Mamta Murthi, Anne-Catherine Guio, and Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292043
- eISBN:
- 9780191684852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292043.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables ...
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This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.Less
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.
Jacqui True
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199265206
- eISBN:
- 9780191601866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199265208.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Starts by asking where women are in international society. While observing the absence of women from theories of international society, it argues that women are nonetheless present as actors in ...
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Starts by asking where women are in international society. While observing the absence of women from theories of international society, it argues that women are nonetheless present as actors in diplomatic encounters between and among states, and that gender relations have been an integral part of the evolution and expansion of international society. then proceeds to account for the conceptual exclusion of gender in the approaches of the English School of International Relations to international society. It reveals the gender bias behind two core assumptions of international society: i.e. that states are the major actors and that domestic politics are irrelevant in the workings of this interstate society. Ends by considering the future viability of the international society concept given its neglect of gender, arguing that, as a concept, international society risks irrelevance unless it can be revised to account fully for contemporary developments that significantly affect international norms and interstate behaviour.Less
Starts by asking where women are in international society. While observing the absence of women from theories of international society, it argues that women are nonetheless present as actors in diplomatic encounters between and among states, and that gender relations have been an integral part of the evolution and expansion of international society. then proceeds to account for the conceptual exclusion of gender in the approaches of the English School of International Relations to international society. It reveals the gender bias behind two core assumptions of international society: i.e. that states are the major actors and that domestic politics are irrelevant in the workings of this interstate society. Ends by considering the future viability of the international society concept given its neglect of gender, arguing that, as a concept, international society risks irrelevance unless it can be revised to account fully for contemporary developments that significantly affect international norms and interstate behaviour.
Stephan Klasen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239979
- eISBN:
- 9780191716874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239979.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses two recent controversies surrounding levels and trends in the number of ‘missing women’ in the world. First, the impact of fertility decline on gender bias in mortality is ...
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This chapter discusses two recent controversies surrounding levels and trends in the number of ‘missing women’ in the world. First, the impact of fertility decline on gender bias in mortality is examined. Contrary to the expectations of some, fertility decline has not generally led to an intensification of gender bias in mortality. Second, the chapter finds that the claim that a substantial portion of ‘missing women’ is due to higher sex ratios at birth linked to hepatitis B prevalence in the affected regions is on rather weak foundations, while there is substantial evidence countering this claim.Less
This chapter discusses two recent controversies surrounding levels and trends in the number of ‘missing women’ in the world. First, the impact of fertility decline on gender bias in mortality is examined. Contrary to the expectations of some, fertility decline has not generally led to an intensification of gender bias in mortality. Second, the chapter finds that the claim that a substantial portion of ‘missing women’ is due to higher sex ratios at birth linked to hepatitis B prevalence in the affected regions is on rather weak foundations, while there is substantial evidence countering this claim.
Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257492
- eISBN:
- 9780191717826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257492.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the inequality between men and women in India. Topics covered include: the female-male ratio; women's agency and child survival; fertility and women's emancipation; gender bias ...
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This chapter discusses the inequality between men and women in India. Topics covered include: the female-male ratio; women's agency and child survival; fertility and women's emancipation; gender bias in natality; widowhood and gender relations; and gender equality and social progress.Less
This chapter discusses the inequality between men and women in India. Topics covered include: the female-male ratio; women's agency and child survival; fertility and women's emancipation; gender bias in natality; widowhood and gender relations; and gender equality and social progress.
Min‐Dong Paul Lee
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535194
- eISBN:
- 9780191715730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535194.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter conveys a dynamic account of educational inequality in China during the last decade. It finds that younger students all over China are benefiting from the recent expansion of education. ...
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This chapter conveys a dynamic account of educational inequality in China during the last decade. It finds that younger students all over China are benefiting from the recent expansion of education. One of the most notable achievements is the virtual elimination of gender bias against girls in educational attainment. However, regional inequality of educational attainment is found to be persistent and this inequality becomes more pronounced as students progress to higher grades. Inter-cohort analysis reveals that the inter-provincial inequality in upper grades is increasing for younger cohort of students, meaning that educational inequality in China is rising. The causes of such rising inequality are quite complex and cannot simply be explained by the urban-bias hypothesis that is often suggested as the main source of income inequality.Less
This chapter conveys a dynamic account of educational inequality in China during the last decade. It finds that younger students all over China are benefiting from the recent expansion of education. One of the most notable achievements is the virtual elimination of gender bias against girls in educational attainment. However, regional inequality of educational attainment is found to be persistent and this inequality becomes more pronounced as students progress to higher grades. Inter-cohort analysis reveals that the inter-provincial inequality in upper grades is increasing for younger cohort of students, meaning that educational inequality in China is rising. The causes of such rising inequality are quite complex and cannot simply be explained by the urban-bias hypothesis that is often suggested as the main source of income inequality.
Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201243
- eISBN:
- 9780191674846
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201243.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the intellectual and cultural ‘givens’ of early modern society, the world of discourses about gender into which every woman was born. Much recent work has focused on the ...
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This chapter examines the intellectual and cultural ‘givens’ of early modern society, the world of discourses about gender into which every woman was born. Much recent work has focused on the dominant discourses which constructed woman. Discourses provided certain narrative scripts by which modern women could live their lives and interpret the meaning of events. In examining some of the ways in which ideas about gender differences were expressed and perpetuated in early modern England, this chapter looks at a number of headings: medical understandings of women's bodies, religious teachings, the gender bias in legal structures, popular notions, stereotypes, and the links between different contexts.Less
This chapter examines the intellectual and cultural ‘givens’ of early modern society, the world of discourses about gender into which every woman was born. Much recent work has focused on the dominant discourses which constructed woman. Discourses provided certain narrative scripts by which modern women could live their lives and interpret the meaning of events. In examining some of the ways in which ideas about gender differences were expressed and perpetuated in early modern England, this chapter looks at a number of headings: medical understandings of women's bodies, religious teachings, the gender bias in legal structures, popular notions, stereotypes, and the links between different contexts.
Lucinda Peach
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195143713
- eISBN:
- 9780199786053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019514371X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of the term religious lawmaking. It then describes the factors that make religious lawmaking constitutionally problematic in a morally and ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of the term religious lawmaking. It then describes the factors that make religious lawmaking constitutionally problematic in a morally and religiously pluralistic society. It argues that religious lawmaking in the U.S. is contentious for several reasons, including the publicly inaccessible character of religion; the consequent tendency of religiously based laws to alienate, exclude, coerce, or be politically divisive of nonbelievers; the gender bias of prominent religious traditions in the U.S.; and the magnification of that bias when incorporated into the binding laws of a morally and religiously pluralistic society. These problems are evident in the religious influences on abortion laws.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of the term religious lawmaking. It then describes the factors that make religious lawmaking constitutionally problematic in a morally and religiously pluralistic society. It argues that religious lawmaking in the U.S. is contentious for several reasons, including the publicly inaccessible character of religion; the consequent tendency of religiously based laws to alienate, exclude, coerce, or be politically divisive of nonbelievers; the gender bias of prominent religious traditions in the U.S.; and the magnification of that bias when incorporated into the binding laws of a morally and religiously pluralistic society. These problems are evident in the religious influences on abortion laws.
Kumiko Nemoto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501702488
- eISBN:
- 9781501706219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702488.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter provides an analysis about sex segregation in Japanese firms on feminist studies written from the gendered-organizational perspective, which allows more context-specific evaluation of ...
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This chapter provides an analysis about sex segregation in Japanese firms on feminist studies written from the gendered-organizational perspective, which allows more context-specific evaluation of gendered customs and practices than other organizational approaches. Organizational analysis allows for the discovery of how sex segregation has been reinforced informally through hierarchies, hiring practices, gender biases, and worker relations. Traditionally, sex segregation has been explained from two differing viewpoints: a demand-side perspective that emphasizes such things as employers' statistical discrimination against women workers; and a supply-side perspective that sees the gender gap as mostly resulting from women's choices. The chapter states that, even with increasing governmental intervention and the entrance of more educated women into the labor market, sex segregation persists because of unchanging workplace practices.Less
This chapter provides an analysis about sex segregation in Japanese firms on feminist studies written from the gendered-organizational perspective, which allows more context-specific evaluation of gendered customs and practices than other organizational approaches. Organizational analysis allows for the discovery of how sex segregation has been reinforced informally through hierarchies, hiring practices, gender biases, and worker relations. Traditionally, sex segregation has been explained from two differing viewpoints: a demand-side perspective that emphasizes such things as employers' statistical discrimination against women workers; and a supply-side perspective that sees the gender gap as mostly resulting from women's choices. The chapter states that, even with increasing governmental intervention and the entrance of more educated women into the labor market, sex segregation persists because of unchanging workplace practices.
Walter Scheidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265062
- eISBN:
- 9780191754173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265062.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter uses evidence from all over the Graeco-Roman world. It shows that inscriptions are second only to papyri in providing the quantitative evidence without which the study of populations is ...
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This chapter uses evidence from all over the Graeco-Roman world. It shows that inscriptions are second only to papyri in providing the quantitative evidence without which the study of populations is futile, but require much care in interpretation because of cultural conventions. The chapter follows the life-cycle by reviewing the evidence for (1) fertility rates, especially seasonal; (2) the parameters of marriage customs, with notable variation between Christian and non-Christian documentation; (3) regional variations in family relationships, where (contrary to some recent theories) links within the nuclear family overwhelmingly predominate; (4) population size (where inscriptions offer little) and structures (where the gross under-representation of females reflect cultural convention, not demographic reality); and (5) mortality, especially its seasonal distribution.Less
This chapter uses evidence from all over the Graeco-Roman world. It shows that inscriptions are second only to papyri in providing the quantitative evidence without which the study of populations is futile, but require much care in interpretation because of cultural conventions. The chapter follows the life-cycle by reviewing the evidence for (1) fertility rates, especially seasonal; (2) the parameters of marriage customs, with notable variation between Christian and non-Christian documentation; (3) regional variations in family relationships, where (contrary to some recent theories) links within the nuclear family overwhelmingly predominate; (4) population size (where inscriptions offer little) and structures (where the gross under-representation of females reflect cultural convention, not demographic reality); and (5) mortality, especially its seasonal distribution.
Helen Kraus
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199600786
- eISBN:
- 9780191731563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600786.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Church History
The introductory chapter gives a more detailed introduction to the study and its aims and objectives. It briefly charts the recent progress of feminist scholarship to a more moderate stance, to a ...
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The introductory chapter gives a more detailed introduction to the study and its aims and objectives. It briefly charts the recent progress of feminist scholarship to a more moderate stance, to a multidisciplinary — even minimalist — approach. In the context of the Creation and Fall, it touches on the problems of gender‐exclusive language, gender‐bias, male/female stereotypes, and the implications of monotheism, a linguistically gendered God and the attendant prejudices and preconceptions. It points out that, as a piece of Old Testament research, this study is something of a hybrid, comprising exegesis, literary criticism and reception history, and drawing together a number of hitherto discrete approaches. This also means that, along the way, many potentially fruitful explorations have had to be put aside in the interest of brevity and clarity.Less
The introductory chapter gives a more detailed introduction to the study and its aims and objectives. It briefly charts the recent progress of feminist scholarship to a more moderate stance, to a multidisciplinary — even minimalist — approach. In the context of the Creation and Fall, it touches on the problems of gender‐exclusive language, gender‐bias, male/female stereotypes, and the implications of monotheism, a linguistically gendered God and the attendant prejudices and preconceptions. It points out that, as a piece of Old Testament research, this study is something of a hybrid, comprising exegesis, literary criticism and reception history, and drawing together a number of hitherto discrete approaches. This also means that, along the way, many potentially fruitful explorations have had to be put aside in the interest of brevity and clarity.
Margarita Estévez-abe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754866
- eISBN:
- 9780804768207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754866.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter links the impact of skills and social policies on occupational segregation by gender. In explaining gender inequality, it draws together two separate literatures: one, the literature on ...
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This chapter links the impact of skills and social policies on occupational segregation by gender. In explaining gender inequality, it draws together two separate literatures: one, the literature on gendering the welfare state (GWS) and the literature on varieties of capitalism (VOC). The GWS literature has identified gender bias in welfare programs, recategorized welfare states in a more gender-sensitive perspective, and identified the impact of the welfare state on employment patterns of women. The VOC literature has identified how key institutions of the economy work in conjunction with one another to form a web of institutional complementarities. The chapter argues that different types of skills—that is, firm-specific and general skills—possess different gender implications independently of social policies for working mothers. In some cases the otherwise women-friendly policies such as generous leaves can exacerbate gender inequality when introduced to jobs that rely heavily on firm-specific skills.Less
This chapter links the impact of skills and social policies on occupational segregation by gender. In explaining gender inequality, it draws together two separate literatures: one, the literature on gendering the welfare state (GWS) and the literature on varieties of capitalism (VOC). The GWS literature has identified gender bias in welfare programs, recategorized welfare states in a more gender-sensitive perspective, and identified the impact of the welfare state on employment patterns of women. The VOC literature has identified how key institutions of the economy work in conjunction with one another to form a web of institutional complementarities. The chapter argues that different types of skills—that is, firm-specific and general skills—possess different gender implications independently of social policies for working mothers. In some cases the otherwise women-friendly policies such as generous leaves can exacerbate gender inequality when introduced to jobs that rely heavily on firm-specific skills.
Sarah S. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226084688
- eISBN:
- 9780226084718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226084718.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Bringing about sweeping transformations in cultural gender roles and expectations, the feminist movement has also changed the backdrop of conventional ideas about gender. This cultural change now ...
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Bringing about sweeping transformations in cultural gender roles and expectations, the feminist movement has also changed the backdrop of conventional ideas about gender. This cultural change now registers in emerging debates in sex chromosome genetics, as the case of theories of human Y chromosome “degeneration” demonstrate. Focusing on the 1990s and 2000s debate between prominent sex chromosome scientists David Page and Jenny Graves, this chapter shows how postfeminist anxieties about the decline of masculinity inform the language, research models, and empirical debates in competing theories of Y chromosome evolution. At the same time, these theories present well-motivated, testable scientific hypotheses that raise novel questions about the structure, function, and evolution of the Y chromosome. This chapter introduces the concept of “gender valence” to distinguish the reflective and critical use of gender conceptions in theories of Y degeneration from cases of “gender bias” in science.Less
Bringing about sweeping transformations in cultural gender roles and expectations, the feminist movement has also changed the backdrop of conventional ideas about gender. This cultural change now registers in emerging debates in sex chromosome genetics, as the case of theories of human Y chromosome “degeneration” demonstrate. Focusing on the 1990s and 2000s debate between prominent sex chromosome scientists David Page and Jenny Graves, this chapter shows how postfeminist anxieties about the decline of masculinity inform the language, research models, and empirical debates in competing theories of Y chromosome evolution. At the same time, these theories present well-motivated, testable scientific hypotheses that raise novel questions about the structure, function, and evolution of the Y chromosome. This chapter introduces the concept of “gender valence” to distinguish the reflective and critical use of gender conceptions in theories of Y degeneration from cases of “gender bias” in science.
Kumiko Nemoto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501702488
- eISBN:
- 9781501706219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702488.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter focuses on how men and women workers in Japanese companies participate in the re-creation of and/or navigation of gender biases and stereotypes. Male managers legitimize statistical ...
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This chapter focuses on how men and women workers in Japanese companies participate in the re-creation of and/or navigation of gender biases and stereotypes. Male managers legitimize statistical discrimination and gender biases based on the ideology of separate spheres. Additionally, some male workers see women as being inferior to men and incapable of doing some of the tasks that are mostly done by men. Meanwhile, young women delegitimize women managers and their authority while at the same time legitimizing male managers, following an erotic and amicable heteronormative script. Finally, using the notion of queen bees, the chapter examines the women middle managers' expressed negativity about and detachment from younger women in the workplace.Less
This chapter focuses on how men and women workers in Japanese companies participate in the re-creation of and/or navigation of gender biases and stereotypes. Male managers legitimize statistical discrimination and gender biases based on the ideology of separate spheres. Additionally, some male workers see women as being inferior to men and incapable of doing some of the tasks that are mostly done by men. Meanwhile, young women delegitimize women managers and their authority while at the same time legitimizing male managers, following an erotic and amicable heteronormative script. Finally, using the notion of queen bees, the chapter examines the women middle managers' expressed negativity about and detachment from younger women in the workplace.
Alison Rowlands
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719052590
- eISBN:
- 9781781700167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719052590.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
As was the case in many other places in early modern Europe, most of those who were accused of or who confessed to witchcraft or who were formally questioned as suspected witches in Rothenburg were ...
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As was the case in many other places in early modern Europe, most of those who were accused of or who confessed to witchcraft or who were formally questioned as suspected witches in Rothenburg were female. This chapter provides new explanation for the gender-relatedness of witchcraft accusations through the prism of several seventeenth-century cases. The cases are analyzed in the light of ideas about how witches were conceptualized. These ideas suggest that women were more likely to be accused of and confess to being witches because witches were predominantly imagined by contemporaries as the evil inverse of the good housewife and mother; as women who poisoned and harmed others rather than nurturing and caring for them. The gender-bias which encouraged the citizens of Rothenburg and the peasants of its rural hinterland to imagine women as witches more readily than men was more marked at the elite level, where the influence of the city councilors, their legal advisors, and medical and theological experts combined to ensure that women accused of witchcraft were more likely to be formally prosecuted than their male counterparts and also to suffer more severely as a result of the rigors of the legal process.Less
As was the case in many other places in early modern Europe, most of those who were accused of or who confessed to witchcraft or who were formally questioned as suspected witches in Rothenburg were female. This chapter provides new explanation for the gender-relatedness of witchcraft accusations through the prism of several seventeenth-century cases. The cases are analyzed in the light of ideas about how witches were conceptualized. These ideas suggest that women were more likely to be accused of and confess to being witches because witches were predominantly imagined by contemporaries as the evil inverse of the good housewife and mother; as women who poisoned and harmed others rather than nurturing and caring for them. The gender-bias which encouraged the citizens of Rothenburg and the peasants of its rural hinterland to imagine women as witches more readily than men was more marked at the elite level, where the influence of the city councilors, their legal advisors, and medical and theological experts combined to ensure that women accused of witchcraft were more likely to be formally prosecuted than their male counterparts and also to suffer more severely as a result of the rigors of the legal process.
Manisuli Ssenyonjo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578986
- eISBN:
- 9780191595202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578986.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines the relationship between culture and the realization of the human rights of women in Africa. The chapter is organized a follows: Section 2 provides an overview of human rights ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between culture and the realization of the human rights of women in Africa. The chapter is organized a follows: Section 2 provides an overview of human rights of women in Africa, Section 3 examines prejudicial cultural practices as an obstacle to the realization of the human rights of women, and Section 4 provides some concluding observations, noting that the promotion of women's human rights advances society as a whole and contributes to attaining human security.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between culture and the realization of the human rights of women in Africa. The chapter is organized a follows: Section 2 provides an overview of human rights of women in Africa, Section 3 examines prejudicial cultural practices as an obstacle to the realization of the human rights of women, and Section 4 provides some concluding observations, noting that the promotion of women's human rights advances society as a whole and contributes to attaining human security.
Sarah S. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226084688
- eISBN:
- 9780226084718
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226084718.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Sex Itself examines the interaction between cultural gender norms and genetic theories of sex from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present postgenomic age. Analyzing the history of ...
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Sex Itself examines the interaction between cultural gender norms and genetic theories of sex from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present postgenomic age. Analyzing the history of human sex chromosomes as gendered objects of scientific knowledge, Sex Itself shows how the X and Y chromosomes came to anchor a conception of sex as a biologically fixed and unalterable binary. Gender has helped to shape the questions that are asked, the theories and models proposed, the research practices employed, and the descriptive language used in the field of sex chromosome research. Using methods from history, philosophy, and gender studies of science, the book demonstrates this through a series of historical case studies. The book’s concluding chapters draw on the history of human sex chromosome research to open a conversation about the methods and models of sex difference research in a genomic age. Methodologically and theoretically, the book engages debates in feminist science studies over how to model and analyze gender bias in science. Advancing a framework for gender studies of science that the author calls “modeling gender in science,” the book argues for an approach that goes beyond a focus on bias to ask what work gender does in a particular area of scientific research and to consider the constructive role of gender conceptions in the knowledge work of science.Less
Sex Itself examines the interaction between cultural gender norms and genetic theories of sex from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present postgenomic age. Analyzing the history of human sex chromosomes as gendered objects of scientific knowledge, Sex Itself shows how the X and Y chromosomes came to anchor a conception of sex as a biologically fixed and unalterable binary. Gender has helped to shape the questions that are asked, the theories and models proposed, the research practices employed, and the descriptive language used in the field of sex chromosome research. Using methods from history, philosophy, and gender studies of science, the book demonstrates this through a series of historical case studies. The book’s concluding chapters draw on the history of human sex chromosome research to open a conversation about the methods and models of sex difference research in a genomic age. Methodologically and theoretically, the book engages debates in feminist science studies over how to model and analyze gender bias in science. Advancing a framework for gender studies of science that the author calls “modeling gender in science,” the book argues for an approach that goes beyond a focus on bias to ask what work gender does in a particular area of scientific research and to consider the constructive role of gender conceptions in the knowledge work of science.
Carole J. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198713241
- eISBN:
- 9780191781698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198713241.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Given the body of experimental studies on gender bias in the evaluation of women in academia (e.g. Steinpreis, Anders, and Ritzke, 1999; Moss-Racusin et al., 2012), many expected implicit bias to be ...
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Given the body of experimental studies on gender bias in the evaluation of women in academia (e.g. Steinpreis, Anders, and Ritzke, 1999; Moss-Racusin et al., 2012), many expected implicit bias to be a major cause of women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive sciences (STEM). However, large-scale correlational studies have discovered no gender disparities in real-life hiring and manuscript and grant outcomes (Ceci and Williams, 2011). Why might this be so? This chapter discusses methodological challenges that go beyond classic problems of external validity in extrapolating psychological effects and explanations to scientific communities. These problems include more complex external validity issues raised by the introduction of multi-process models of cognition (e.g. implicit versus explicit social cognition) as well as the reflexive role that folk and experimental theories of social psychology play in guiding the behavior of scientists at the individual and community level.Less
Given the body of experimental studies on gender bias in the evaluation of women in academia (e.g. Steinpreis, Anders, and Ritzke, 1999; Moss-Racusin et al., 2012), many expected implicit bias to be a major cause of women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive sciences (STEM). However, large-scale correlational studies have discovered no gender disparities in real-life hiring and manuscript and grant outcomes (Ceci and Williams, 2011). Why might this be so? This chapter discusses methodological challenges that go beyond classic problems of external validity in extrapolating psychological effects and explanations to scientific communities. These problems include more complex external validity issues raised by the introduction of multi-process models of cognition (e.g. implicit versus explicit social cognition) as well as the reflexive role that folk and experimental theories of social psychology play in guiding the behavior of scientists at the individual and community level.
Christina Lee
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631671
- eISBN:
- 9780191730191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631671.003.0007
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Family caregiving falls disproportionately on women. Several surveys have suggested that the majority of caregivers are women and, in some parts of the world, gender bias is more predominant, such as ...
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Family caregiving falls disproportionately on women. Several surveys have suggested that the majority of caregivers are women and, in some parts of the world, gender bias is more predominant, such as in Tokyo. In the current political and economic climate, public support for the disabled and the ill is inadequate, hence responsibility for alleviating pain and caregiving falls largely on families. This arrangement seems less costly compared to adequate social services because the costs to the caregivers are not considered. However, caregiving has a great impact on the health and welfare of a caregiver. In the increasing family caregiving arrangements, women are often designated as caregivers because of gender bias and the perception that giving care is naturally the work of women. This chapter provides a longitudinal study of 42,000 women representative of the Australian population. It uses quantitative and qualitative analyses of the impact of caregiving in the lives of Australian women to demonstrate the burden of family caregiving and to illustrate the gender-based assumptions that encourage the biased distribution of family caregiving.Less
Family caregiving falls disproportionately on women. Several surveys have suggested that the majority of caregivers are women and, in some parts of the world, gender bias is more predominant, such as in Tokyo. In the current political and economic climate, public support for the disabled and the ill is inadequate, hence responsibility for alleviating pain and caregiving falls largely on families. This arrangement seems less costly compared to adequate social services because the costs to the caregivers are not considered. However, caregiving has a great impact on the health and welfare of a caregiver. In the increasing family caregiving arrangements, women are often designated as caregivers because of gender bias and the perception that giving care is naturally the work of women. This chapter provides a longitudinal study of 42,000 women representative of the Australian population. It uses quantitative and qualitative analyses of the impact of caregiving in the lives of Australian women to demonstrate the burden of family caregiving and to illustrate the gender-based assumptions that encourage the biased distribution of family caregiving.
Rachel Stanworth
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198525110
- eISBN:
- 9780191730504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525110.003.0004
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter discusses the data gathering methods the author used during her research: participant observation and interviews. Participant observation entailed a systematic description of events, ...
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This chapter discusses the data gathering methods the author used during her research: participant observation and interviews. Participant observation entailed a systematic description of events, behaviours, and artefacts. This type of data gathering method assumes that the observed behaviour can indicate deeper values and beliefs. The chapter provides a graph of the participants of the study, and categorizes them based on gender and age. It also specifies the criteria used in choosing the participants, such as those who were aware of their diagnosis and were comfortable talking about their situation. The chapter reveals the different reasons why the participants agreed to be included in the study, the external influences, and the possibility of a gender bias (there were more females than males who participated).Less
This chapter discusses the data gathering methods the author used during her research: participant observation and interviews. Participant observation entailed a systematic description of events, behaviours, and artefacts. This type of data gathering method assumes that the observed behaviour can indicate deeper values and beliefs. The chapter provides a graph of the participants of the study, and categorizes them based on gender and age. It also specifies the criteria used in choosing the participants, such as those who were aware of their diagnosis and were comfortable talking about their situation. The chapter reveals the different reasons why the participants agreed to be included in the study, the external influences, and the possibility of a gender bias (there were more females than males who participated).
Sarah S. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226084688
- eISBN:
- 9780226084718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226084718.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapters 7 and 8 explore how feminism has changed sex chromosome science. Chapter 7 looks at the case of sex determination genetics, an example of an area in which feminist theories and critiques of ...
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Chapters 7 and 8 explore how feminism has changed sex chromosome science. Chapter 7 looks at the case of sex determination genetics, an example of an area in which feminist theories and critiques of science have contributed to advancements in science. In 1990, SRY, the putative sex-determining gene, was identified on the Y chromosome. Yet this gene did not behave as expected. In the 1990s, feminist critiques and theories of gender contributed to the development of a new model of sex determination. In a close reading of diverse primary source and ethnographic materials from this episode, this chapter shows how feminist analysis played a role in this transformation in models of sex determination in the 1990s. In this chapter, the author develops the concept of “gender criticism” to describe the intellectual practice of making gender conception visible in scientific knowledge practices.Less
Chapters 7 and 8 explore how feminism has changed sex chromosome science. Chapter 7 looks at the case of sex determination genetics, an example of an area in which feminist theories and critiques of science have contributed to advancements in science. In 1990, SRY, the putative sex-determining gene, was identified on the Y chromosome. Yet this gene did not behave as expected. In the 1990s, feminist critiques and theories of gender contributed to the development of a new model of sex determination. In a close reading of diverse primary source and ethnographic materials from this episode, this chapter shows how feminist analysis played a role in this transformation in models of sex determination in the 1990s. In this chapter, the author develops the concept of “gender criticism” to describe the intellectual practice of making gender conception visible in scientific knowledge practices.
