Christopher F. Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159751
- eISBN:
- 9781400852697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159751.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter looks at how there is no shortage of commentary about women's presence in decision-making groups. Part of the challenge of answering the lingering questions about women's voice and ...
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This chapter looks at how there is no shortage of commentary about women's presence in decision-making groups. Part of the challenge of answering the lingering questions about women's voice and authority is methodological. For example, many of the studies that take up the question of gender do not disentangle group gender composition from individual gender or do not involve sufficient variation in gender composition to allow for a full understanding of group-level factors. In particular, there are many ways that gender composition and decision rule could be correlated with other possible causes of women's participation and substantive representation at a meeting. The chapter takes up these issues in detail by cataloging a number of methodological gaps in existing studies.Less
This chapter looks at how there is no shortage of commentary about women's presence in decision-making groups. Part of the challenge of answering the lingering questions about women's voice and authority is methodological. For example, many of the studies that take up the question of gender do not disentangle group gender composition from individual gender or do not involve sufficient variation in gender composition to allow for a full understanding of group-level factors. In particular, there are many ways that gender composition and decision rule could be correlated with other possible causes of women's participation and substantive representation at a meeting. The chapter takes up these issues in detail by cataloging a number of methodological gaps in existing studies.
Bonnie H. Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0146
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the ...
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This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the occupation. These three factors eventually affect the size of an occupation's network audience.Less
This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the occupation. These three factors eventually affect the size of an occupation's network audience.
Christopher F. Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159751
- eISBN:
- 9781400852697
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159751.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a ...
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Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.Less
Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.
Bina Agarwal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569687
- eISBN:
- 9780191721847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569687.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Rules for forest use determine what products are extracted from community governed forests, in what quantity, by what methods, and by whom. The rules framed, and who participates in framing them, can ...
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Rules for forest use determine what products are extracted from community governed forests, in what quantity, by what methods, and by whom. The rules framed, and who participates in framing them, can affect a community's commitment and incentive to protect and hence institutionalize sustainability, as well as the equity and conservation outcomes. Although this is well recognized in the literature on governing common pool resources, there is little work on gender differences in rule making. This chapter fills this conceptual and empirical gap. It examines why we might expect women to favour different extraction rules from men, and statistically tests whether the EC's gender composition affects the strictness of rules. This is analyzed both by specifying a strictness index that aggregates rules across products, and by examining rules for selected products. Strictness is found to vary significantly by the EC's gender composition, but the class of the women EC members also matters, as do factors such as the type of product, forest condition, the EC's average age and dominant caste, and the characteristics of forest users. The potential implications of the rules for equitable distribution, institutional sustainability and forest conservation are also discussed.Less
Rules for forest use determine what products are extracted from community governed forests, in what quantity, by what methods, and by whom. The rules framed, and who participates in framing them, can affect a community's commitment and incentive to protect and hence institutionalize sustainability, as well as the equity and conservation outcomes. Although this is well recognized in the literature on governing common pool resources, there is little work on gender differences in rule making. This chapter fills this conceptual and empirical gap. It examines why we might expect women to favour different extraction rules from men, and statistically tests whether the EC's gender composition affects the strictness of rules. This is analyzed both by specifying a strictness index that aggregates rules across products, and by examining rules for selected products. Strictness is found to vary significantly by the EC's gender composition, but the class of the women EC members also matters, as do factors such as the type of product, forest condition, the EC's average age and dominant caste, and the characteristics of forest users. The potential implications of the rules for equitable distribution, institutional sustainability and forest conservation are also discussed.
Iija A. Luciak
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813030630
- eISBN:
- 9780813039473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813030630.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
In 1966, the Cuban president Fidel Castro publicly recognized the importance of the involvement of women and their participation into the new Cuban social project. Although women were actively ...
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In 1966, the Cuban president Fidel Castro publicly recognized the importance of the involvement of women and their participation into the new Cuban social project. Although women were actively participating as catalysts on the issue of education and health, their political participation was rather slow-moving. This slow progress on the political participation of women as candidates and office holders in the political arena was recognized by the Cuban president wherein he expressed his conviction of forwarding an equal footing for man and women in the field of politics. This chapter assesses the developments Cuba has made in the last thirty years over the issue of gender equality in politics and decision-making and explores the gender composition of the Cuban governmental structure. The chapter also discusses the efforts made to strengthen women's participation in politics as well as comparing the inclusion of women into the key state and party decision-making bodies. This chapter is guided by three arguments: Cuba's legislative structure includes more women at the national level than in the local level, a striking contrast to the experience in the US and other European countries; the implementation of positive discrimination and gender quotas in the political structure of Cuba happens despite denials of the existence of positive discrimination; the existence of discriminatory barriers in the higher rungs of the political structure prevent Cuban women from holding significant roles in the field of decision-making.Less
In 1966, the Cuban president Fidel Castro publicly recognized the importance of the involvement of women and their participation into the new Cuban social project. Although women were actively participating as catalysts on the issue of education and health, their political participation was rather slow-moving. This slow progress on the political participation of women as candidates and office holders in the political arena was recognized by the Cuban president wherein he expressed his conviction of forwarding an equal footing for man and women in the field of politics. This chapter assesses the developments Cuba has made in the last thirty years over the issue of gender equality in politics and decision-making and explores the gender composition of the Cuban governmental structure. The chapter also discusses the efforts made to strengthen women's participation in politics as well as comparing the inclusion of women into the key state and party decision-making bodies. This chapter is guided by three arguments: Cuba's legislative structure includes more women at the national level than in the local level, a striking contrast to the experience in the US and other European countries; the implementation of positive discrimination and gender quotas in the political structure of Cuba happens despite denials of the existence of positive discrimination; the existence of discriminatory barriers in the higher rungs of the political structure prevent Cuban women from holding significant roles in the field of decision-making.
William Ickes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372953
- eISBN:
- 9780199893317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372953.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines how initial interactions vary according to their gender composition; that is, whether the interaction involves two males, two females, or a male paired with a female. In ...
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This chapter examines how initial interactions vary according to their gender composition; that is, whether the interaction involves two males, two females, or a male paired with a female. In general, the level of interactional involvement is greatest in the initial interactions of two females, intermediate in the male—female interactions, and least in male—male interactions. However, claims by previous writers that males are insensitive and unmotivated interaction partners are simply false, as the author's research findings show. And although certain misunderstandings probably do play a role in male—female interactions, hardly any gender differences are evident in these interactions, suggesting that previous claims regarding gender differences have been greatly exaggerated.Less
This chapter examines how initial interactions vary according to their gender composition; that is, whether the interaction involves two males, two females, or a male paired with a female. In general, the level of interactional involvement is greatest in the initial interactions of two females, intermediate in the male—female interactions, and least in male—male interactions. However, claims by previous writers that males are insensitive and unmotivated interaction partners are simply false, as the author's research findings show. And although certain misunderstandings probably do play a role in male—female interactions, hardly any gender differences are evident in these interactions, suggesting that previous claims regarding gender differences have been greatly exaggerated.
Iija A. Luciak
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813030630
- eISBN:
- 9780813039473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813030630.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter discusses the selection process made by the National Candidate Commission in order to provide a final candidate list for the national elections of 2002–2003. This chapter focuses on the ...
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This chapter discusses the selection process made by the National Candidate Commission in order to provide a final candidate list for the national elections of 2002–2003. This chapter focuses on the 2002–2003 elections which provide a great opportunity to examine closely the Cuban electoral process. Whereas previous studies on Cuban elections lacked gender perspective, this chapter focuses on the gender composition of the various assemblies involved in the Cuban national elections wherein female representation on the local and national level varies considerably due to positive discrimination. The chapter also examines the candidate nomination process and presents a detailed election results for the municipal and national level.Less
This chapter discusses the selection process made by the National Candidate Commission in order to provide a final candidate list for the national elections of 2002–2003. This chapter focuses on the 2002–2003 elections which provide a great opportunity to examine closely the Cuban electoral process. Whereas previous studies on Cuban elections lacked gender perspective, this chapter focuses on the gender composition of the various assemblies involved in the Cuban national elections wherein female representation on the local and national level varies considerably due to positive discrimination. The chapter also examines the candidate nomination process and presents a detailed election results for the municipal and national level.
Maria Charles and Karen Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262033459
- eISBN:
- 9780262255929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262033459.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Research has shown that women are strongly underrepresented in computer-related degree programs and occupations in the United States. This chapter contributes an international comparative perspective ...
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Research has shown that women are strongly underrepresented in computer-related degree programs and occupations in the United States. This chapter contributes an international comparative perspective to this body of scholarship by presenting data on the gender composition of computer science programs of study in twenty-one industrial countries. It shows that gender segregation of the computer science field is one form of inequality that is alive and well in contemporary industrial societies.Less
Research has shown that women are strongly underrepresented in computer-related degree programs and occupations in the United States. This chapter contributes an international comparative perspective to this body of scholarship by presenting data on the gender composition of computer science programs of study in twenty-one industrial countries. It shows that gender segregation of the computer science field is one form of inequality that is alive and well in contemporary industrial societies.
John B. Shoven
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226754727
- eISBN:
- 9780226754758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226754758.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Demography includes not only fertility, mortality, and immigration, but also the racial and gender composition of the population, living arrangements, marriage, divorce, the timing of the entry and ...
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Demography includes not only fertility, mortality, and immigration, but also the racial and gender composition of the population, living arrangements, marriage, divorce, the timing of the entry and exit from the workforce and age-, gender-, and race-specific health and disability. Economic demography is a vast topic and just a tip of the iceberg is provided by discussing the important connections between the two fields. This book offers deeper analysis of a variety of issues such as the impact of greater wealth on choices about marriage and childbearing and the effects of aging populations on housing prices, Social Security, and Medicare.Less
Demography includes not only fertility, mortality, and immigration, but also the racial and gender composition of the population, living arrangements, marriage, divorce, the timing of the entry and exit from the workforce and age-, gender-, and race-specific health and disability. Economic demography is a vast topic and just a tip of the iceberg is provided by discussing the important connections between the two fields. This book offers deeper analysis of a variety of issues such as the impact of greater wealth on choices about marriage and childbearing and the effects of aging populations on housing prices, Social Security, and Medicare.
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226660394
- eISBN:
- 9780226660417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226660417.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the factors that led to the triumph of feminization in teaching everywhere in America. For example, during the Civil War, women entered teaching to an unprecedented extent, and ...
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This chapter discusses the factors that led to the triumph of feminization in teaching everywhere in America. For example, during the Civil War, women entered teaching to an unprecedented extent, and when the conflict ended men returned to the classroom, but not to the same degree as prior to the war. Thus the Civil War was a “shock” that had permanent consequences for the gender composition of teaching. And then, during the late nineteenth century, a variety of conditions led to the more universal diffusion of the desire to capture the benefits of female teachers—that is, lower salary costs and the perceived advantages of women's nature in this sort of work.Less
This chapter discusses the factors that led to the triumph of feminization in teaching everywhere in America. For example, during the Civil War, women entered teaching to an unprecedented extent, and when the conflict ended men returned to the classroom, but not to the same degree as prior to the war. Thus the Civil War was a “shock” that had permanent consequences for the gender composition of teaching. And then, during the late nineteenth century, a variety of conditions led to the more universal diffusion of the desire to capture the benefits of female teachers—that is, lower salary costs and the perceived advantages of women's nature in this sort of work.
