 9780191674846
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201243.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This book provides a survey of life as it was experienced by most Englishwomen during the 16th and 17th centuries. The book examines virtually all aspects of women's lives: female life-stages from ...
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This book provides a survey of life as it was experienced by most Englishwomen during the 16th and 17th centuries. The book examines virtually all aspects of women's lives: female life-stages from birth to death; the separate culture of women, including female friendship and feminist consciousness; the diverse roles of women in the religious and political movements of the day; and the effect of prevailing perceptions of gender differences. Comparisons are made between the makeshift economy of poor women and the occupational identities, and preoccupations, of the middling and elite classes. This book reconstructs the mental and material world of Tudor and Stuart women.Less
This book provides a survey of life as it was experienced by most Englishwomen during the 16th and 17th centuries. The book examines virtually all aspects of women's lives: female life-stages from birth to death; the separate culture of women, including female friendship and feminist consciousness; the diverse roles of women in the religious and political movements of the day; and the effect of prevailing perceptions of gender differences. Comparisons are made between the makeshift economy of poor women and the occupational identities, and preoccupations, of the middling and elite classes. This book reconstructs the mental and material world of Tudor and Stuart women.
Kakuko Miyata, Ken’ichi Ikeda, and Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0092
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter studies the central argument of Robert Putnam that applies to civic engagement in Japan. The discussion also includes two important factors that have previously been neglected, namely ...
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This chapter studies the central argument of Robert Putnam that applies to civic engagement in Japan. The discussion also includes two important factors that have previously been neglected, namely the Internet and gender. It presents a clearer argument on how the various kinds of Internet use have different kinds of effects. It also furthers the analysis of gender differences.Less
This chapter studies the central argument of Robert Putnam that applies to civic engagement in Japan. The discussion also includes two important factors that have previously been neglected, namely the Internet and gender. It presents a clearer argument on how the various kinds of Internet use have different kinds of effects. It also furthers the analysis of gender differences.
Mariko Lin Chang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367690
- eISBN:
- 9780199944101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367690.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter presents important facts about the women's wealth gap. The median wealth owned by nonmarried women is only 36% of the median wealth owned by nonmarried men, but the wealth gap varies in ...
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This chapter presents important facts about the women's wealth gap. The median wealth owned by nonmarried women is only 36% of the median wealth owned by nonmarried men, but the wealth gap varies in significant ways for women of different ages, races, and marital status characteristics. Despite the advances of the feminist movement and the tremendous gains young women have made with respect to educational attainment and in the workplace, the wealth ratio indicates that younger women are more disadvantaged than their older peers. Furthermore, gender differences in wealth vary by race and ethnicity. More than half of all single Hispanic women living in the United States are wealth poor. In contrast, 26% of single white women and 36% of single black women are wealth poor.Less
This chapter presents important facts about the women's wealth gap. The median wealth owned by nonmarried women is only 36% of the median wealth owned by nonmarried men, but the wealth gap varies in significant ways for women of different ages, races, and marital status characteristics. Despite the advances of the feminist movement and the tremendous gains young women have made with respect to educational attainment and in the workplace, the wealth ratio indicates that younger women are more disadvantaged than their older peers. Furthermore, gender differences in wealth vary by race and ethnicity. More than half of all single Hispanic women living in the United States are wealth poor. In contrast, 26% of single white women and 36% of single black women are wealth poor.
Jennifer Radden (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149531
- eISBN:
- 9780199870943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149531.003.0018
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues for an acknowledgment of (and a resolve to understand better the central place of) gender in psychiatric practice, emphasizing that gender differences are partly marked and ...
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This chapter argues for an acknowledgment of (and a resolve to understand better the central place of) gender in psychiatric practice, emphasizing that gender differences are partly marked and constituted by the very words we utter. Fundamental is this gendering of language that we may need to search for another language for psychiatric practice with women, a language that will allow women to situate themselves as subjects, not in dominant discourse but in an alternative discourse of their own making. Moreover, because of its links with gender and power, trust and building trust must be part of all therapeutic engagement.Less
This chapter argues for an acknowledgment of (and a resolve to understand better the central place of) gender in psychiatric practice, emphasizing that gender differences are partly marked and constituted by the very words we utter. Fundamental is this gendering of language that we may need to search for another language for psychiatric practice with women, a language that will allow women to situate themselves as subjects, not in dominant discourse but in an alternative discourse of their own making. Moreover, because of its links with gender and power, trust and building trust must be part of all therapeutic engagement.
Bernard Van Praag
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226146
- eISBN:
- 9780191718595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226146.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that answers to subjective questions by partners living in the same ...
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This chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that answers to subjective questions by partners living in the same household are very similar and correlated. This is particularly true for satisfactions with respect to health, leisure, and jobs. It is also shown that the unobservable characteristics that influence one domain satisfaction are correlated with the ones that influence another domain satisfaction.Less
This chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that answers to subjective questions by partners living in the same household are very similar and correlated. This is particularly true for satisfactions with respect to health, leisure, and jobs. It is also shown that the unobservable characteristics that influence one domain satisfaction are correlated with the ones that influence another domain satisfaction.
John T. E. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195112917
- eISBN:
- 9780199846900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112917.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses the kinds of analytic techniques that have led to conclusions concerning differences in the cognitive performance of men and women. It begins with a description of the ...
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This chapter discusses the kinds of analytic techniques that have led to conclusions concerning differences in the cognitive performance of men and women. It begins with a description of the derivation of different measures of effect size and the potential hazards in using meta-analytic techniques. In turn the likelihood of biases occurring in the publication of research, in the sampling of participants, and in the sampling of test items, and the issue of the possible heterogeneity of research studies, especially with regard to their methodological quality are assessed. The chapter examines the arguments that the use of meta-analysis tends to constrain researchers in their choice of research questions, and that meta-analytic techniques constitute a “package” or technology that encourages a positivist, realist interpretation of gender differences in cognition. Nevertheless, the conclusion that the ideas, arguments, and evidence lead to a rather different, constructionist interpretation, and that as a consequence future research into gender differences in human cognition will need to address a wider range of research questions using a wider range of research methodologies is presented.Less
This chapter discusses the kinds of analytic techniques that have led to conclusions concerning differences in the cognitive performance of men and women. It begins with a description of the derivation of different measures of effect size and the potential hazards in using meta-analytic techniques. In turn the likelihood of biases occurring in the publication of research, in the sampling of participants, and in the sampling of test items, and the issue of the possible heterogeneity of research studies, especially with regard to their methodological quality are assessed. The chapter examines the arguments that the use of meta-analysis tends to constrain researchers in their choice of research questions, and that meta-analytic techniques constitute a “package” or technology that encourages a positivist, realist interpretation of gender differences in cognition. Nevertheless, the conclusion that the ideas, arguments, and evidence lead to a rather different, constructionist interpretation, and that as a consequence future research into gender differences in human cognition will need to address a wider range of research questions using a wider range of research methodologies is presented.
