Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
Without a clear sense of what reputation is, it will be difficult to make a judgment about the manner and extent of its protection under the law. To that end, this chapter commences the inquiry with ...
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Without a clear sense of what reputation is, it will be difficult to make a judgment about the manner and extent of its protection under the law. To that end, this chapter commences the inquiry with the aim of theorizing reputation. That is, it sets out to articulate the nature of the interest that the law seeks to protect. The selection of reputation, rather than defamation, as the analytical category is explained. A definition of reputation proposed that identifies community as the form of association upon which reputation rests, and it is argued that moral judgment is the central feature of reputation. This provides the best basis on which both reputation and defamation can be understood, and lays the foundations for the later resolution of some of the legal choices that the courts must make with respect to the scope and limits of protection for reputation.Less
Without a clear sense of what reputation is, it will be difficult to make a judgment about the manner and extent of its protection under the law. To that end, this chapter commences the inquiry with the aim of theorizing reputation. That is, it sets out to articulate the nature of the interest that the law seeks to protect. The selection of reputation, rather than defamation, as the analytical category is explained. A definition of reputation proposed that identifies community as the form of association upon which reputation rests, and it is argued that moral judgment is the central feature of reputation. This provides the best basis on which both reputation and defamation can be understood, and lays the foundations for the later resolution of some of the legal choices that the courts must make with respect to the scope and limits of protection for reputation.
John W. Griffith
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183006
- eISBN:
- 9780191673931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183006.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
This chapter explores concepts of tribe and detribalization. In the 19th century, the word ‘community’ in its German form — Gemeinschaft — began to take a peculiar anthropological meaning. This term ...
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This chapter explores concepts of tribe and detribalization. In the 19th century, the word ‘community’ in its German form — Gemeinschaft — began to take a peculiar anthropological meaning. This term referred to a community of intimate inter-relationships. Gemeinschaft contrasted sharply with Gesellschaft — the impersonal association of people as distinct individuals, especially in cities. These notions of cultural hermeticism and separateness often elided with nationalistic rhetoric in the Victorian era. Conrad often implied that Europe was not far removed from tribalism. Paradoxically, the imperialism at the centre of Heart of Darkness is portrayed as a form of only slightly elevated tribalism, while at the same time, it is viewed as destructive of the tribal integrity of African cultures.Less
This chapter explores concepts of tribe and detribalization. In the 19th century, the word ‘community’ in its German form — Gemeinschaft — began to take a peculiar anthropological meaning. This term referred to a community of intimate inter-relationships. Gemeinschaft contrasted sharply with Gesellschaft — the impersonal association of people as distinct individuals, especially in cities. These notions of cultural hermeticism and separateness often elided with nationalistic rhetoric in the Victorian era. Conrad often implied that Europe was not far removed from tribalism. Paradoxically, the imperialism at the centre of Heart of Darkness is portrayed as a form of only slightly elevated tribalism, while at the same time, it is viewed as destructive of the tribal integrity of African cultures.
Daniel J. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199916061
- eISBN:
- 9780199980246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916061.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a ...
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In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a “communitarian” perspective: David Mitrany’s functionalism (with its roots in the Fabian tradition), and the more systematic work of Karl Deutsch and Emanuel Adler.Less
In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a “communitarian” perspective: David Mitrany’s functionalism (with its roots in the Fabian tradition), and the more systematic work of Karl Deutsch and Emanuel Adler.
Daniel J. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199916061
- eISBN:
- 9780199980246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916061.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Mirroring the case study format developed in the previous two chapters, discussion is extended to “individualist” liberal IR theory: the work of Ernst Haas, Keohane and Nye, and Katzenstein and Sil.
Mirroring the case study format developed in the previous two chapters, discussion is extended to “individualist” liberal IR theory: the work of Ernst Haas, Keohane and Nye, and Katzenstein and Sil.
Alex Marlow-Mann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640669
- eISBN:
- 9780748651214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640669.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Estranei alla massa (literally ‘outside the crowd’ or ‘beyond the masses’) is the title of an interesting documentary directed by Vincenzo Marra in 2001, which depicts the everyday lives of seven ...
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Estranei alla massa (literally ‘outside the crowd’ or ‘beyond the masses’) is the title of an interesting documentary directed by Vincenzo Marra in 2001, which depicts the everyday lives of seven members of the eponymous football supporters' club. The documentary and its title are emblematic of the way in which the New Neapolitan Cinema (NNC) has called into question the sense of social cohesion and communal belonging that underpinned the Neapolitan Formula (NF). This chapter examines how the discourse of napoletanità and the functions it served in the NF are undermined by the NNC through narratives emphasising social exclusion and existential alienation. It discusses the way a number of films have questioned the traditional image of the Gemeinschaft family and critiqued its patriarchal conception. Both of these themes converge in the archetypal figure of the scugnizzo to which the NNC has repeatedly returned. The chapter concludes by considering the possible responses to this crisis in napoletanità that the NNC pessimistically proposes: migration or extinction.Less
Estranei alla massa (literally ‘outside the crowd’ or ‘beyond the masses’) is the title of an interesting documentary directed by Vincenzo Marra in 2001, which depicts the everyday lives of seven members of the eponymous football supporters' club. The documentary and its title are emblematic of the way in which the New Neapolitan Cinema (NNC) has called into question the sense of social cohesion and communal belonging that underpinned the Neapolitan Formula (NF). This chapter examines how the discourse of napoletanità and the functions it served in the NF are undermined by the NNC through narratives emphasising social exclusion and existential alienation. It discusses the way a number of films have questioned the traditional image of the Gemeinschaft family and critiqued its patriarchal conception. Both of these themes converge in the archetypal figure of the scugnizzo to which the NNC has repeatedly returned. The chapter concludes by considering the possible responses to this crisis in napoletanità that the NNC pessimistically proposes: migration or extinction.
Kai Erikson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300106671
- eISBN:
- 9780300231779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106671.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter focuses on one location where people have spent their lives —the village—paying particular attention to the ways of life that have emerged there. What we have been calling “the village ...
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This chapter focuses on one location where people have spent their lives —the village—paying particular attention to the ways of life that have emerged there. What we have been calling “the village ethos,” “gemeinschaft” or “folk ethos” is the way of life of the fishing village, the mountain hollow, the island community, as well as the kind of rural hamlet in which Kasia and Piotr Walkowiak grew up. It dominates the life of peasants everywhere. The chapter considers a number of themes that are common in village life everywhere, including an overarching sense of unity, niche, heritage, surveillance and tolerance, craft, leveling, and spirituality. It also calls on voices from parts of the world where a sense of community once remained strong to help illustrate the nature of the village ethos.Less
This chapter focuses on one location where people have spent their lives —the village—paying particular attention to the ways of life that have emerged there. What we have been calling “the village ethos,” “gemeinschaft” or “folk ethos” is the way of life of the fishing village, the mountain hollow, the island community, as well as the kind of rural hamlet in which Kasia and Piotr Walkowiak grew up. It dominates the life of peasants everywhere. The chapter considers a number of themes that are common in village life everywhere, including an overarching sense of unity, niche, heritage, surveillance and tolerance, craft, leveling, and spirituality. It also calls on voices from parts of the world where a sense of community once remained strong to help illustrate the nature of the village ethos.
Neil J. Smelser and John S. Reed
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520273566
- eISBN:
- 9780520954144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520273566.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
The five phenomena identified in the chapter title—groups, teams, networks, trust, and social capital—are treated as different but interrelated manifestations of the informal side of organizational ...
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The five phenomena identified in the chapter title—groups, teams, networks, trust, and social capital—are treated as different but interrelated manifestations of the informal side of organizational life. All have experienced special vitality in all of the social sciences in the past few decades. Each is an identifiable element in social life, and each has a range of both positive and negative implications. Each is interpreted in the context of the vicissitudes of social scientists’ preoccupation with gemeinschaft, a long-standing principle in the social sciences that contrasts the communal side of life with large-scale societal organization.Less
The five phenomena identified in the chapter title—groups, teams, networks, trust, and social capital—are treated as different but interrelated manifestations of the informal side of organizational life. All have experienced special vitality in all of the social sciences in the past few decades. Each is an identifiable element in social life, and each has a range of both positive and negative implications. Each is interpreted in the context of the vicissitudes of social scientists’ preoccupation with gemeinschaft, a long-standing principle in the social sciences that contrasts the communal side of life with large-scale societal organization.
Jennifer J. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474423939
- eISBN:
- 9781474444941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
This chapter corrects the long-held assumption that the form began with modernist blockbusters and instead suggests that modernist writers revised a vibrant regionalist tradition to their own uses. ...
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This chapter corrects the long-held assumption that the form began with modernist blockbusters and instead suggests that modernist writers revised a vibrant regionalist tradition to their own uses. It trace the development of the cycle from a regionalist tradition often marked by an attention to the experiences of women and those living on the fringes of America. Nineteenth-century village sketch narratives, such as Caroline Kirkland’s A New Home, Who'll Follow? or, Glimpses of Western Life (1839), served to incorporate towns, distanced from cultural centers, into the national imaginary. These cycles depend upon the construction of a restricted geographic terrain to contain and ground the narratives; in other words, they stake out “limited locality” to encompass the stories. Sarah Orne Jewett’s The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) and Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio (1919) continue to question the extent to which geographic proximity produces communal affiliation, which is often imagined as an antidote to the poisons of industrialization.Less
This chapter corrects the long-held assumption that the form began with modernist blockbusters and instead suggests that modernist writers revised a vibrant regionalist tradition to their own uses. It trace the development of the cycle from a regionalist tradition often marked by an attention to the experiences of women and those living on the fringes of America. Nineteenth-century village sketch narratives, such as Caroline Kirkland’s A New Home, Who'll Follow? or, Glimpses of Western Life (1839), served to incorporate towns, distanced from cultural centers, into the national imaginary. These cycles depend upon the construction of a restricted geographic terrain to contain and ground the narratives; in other words, they stake out “limited locality” to encompass the stories. Sarah Orne Jewett’s The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) and Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio (1919) continue to question the extent to which geographic proximity produces communal affiliation, which is often imagined as an antidote to the poisons of industrialization.
Eugene O’Brien
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526101068
- eISBN:
- 9781526124197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526101068.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter examines the implications for Irish Catholicism that the ‘Yes’ vote in the May 2015 referendum on same-sex marriage may have for the social and cultural position of the Catholic church ...
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This chapter examines the implications for Irish Catholicism that the ‘Yes’ vote in the May 2015 referendum on same-sex marriage may have for the social and cultural position of the Catholic church in contemporary Ireland and in the future. His analysis channels the thinking of Ferdinand Tönnies, an early German sociologist and a contemporary of Durkheim and Weber, who used the German words ‘Gemeinschaft’ and ‘Gesellschaft’ to distinguish between two fundamentally different structural paradigms for social relations. O’Brien sees marriage as a core ideological signifier of ideological hegemony, and using the fantasy fiction of Terry Pratchett’s satire on religion entitled Small Gods as a lens, he looks at the referendum as a significant turning point in the definition of marriage, and by extension, in the transformation Irish society from the organic community of the Gemeinschaft, to the more postmodern and pluralist notion of the Gesellschaft.Less
This chapter examines the implications for Irish Catholicism that the ‘Yes’ vote in the May 2015 referendum on same-sex marriage may have for the social and cultural position of the Catholic church in contemporary Ireland and in the future. His analysis channels the thinking of Ferdinand Tönnies, an early German sociologist and a contemporary of Durkheim and Weber, who used the German words ‘Gemeinschaft’ and ‘Gesellschaft’ to distinguish between two fundamentally different structural paradigms for social relations. O’Brien sees marriage as a core ideological signifier of ideological hegemony, and using the fantasy fiction of Terry Pratchett’s satire on religion entitled Small Gods as a lens, he looks at the referendum as a significant turning point in the definition of marriage, and by extension, in the transformation Irish society from the organic community of the Gemeinschaft, to the more postmodern and pluralist notion of the Gesellschaft.
Robert Pinker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447323556
- eISBN:
- 9781447323570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447323556.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
In this chapter, Robert Pinker discusses the idea of ‘Golden Age’ theories in social policy thought and what he calls ‘welfare alchemists’ whose visions these theories encapsulate. According to ...
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In this chapter, Robert Pinker discusses the idea of ‘Golden Age’ theories in social policy thought and what he calls ‘welfare alchemists’ whose visions these theories encapsulate. According to Pinker, these grand theories are in reality ideologies and can be collectivist or individualist in origin. Regardless of their origins, however, they fail to address the need for the compromises between values which are reached in pluralist and democratic social contexts. Pinker also provides an overview of the influence of classical political economy and the New Right on British social policies under different Conservative governments and goes on to describe socialism as a repository of Golden Age theorizing, along with the concept of community in relation to welfare pluralism. Finally, he examines the institutions of Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft as well as the traditions of collectivism and individualism, arguing that they should not continue to coexist in democratic societies.Less
In this chapter, Robert Pinker discusses the idea of ‘Golden Age’ theories in social policy thought and what he calls ‘welfare alchemists’ whose visions these theories encapsulate. According to Pinker, these grand theories are in reality ideologies and can be collectivist or individualist in origin. Regardless of their origins, however, they fail to address the need for the compromises between values which are reached in pluralist and democratic social contexts. Pinker also provides an overview of the influence of classical political economy and the New Right on British social policies under different Conservative governments and goes on to describe socialism as a repository of Golden Age theorizing, along with the concept of community in relation to welfare pluralism. Finally, he examines the institutions of Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft as well as the traditions of collectivism and individualism, arguing that they should not continue to coexist in democratic societies.
Patricia M. Greenfield
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199840694
- eISBN:
- 9780199932726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199840694.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter reviews research on social change and human development that has culminated in the author’s Theory of Social Change and Human Development. At the heart of the theory is the notion that ...
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This chapter reviews research on social change and human development that has culminated in the author’s Theory of Social Change and Human Development. At the heart of the theory is the notion that sociodemographic factors drive cultural values, learning environments, and, ultimately, developmental trajectories. Changing sociodemographic conditions transform these values, environments, and pathways. The author’s research in Senegal, Mexico, the United States, and Italy demonstrates that the dominant direction of global social change—from subsistence to commerce, village to city, informal education at home to formal education at school, and low technology to high technology—results in more individualistic values, greater independence from family, more innovative thinking, and more abstract cognition. The theory has applicability to social change within a country and among migrants who change countries, as well as to both basic and applied research.Less
This chapter reviews research on social change and human development that has culminated in the author’s Theory of Social Change and Human Development. At the heart of the theory is the notion that sociodemographic factors drive cultural values, learning environments, and, ultimately, developmental trajectories. Changing sociodemographic conditions transform these values, environments, and pathways. The author’s research in Senegal, Mexico, the United States, and Italy demonstrates that the dominant direction of global social change—from subsistence to commerce, village to city, informal education at home to formal education at school, and low technology to high technology—results in more individualistic values, greater independence from family, more innovative thinking, and more abstract cognition. The theory has applicability to social change within a country and among migrants who change countries, as well as to both basic and applied research.
Joe Perry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833643
- eISBN:
- 9781469604947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899410_perry.6
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter suggests that the holiday opened space for the construction and enactment of social and political difference, and notes that in the late nineteenth century, German Jews, Social ...
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This chapter suggests that the holiday opened space for the construction and enactment of social and political difference, and notes that in the late nineteenth century, German Jews, Social Democrats, and working-class Germans shaped their own versions of Christmas. It explains that the alternative narratives and celebrations devised by these outsider groups drew on but also challenged the assumptions of bourgeois festivity. The chapter notes that sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies believed that celebrations such as Christmas could heal the fractures in the German body politic by recovering a sense of authentic Gemeinschaft (community) in the midst of an alienated modern Gesellschaft (society).Less
This chapter suggests that the holiday opened space for the construction and enactment of social and political difference, and notes that in the late nineteenth century, German Jews, Social Democrats, and working-class Germans shaped their own versions of Christmas. It explains that the alternative narratives and celebrations devised by these outsider groups drew on but also challenged the assumptions of bourgeois festivity. The chapter notes that sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies believed that celebrations such as Christmas could heal the fractures in the German body politic by recovering a sense of authentic Gemeinschaft (community) in the midst of an alienated modern Gesellschaft (society).
Lucia Ruprecht
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190659370
- eISBN:
- 9780190659417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190659370.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
This chapter juxtaposes the film criticism of Béla Balázs with the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner in order to carve out their approaches to gesture. It gives particular attention to ...
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This chapter juxtaposes the film criticism of Béla Balázs with the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner in order to carve out their approaches to gesture. It gives particular attention to Plessner’s “Grenzen der Gemeinschaft: Eine Kritik des sozialen Radikalismus” (“The Limits of Community: A Critique of Social Radicalism”) and Balázs’s “Der sichtbare Mensch oder die Kultur des Films” (“Visible Man or the Culture of Film”). Both authors have a pronounced interest in the potential of social gesture to inform public life, yet they articulate it in different ways: where Balázs bemoans too little gestural embodiment, Plessner sees too much of it. Balázs emphatically conjures up the promise of a gestural cure that he detects in the heightened corporeal expressivity of silent film; Plessner considers such expressivity as symptom not only of gestural, but also aesthetic, social and political ills.Less
This chapter juxtaposes the film criticism of Béla Balázs with the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner in order to carve out their approaches to gesture. It gives particular attention to Plessner’s “Grenzen der Gemeinschaft: Eine Kritik des sozialen Radikalismus” (“The Limits of Community: A Critique of Social Radicalism”) and Balázs’s “Der sichtbare Mensch oder die Kultur des Films” (“Visible Man or the Culture of Film”). Both authors have a pronounced interest in the potential of social gesture to inform public life, yet they articulate it in different ways: where Balázs bemoans too little gestural embodiment, Plessner sees too much of it. Balázs emphatically conjures up the promise of a gestural cure that he detects in the heightened corporeal expressivity of silent film; Plessner considers such expressivity as symptom not only of gestural, but also aesthetic, social and political ills.
Gervase Rosser
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198201571
- eISBN:
- 9780191779022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201571.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The medieval guilds—not merely craft-based organizations, but fraternities of all kinds—are introduced in the context of the perennial question of the grounds of possibility of human society. To ...
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The medieval guilds—not merely craft-based organizations, but fraternities of all kinds—are introduced in the context of the perennial question of the grounds of possibility of human society. To review the guilds’ response is also to engage with the current state of that question. What is the place of local organizations within the state? Are voluntary associations cradles of citizenship, or threats to public order? To prepare the ground for fresh analysis, older debates are here reviewed. The hypothesized opposition between ‘community’ and ‘the individual’ is problematized, and a different paradigm is proposed, drawing upon a definition of the person as comprising both inner and outer aspects. The guilds created a space within which the relationship between those aspects could be negotiated. The book is not an institutional history, but focuses instead on the social, political, and moral processes which were catalysed by participation in these diverse associations.Less
The medieval guilds—not merely craft-based organizations, but fraternities of all kinds—are introduced in the context of the perennial question of the grounds of possibility of human society. To review the guilds’ response is also to engage with the current state of that question. What is the place of local organizations within the state? Are voluntary associations cradles of citizenship, or threats to public order? To prepare the ground for fresh analysis, older debates are here reviewed. The hypothesized opposition between ‘community’ and ‘the individual’ is problematized, and a different paradigm is proposed, drawing upon a definition of the person as comprising both inner and outer aspects. The guilds created a space within which the relationship between those aspects could be negotiated. The book is not an institutional history, but focuses instead on the social, political, and moral processes which were catalysed by participation in these diverse associations.
Ernst Fraenkel
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198716204
- eISBN:
- 9780191784378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Comparative Law
This chapter aims to take an objective view of the appeal of National-Socialism. However, it is argued, people who had an ambivalent attitude toward National-Socialism suffered from two principal ...
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This chapter aims to take an objective view of the appeal of National-Socialism. However, it is argued, people who had an ambivalent attitude toward National-Socialism suffered from two principal misconceptions. Firstly, the German ideology of Gemeinschaft (community) is just a mask hiding the still existing capitalist structure of society. Secondly, this ideological mask equally hides the existence of the prerogative state operating by arbitrary means. Any critical examination which attempts to reveal the social structure of the National-Socialist state, it is stated, must discover whether or not the essential criteria of the dual state have appeared in any earlier historical period. The chapter, therefore, looks in detail at the history of the dual state in Prussia and Germany as a whole.Less
This chapter aims to take an objective view of the appeal of National-Socialism. However, it is argued, people who had an ambivalent attitude toward National-Socialism suffered from two principal misconceptions. Firstly, the German ideology of Gemeinschaft (community) is just a mask hiding the still existing capitalist structure of society. Secondly, this ideological mask equally hides the existence of the prerogative state operating by arbitrary means. Any critical examination which attempts to reveal the social structure of the National-Socialist state, it is stated, must discover whether or not the essential criteria of the dual state have appeared in any earlier historical period. The chapter, therefore, looks in detail at the history of the dual state in Prussia and Germany as a whole.
