Search Results

Beyond Professionalization: Foreign Aid and the Transformation of the Women’s Sectors

Manal A. Jamal

in Promoting Democracy: The Force of Political Settlements in Uncertain Times

Departing from professionalization explanations, this chapter demonstrates how the level of inclusiveness of the political settlement in each case shaped the impact of donor assistance on the women’s ... More

Departing from professionalization explanations, this chapter demonstrates how the level of inclusiveness of the political settlement in each case shaped the impact of donor assistance on the women’s sectors. The chapter examines how the women’s sector was reconstituted in each case, focusing on the relationships that transpired with grassroots constituencies, as well as between the different tendencies of the women’s sectors. It also assesses the women sector’s engagement with legislative and local bodies of government in each case. It concludes with illustrations of donor-funded programs in each case.Less

Conclusion: Women, Decolonization, and Autonomy

Esha Niyogi De

in Empire, Media, and the Autonomous Woman: A Feminist Critique of Postcolonial Thought

This concluding chapter looks at the contextual studies of the transcultural autonomous self within the current debate on humanism between poststructuralist/postmodern and liberal feminist thinkers. ... More

This concluding chapter looks at the contextual studies of the transcultural autonomous self within the current debate on humanism between poststructuralist/postmodern and liberal feminist thinkers. It states that a study of the autonomous person as an agent of decolonization is able to identify gender and women's issues. The concept of sexual justice is examined. Moreover, it looks at the different indigenous feminist thinkers who have embarked on a transcultural and multilayered conceptions of woman-centered autonomy. The chapter also discusses the conception of a woman as an individual and men and women's conceptions of autonomy. The author also argues that the feminists who continuously struggle to decolonize the neoliberal world would find that the Enlightenment's emancipatory hope in the autonomous person is extremely helpful.Less

Women's Economic Roles and The Development Paradigm

Irene Tinker and Elaine Zuckerman

in International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects

For over fifty years, women's organizations have challenged the development paradigm, influenced development agencies to include women's concerns, and formed a global social movement that has altered ... More

For over fifty years, women's organizations have challenged the development paradigm, influenced development agencies to include women's concerns, and formed a global social movement that has altered gender relations throughout the world. Women were invisible in early economic development theory which was influenced by a prevailing developed world middle-class view. Limited research on women's lives in developing countries contributed to the false idea that women did not work. To challenge this social construction of gender, women scholars began to document women's economic impact. Activists argued that many development programs were adversely impacting women. Socio-economic transitions have been altering family structure and drawing greater attention to gender relationships. Demands for women's social and civil rights have been questioning the patriarchal structure of society. Today development agencies speak of equality; activists work to ensure that rhetoric is matched by expenditures and by greater women's political power, representation, and rights.Less

Only for the Cause of the Pátria: The Frustrations of Interwar Moralism

Benjamin A. Cowan

in Securing Sex: Morality and Repression in the Making of Cold War Brazil

Chapter One explores the heritage of right-wing activism across the twentieth century, beginning in the 1910s and continuing through the presidency (1930-1937) and dictatorship (1937-1945) of Getúlio ... More

Chapter One explores the heritage of right-wing activism across the twentieth century, beginning in the 1910s and continuing through the presidency (1930-1937) and dictatorship (1937-1945) of Getúlio Vargas. The radical (sometimes fascist) Right of early twentieth-century and interwar Brazil developed certain key modes of reaction. Lamenting modernization itself, and hearkening back to a mythic, medieval European past, this Right linked anticommunism, anti-modernism, and panic about morality and masculinity in ways would revive in the latter half of the century. Such panic encompassed seminal, patriarchalist reactions to urbanization, modern entertainment, and gender deviance (especially “new” womanhood, though moralists paradoxically directed their prescribed solutions at the nation’s boys). This chapter shows that Getúlio Vargas tempered or coopted much of this early moralism—the state cooperated with conservatives only insofar as doing so was expedient, privileging statist approaches to the critical issues of gender, reproduction, and education. Illustrating the peculiar dynamics of Vargas-era right-wing moralism, this chapter begins to show that Cold War conservative authoritarianism cannot be understood without attention to the structures of difference, enmity, and national (in)viability developed by extreme rightists long before 1945. Though we think of post-1964 military authoritarianists as “modernizing conservatives,” radical rightists’ anti-modernism, developed in the era of fascism, formed the core of a moralistic anticommunism that would gain ascendancy in dictatorial Brazil.Less

“Becoming Visible”: Italian Women and Their Male Co-Citizens in the Liberal State

Sabina Donati (ed.)

in A Political History of National Citizenship and Identity in Italy, 1861-1950

“Becoming Visible”: Italian Women and Their Male Co-Citizens in the Liberal State

Introduction

Olivia Weisser

in Ill Composed: Sickness, Gender, and Belief in Early Modern England

This chapter introduces the book’s main historical figures and central argument: despite key overlaps, seventeenth-century English men and women perceived illness in gendered ways. Patients’ ... More

This chapter introduces the book’s main historical figures and central argument: despite key overlaps, seventeenth-century English men and women perceived illness in gendered ways. Patients’ perceptions, however, were not shaped by gender alone. Rather, a host of beliefs, expectations, and experiences intersected with gender to inform patients’ views. The chapter discusses three categories that are particularly central to the analysis in this book: writing practices, religious beliefs, and economic status. The chapter then situates the project in three bodies of literature: the history of the patient, early modern gendered experience, and early modern autobiographical writing. The discussion closes by outlining the diverse sources that are used in the book to recover patients’ perceptions.Less

Moving Forward

Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, K.G. Santhya, P.M. Kulkarni, and Firoza Mehrotra

in Population and Reproductive Health in India: An Assessment of the Current Situation and Future Needs

This chapter presents recommendations emerging from previous chaptersin four specific areas: sexual and reproductive health, young people’s health and development, women’s empowerment and gender ... More

This chapter presents recommendations emerging from previous chaptersin four specific areas: sexual and reproductive health, young people’s health and development, women’s empowerment and gender equity, and emerging issues in population and sexual and reproductive health arenas ranging from meeting the needs of the urban poor to putting programmes in place to meet the needs of an ageing population. Cross-cutting across these four areas are the need for greater commitment to enforcing laws, meeting goals and targets set in policies and programmes and strengthening inter-sectoral linkages and public-private partnerships. Efforts to better understand the implementation challenges faced by each programme, to build accountability among programme implementers, and strengthen advocacy measures to engage the political leadership are essential in order that promises made can be realized.Less

Women

Nicole Constable

in Born Out of Place: Migrant Mothers and the Politics of International Labor

This chapter highlights gender, particularly the position of women migrants as workers in relation to what Silvey aptly calls the “gendered tensions of modernity.” Tensions exist between women’s ... More

This chapter highlights gender, particularly the position of women migrants as workers in relation to what Silvey aptly calls the “gendered tensions of modernity.” Tensions exist between women’s roles overseas as migrant workers and their expected roles at home as wives, mothers, and daughters. Migrant women generate deep national and public anxiety and pose practical challenges to sending states, whose duty is to protect their citizens. This chapter situates the fifty-five Indonesian and Filipino mothers I formally interviewed and the over eighty mothers in the wider study in relation to cultural and demographic patterns (including age, religion, marital status, and education). It also highlights how the vulnerabilities of domestic workers are compounded by employment policies and practices, especially overcharging by employment agencies and Hong Kong’s the two-week rule and live-in requirement.Less

Constitutional reform processes

Ewa K. Strzelecka and María Angustias Parejo

in Political Change in the Middle East and North Africa: After the Arab Spring

This chapter analyses the constitutional reform processes that have taken place in the MENA countries since the social uprisings in 2011. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the ... More

This chapter analyses the constitutional reform processes that have taken place in the MENA countries since the social uprisings in 2011. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the constitutional reform processes in order to offer key insights into these processes and to propose a typology of the dynamics of constitutional reform, and its scope in the MENA region. The aspects for analysis include procedures, consensus and dissent during the course of the constitutional process, and the content of the constitutional reforms. The emphasis is placed on the most important elements of the processes of constitutional change and of the content of the new constitutions, while paying particular attention to aspects related with the power of heads of state, the most frequently-debated reforms and the advancement of gender equality and women’s rights. The authors conclude that constitutional processes are relevant, but not determinant for democratic change, with the exception of Tunisia. The scope of the constitutional amendments has been limited and has perpetuated the dominance of the authoritarian rulers. Many of the constitutional reforms after the Arab Spring have been the product of strategies for survival by the respective regimes and were promoted ‘top-down’ through a process that, in many countries, excluded the revolutionary movements and opposition groups that were not loyal to the regime.Less

Ninety Men and Me, 1972–1974

Myra Strober and John Donahoe

in Sharing the Work: What My Family and Career Taught Me about Breaking Through (and Holding the Door Open for Others)

Stanford holds a press conference to herald my arrival at the Graduate School of Business (GSB). Now,not only does the GSB have a woman faculty member, but she studies women. The resulting media ... More

Stanford holds a press conference to herald my arrival at the Graduate School of Business (GSB). Now,not only does the GSB have a woman faculty member, but she studies women. The resulting media coverage spurs a Stanford student, Cynthia Davis, to ask me to help her start a center for research on women at Stanford. Initially, I demur, but the alienation I feel from the antagonistic reception I receive when I arrive at the GSB propels me to help found CROW, Stanford’s Center for Research on Women (now the Clayman Institute for Gender Research). I relate some unpleasant particulars of my reception at the GSB (15 white male faculty in the economics group who trash my first faculty seminar on the economics of child care, male faculty who are angry that the faculty retreat now has to be moved to a venue other than an all-male San Francisco club, and male students who say they refuse to pay such high tuition to take macroeconomics from someone “like me” i.e. a woman). I explain my research contrasting the spending patterns of two-earner versus single-earner families and examine the strains my job and feminist activities place on Sam’s and my marriage. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the conference Francine Gordon and I organize at the GSB on women and management, the first such conference ever. Dean Arjay Miller helps to make the conference a huge success. Unfortunately, so little has changed for women and management over the years that the book we published based on the conference, Bringing Women into Management remains cutting edge.Less

Conclusion

Steven Vanderputten

in Dark Age Nunneries: The Ambiguous Identity of Female Monasticism, 800-1050

The conclusions summarize the contents of the preceding chapters, and provide an outlook on the implications for future research.

We Worked and Made Beautiful Things: Peoplehood, Kiowa Women, and Material Culture

Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote

in Crafting an Indigenous Nation: Kiowa Expressive Culture in the Progressive Era

During the early twentieth century, Kiowa people expertly deployed material culture as symbols of themselves as a people. Beadwork specifically illustrated the significance of kinship and is use and ... More

During the early twentieth century, Kiowa people expertly deployed material culture as symbols of themselves as a people. Beadwork specifically illustrated the significance of kinship and is use and exchange among people, which constructed family relationships and a sense of belongingness. Beadwork and other expressive forms were highlighted in the American Indian Exposition, a fair, and an event, which provided a venue of public display that encouraged intertribal competition. The chapter also examines the representation of young women as American Indian Exposition princesses.Less

The Non-Nobles: Rebels and their Communities

Justine Firnhaber-Baker

in The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants' Revolt

Although the sources only offer information about a relatively small number of individual rebels, it is possible to surmise a great deal about the rebels, their families, and their communities, as ... More

Although the sources only offer information about a relatively small number of individual rebels, it is possible to surmise a great deal about the rebels, their families, and their communities, as well as the pre-existing relationships that both made the revolt possible and contributed to its eventual failure. The Jacquerie could not have taken place without the support of the rebels’ families, especially their wives, for someone had to look after the livestock, the crops, and the children. This means that women were vital to the revolt, even though the sources only name a few female individuals. While a significant minority of Jacques were artisans (or at least had artisanal surnames), a much greater proportion farmed or tended vines for a living. There were, however, significant differences of education and fortune between the revolt’s leaders and its rank-and-file members, which may have contributed to tensions within the movement. Provincial towns, especially Senlis, Beauvais, and Amiens, provided support to the Jacques, but urban–rural cooperation nevertheless rested on major inequalities and belied mutual suspicion. Most cities’ support was ambivalent and melted away when the tide turned against the Jacques after their defeats at Mello-Clermont and Meaux.Less