Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include ...
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A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.Less
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states ...
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Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.Less
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.
Iris Marion Young
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195161922
- eISBN:
- 9780199786664
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195161920.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This essay explores some aspects of the cultural construction of breasts in a male-dominated society, seeking a positive women’s voice for breasted experience. It begins with a discussion of the ...
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This essay explores some aspects of the cultural construction of breasts in a male-dominated society, seeking a positive women’s voice for breasted experience. It begins with a discussion of the dominant culture’s objectification of breasts. Relying on Irigaray’s suggestive ideas about women’s sexuality and an alternative metaphysics not constructed around the concept of object, an experience of breast movement and sensitivity from the point of view of the female subject is presented. It asks how women’s breasts might be experienced in the absence of an objectifying male gaze, and discusses how breasts are a scandal for patriarchy because they disrupt the border between motherhood and sexuality. Finally, the question of objectification is revisited through reflections on a woman’s encounter with the surgeon’s knife at her breast.Less
This essay explores some aspects of the cultural construction of breasts in a male-dominated society, seeking a positive women’s voice for breasted experience. It begins with a discussion of the dominant culture’s objectification of breasts. Relying on Irigaray’s suggestive ideas about women’s sexuality and an alternative metaphysics not constructed around the concept of object, an experience of breast movement and sensitivity from the point of view of the female subject is presented. It asks how women’s breasts might be experienced in the absence of an objectifying male gaze, and discusses how breasts are a scandal for patriarchy because they disrupt the border between motherhood and sexuality. Finally, the question of objectification is revisited through reflections on a woman’s encounter with the surgeon’s knife at her breast.
Stephen R. H. Langton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195333176
- eISBN:
- 9780199864324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333176.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews some of the work on the perception of gaze direction and shifting of attention, which is triggered by eye gaze. The evidence suggests that the excellent accuracy we display in ...
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This chapter reviews some of the work on the perception of gaze direction and shifting of attention, which is triggered by eye gaze. The evidence suggests that the excellent accuracy we display in perceiving gaze is underpinned by at least two mechanisms—one analyzing luminance contrast, the other performing a spatial computation on the eye's features—and must take into account the orientation of the gazer's head. Both of the mechanisms for perceiving gaze also seem to be involved in the generation of shifts of attention in the direction in which another's eyes are pointing and do so via dedicated neural circuitry.Less
This chapter reviews some of the work on the perception of gaze direction and shifting of attention, which is triggered by eye gaze. The evidence suggests that the excellent accuracy we display in perceiving gaze is underpinned by at least two mechanisms—one analyzing luminance contrast, the other performing a spatial computation on the eye's features—and must take into account the orientation of the gazer's head. Both of the mechanisms for perceiving gaze also seem to be involved in the generation of shifts of attention in the direction in which another's eyes are pointing and do so via dedicated neural circuitry.
Jeff B. Pelz, Marc Marschark, and Carol Convertino
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195368673
- eISBN:
- 9780199894161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368673.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Instruction mediated through sign language interpretation has become more and more common in higher education with the growing presence deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. At the same time, it ...
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Instruction mediated through sign language interpretation has become more and more common in higher education with the growing presence deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. At the same time, it is increasingly common for instructors to augment traditional lectures with visual displays, encouraged by research demonstrating that memory and learning are enhanced by engaging multiple modalities While hearing students can take advantage of multiple, concurrent streams of information in the modern classroom, DHH students need to shift their attention rapidly between the instructor, the sign language interpreter, and the visual display. This chapter discusses two experiments that monitored the gaze of DHH and hearing students in a classroom environment that included instruction mediated through sign language. The results highlight the need for educators to consider the additional demands on DHH students in modern classrooms, especially those mediated by sign-language interpreters. Because they cannot take advantage of the same concurrent streams of information as their hearing counterparts, they must shift serially between multiple sources of information.Less
Instruction mediated through sign language interpretation has become more and more common in higher education with the growing presence deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. At the same time, it is increasingly common for instructors to augment traditional lectures with visual displays, encouraged by research demonstrating that memory and learning are enhanced by engaging multiple modalities While hearing students can take advantage of multiple, concurrent streams of information in the modern classroom, DHH students need to shift their attention rapidly between the instructor, the sign language interpreter, and the visual display. This chapter discusses two experiments that monitored the gaze of DHH and hearing students in a classroom environment that included instruction mediated through sign language. The results highlight the need for educators to consider the additional demands on DHH students in modern classrooms, especially those mediated by sign-language interpreters. Because they cannot take advantage of the same concurrent streams of information as their hearing counterparts, they must shift serially between multiple sources of information.
Clive Gamble
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264522
- eISBN:
- 9780191734724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264522.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
Archaeological accounts of cognitive evolution have traditionally favoured an internal model of the mind and a search for symbolic proxies. This chapter argues for an external model of cognition and ...
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Archaeological accounts of cognitive evolution have traditionally favoured an internal model of the mind and a search for symbolic proxies. This chapter argues for an external model of cognition and uses this perspective to develop the understanding of Palaeolithic material culture as based on sensory experience. It explores ways of investigating the evolution of cognition by using the social brain model combined with a theory of distributed cognition. The emphasis is on social extension, which was a necessary step to a global distribution and which was achieved by mechanisms such as focused gaze that amplified the emotional content of bonds. The discussion examines the importance of these mechanisms through three aspects of social extension — ontological security, psychological continuity and extension of self.Less
Archaeological accounts of cognitive evolution have traditionally favoured an internal model of the mind and a search for symbolic proxies. This chapter argues for an external model of cognition and uses this perspective to develop the understanding of Palaeolithic material culture as based on sensory experience. It explores ways of investigating the evolution of cognition by using the social brain model combined with a theory of distributed cognition. The emphasis is on social extension, which was a necessary step to a global distribution and which was achieved by mechanisms such as focused gaze that amplified the emotional content of bonds. The discussion examines the importance of these mechanisms through three aspects of social extension — ontological security, psychological continuity and extension of self.
Katelyn E. Knox
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781383094
- eISBN:
- 9781781384152
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781383094.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In Race on Display in 20th- and 21st-Century France Knox turns the tables France’s rhetoric of ‘internal otherness’, asking her reader not to spot those deemed France’s others but rather to ...
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In Race on Display in 20th- and 21st-Century France Knox turns the tables France’s rhetoric of ‘internal otherness’, asking her reader not to spot those deemed France’s others but rather to deconstruct the very gazes that produce them. Weaving together a vast corpus of colonial French children’s comics, Francophone novels, and African popular music, fashion, and dance, Knox traces how the ways colonial ‘human zoos’ invited their French spectators to gaze on their colonized others still inform the frameworks through which racial and ethnic minorities are made—and make themselves—visible in contemporary France. In addition to analyzing how literature and music depicting immigration, immigrants and their descendants in France make race and ethnicity visible, Knox also illustrates how the works she analyzes self-reflexively ask whether they, as commodities sold within wider cultural marketplaces, perpetuate the culture of exoticism they seek to contest. Finally, Knox contends that to take seriously the way the texts interrogate the relationship between power, privilege, and the gaze also requires reconsidering the visions of normalcy from which racial and ethnic minorities supposedly depart. She thus concludes by exposing a critical ‘blind spot’ in French and Francophone cultural studies—whiteness—before subjecting it to the same scrutiny France’s ‘visible minorities’ face.Less
In Race on Display in 20th- and 21st-Century France Knox turns the tables France’s rhetoric of ‘internal otherness’, asking her reader not to spot those deemed France’s others but rather to deconstruct the very gazes that produce them. Weaving together a vast corpus of colonial French children’s comics, Francophone novels, and African popular music, fashion, and dance, Knox traces how the ways colonial ‘human zoos’ invited their French spectators to gaze on their colonized others still inform the frameworks through which racial and ethnic minorities are made—and make themselves—visible in contemporary France. In addition to analyzing how literature and music depicting immigration, immigrants and their descendants in France make race and ethnicity visible, Knox also illustrates how the works she analyzes self-reflexively ask whether they, as commodities sold within wider cultural marketplaces, perpetuate the culture of exoticism they seek to contest. Finally, Knox contends that to take seriously the way the texts interrogate the relationship between power, privilege, and the gaze also requires reconsidering the visions of normalcy from which racial and ethnic minorities supposedly depart. She thus concludes by exposing a critical ‘blind spot’ in French and Francophone cultural studies—whiteness—before subjecting it to the same scrutiny France’s ‘visible minorities’ face.
Shinsuke Shimojo, Claude Simion, and Mark A. Changizi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195333176
- eISBN:
- 9780199864324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333176.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews recent findings that link eye orienting(saccade)mechanism to conscious preference judgment. A systematic gaze bias was observed preceding a cognitive preference decision(the gaze ...
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This chapter reviews recent findings that link eye orienting(saccade)mechanism to conscious preference judgment. A systematic gaze bias was observed preceding a cognitive preference decision(the gaze cascade effect), but such bias was very specific to preference(i.e., relative attractiveness)judgment. The effect turned out to be very robust across a variety of conditions, including when the preference task was easy, when gaze direction in the face stimulus was manipulated, and when the preference was on objects other than faces(such as geometric figures or commercial products).Less
This chapter reviews recent findings that link eye orienting(saccade)mechanism to conscious preference judgment. A systematic gaze bias was observed preceding a cognitive preference decision(the gaze cascade effect), but such bias was very specific to preference(i.e., relative attractiveness)judgment. The effect turned out to be very robust across a variety of conditions, including when the preference task was easy, when gaze direction in the face stimulus was manipulated, and when the preference was on objects other than faces(such as geometric figures or commercial products).
Stavros Stavrou Karayanni
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195386691
- eISBN:
- 9780199863600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386691.003.011
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
Stavros Stavrou Karayanni challenges the Orientalist notion that belly dance was historically a female performance genre through an investigation of the 19th‐century male dancers of Cairo. Analysis ...
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Stavros Stavrou Karayanni challenges the Orientalist notion that belly dance was historically a female performance genre through an investigation of the 19th‐century male dancers of Cairo. Analysis reveals the breathless hypocrisy of travelers who had an “imperial gaze” (Gustave Flaubert, Vivant Denon, Gerard de Nerval) and who lingered over the performances of highly popular male belly dance performances in 19th‐century Egypt, at the same time pronouncing them obscene and indecent. Karayanni recuperates the art of these dancing bodies, which had been erased from history by scandalized colonial writers and postcolonial subalterns. Also considered are historical male dancers, as well as their contemporary counterparts whose choreographies continue to negotiate gender, sexuality, and imperial standards of masculinity.Less
Stavros Stavrou Karayanni challenges the Orientalist notion that belly dance was historically a female performance genre through an investigation of the 19th‐century male dancers of Cairo. Analysis reveals the breathless hypocrisy of travelers who had an “imperial gaze” (Gustave Flaubert, Vivant Denon, Gerard de Nerval) and who lingered over the performances of highly popular male belly dance performances in 19th‐century Egypt, at the same time pronouncing them obscene and indecent. Karayanni recuperates the art of these dancing bodies, which had been erased from history by scandalized colonial writers and postcolonial subalterns. Also considered are historical male dancers, as well as their contemporary counterparts whose choreographies continue to negotiate gender, sexuality, and imperial standards of masculinity.
Eric I Knudsen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334364
- eISBN:
- 9780199932283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334364.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents evidence that both forebrain and midbrain systems contribute to the bottom-up control of attention. It argues that these dual systems are linked with the well-studied forebrain ...
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This chapter presents evidence that both forebrain and midbrain systems contribute to the bottom-up control of attention. It argues that these dual systems are linked with the well-studied forebrain and midbrain systems for controlling gaze direction. It highlights similarities in the challenges that the midbrain and forebrain systems face in selecting targets for gaze and attention. Finally, it reviews recent studies of specialized neural circuits that have been discovered in the midbrain system that may underlie the competitive selection process, a process that is essential to both attention and gaze control.Less
This chapter presents evidence that both forebrain and midbrain systems contribute to the bottom-up control of attention. It argues that these dual systems are linked with the well-studied forebrain and midbrain systems for controlling gaze direction. It highlights similarities in the challenges that the midbrain and forebrain systems face in selecting targets for gaze and attention. Finally, it reviews recent studies of specialized neural circuits that have been discovered in the midbrain system that may underlie the competitive selection process, a process that is essential to both attention and gaze control.
Robert A. Kaster
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195140781
- eISBN:
- 9780199789283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140781.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter investigates the many different forms of pudor, the Latin term that roughly corresponds to English “shame”. The concept of face is further explored, the method of describing emotional ...
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This chapter investigates the many different forms of pudor, the Latin term that roughly corresponds to English “shame”. The concept of face is further explored, the method of describing emotional scripts is fully elaborated, and a system or “taxonomy” of pudor-scripts is described and analyzed to show how the Romans experienced the emotion in a wide range of circumstances. Since pudor is a form of distress felt at seeing oneself being seen in discreditable terms, a section of the chapter also considers the many different forms that “being seen” in the relevant sense could take. The chapter concludes by analyzing the relation between two emotions of self-attention, verecundia and pudor.Less
This chapter investigates the many different forms of pudor, the Latin term that roughly corresponds to English “shame”. The concept of face is further explored, the method of describing emotional scripts is fully elaborated, and a system or “taxonomy” of pudor-scripts is described and analyzed to show how the Romans experienced the emotion in a wide range of circumstances. Since pudor is a form of distress felt at seeing oneself being seen in discreditable terms, a section of the chapter also considers the many different forms that “being seen” in the relevant sense could take. The chapter concludes by analyzing the relation between two emotions of self-attention, verecundia and pudor.
John M. Findlay
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524793
- eISBN:
- 9780191711817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524793.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter is a review of eye movements during text reading. It starts with a review of the basic patterns of visual sampling during reading, then discusses visual perception during fixations in ...
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This chapter is a review of eye movements during text reading. It starts with a review of the basic patterns of visual sampling during reading, then discusses visual perception during fixations in reading, including the powerful gaze-contingent methodology that has established the perceptual span for reading. The effect of the text content on both fixation durations and saccade landing positions is considered. The chapter then discusses theories of eye movement control in reading, and contrasts models that emphasize non-cognitive factors and models in which saccade control is determined primarily by the lexical access process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some practical aspects of eye control in reading, including the effects of the physical characteristics of the text and the possible relevance to dyslexia.Less
This chapter is a review of eye movements during text reading. It starts with a review of the basic patterns of visual sampling during reading, then discusses visual perception during fixations in reading, including the powerful gaze-contingent methodology that has established the perceptual span for reading. The effect of the text content on both fixation durations and saccade landing positions is considered. The chapter then discusses theories of eye movement control in reading, and contrasts models that emphasize non-cognitive factors and models in which saccade control is determined primarily by the lexical access process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some practical aspects of eye control in reading, including the effects of the physical characteristics of the text and the possible relevance to dyslexia.
Amanda L. Woodward
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199245635
- eISBN:
- 9780191715303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245635.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter considers infants' understanding that acts of attention — looking and pointing — as object-directed, that is, as implying a relation between the agent who produces them and the object at ...
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This chapter considers infants' understanding that acts of attention — looking and pointing — as object-directed, that is, as implying a relation between the agent who produces them and the object at which they are directed. Sensitivity to the object-directed structure of these actions provides an essential framework for understanding the phenomenological, psychological, and behavioural implications of these actions. The evidence reviewed indicates that although young infants sometimes orient appropriately in response to others' gaze shifts and points, they seem not to understand these actions as object-directed until late in the first year of life. Findings of relatively early success at orienting but later success in action understanding raise questions about the mechanisms by which action understanding emerges, and these are considered at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter considers infants' understanding that acts of attention — looking and pointing — as object-directed, that is, as implying a relation between the agent who produces them and the object at which they are directed. Sensitivity to the object-directed structure of these actions provides an essential framework for understanding the phenomenological, psychological, and behavioural implications of these actions. The evidence reviewed indicates that although young infants sometimes orient appropriately in response to others' gaze shifts and points, they seem not to understand these actions as object-directed until late in the first year of life. Findings of relatively early success at orienting but later success in action understanding raise questions about the mechanisms by which action understanding emerges, and these are considered at the end of the chapter.
Françoise Meltzer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226625638
- eISBN:
- 9780226625775
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226625775.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This book draws on literature and a never-before-seen cache of photographs taken by a member of the French Resistance (who is also the author's mother), immediately following the Allied bombing of ...
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This book draws on literature and a never-before-seen cache of photographs taken by a member of the French Resistance (who is also the author's mother), immediately following the Allied bombing of Berlin and other German cities near the end of World War II. The book explores the representation of catastrophe through the gaze of the camera's lens. It uses the medium and witnessing of photography to question the ethics of targeting civilians during war.Less
This book draws on literature and a never-before-seen cache of photographs taken by a member of the French Resistance (who is also the author's mother), immediately following the Allied bombing of Berlin and other German cities near the end of World War II. The book explores the representation of catastrophe through the gaze of the camera's lens. It uses the medium and witnessing of photography to question the ethics of targeting civilians during war.
Pierre Rosanvallon
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149486
- eISBN:
- 9781400838745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149486.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter explores a new politics of presence, which takes on a variety of forms. For society itself presence is a new way of understanding what belongs to the realm of the political. It has also ...
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This chapter explores a new politics of presence, which takes on a variety of forms. For society itself presence is a new way of understanding what belongs to the realm of the political. It has also given rise to a “new militancy of presence,” the role of which has grown as traditional representative organizations have declined. Charitable organizations long served to “educate the social gaze,” but in recent years many other groups have begun to fill this role. For example, there are groups that specialize in publicizing the plight of the children of illegal immigrants threatened with expulsion, and other groups that take up the cause of laid-off workers. The role of these groups is not simply to defend the interests of the people they represent. It is rather to give them social existence, to bring them recognition as a community, and to raise their plight as a political issue.Less
This chapter explores a new politics of presence, which takes on a variety of forms. For society itself presence is a new way of understanding what belongs to the realm of the political. It has also given rise to a “new militancy of presence,” the role of which has grown as traditional representative organizations have declined. Charitable organizations long served to “educate the social gaze,” but in recent years many other groups have begun to fill this role. For example, there are groups that specialize in publicizing the plight of the children of illegal immigrants threatened with expulsion, and other groups that take up the cause of laid-off workers. The role of these groups is not simply to defend the interests of the people they represent. It is rather to give them social existence, to bring them recognition as a community, and to raise their plight as a political issue.
Chong Chon-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462050
- eISBN:
- 9781626745292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462050.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter argues that the rise of martial arts genre has wide appeal for racialized communities and young audiences because it is the genre of the underdog. The martial arts film had its ...
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This chapter argues that the rise of martial arts genre has wide appeal for racialized communities and young audiences because it is the genre of the underdog. The martial arts film had its introduction in the Blaxploitation films and the cult hero of Bruce Lee and quickly became a staple of Saturday matinees in urban geographies. The genre that Lee catapulted into mainstream currency has recently been adapted to the standard buddy film format prevalent in Hollywood Westerns and 1980s action films. As a result, the coupling of a streetwise Black American buddy with hip-hop credentials and an ethical martial arts hero with humble bravado has served notice to mainstream audiences and cultural critics. As such, this chapter examines Asian-Black spectatorship as an oppositional gaze in martial arts buddy films. For this reason, films such as Rush Hour and Romeo Must Die produce Afro-Asian bonds and identification through critiques of white supremacy and neoliberal property relations.Less
This chapter argues that the rise of martial arts genre has wide appeal for racialized communities and young audiences because it is the genre of the underdog. The martial arts film had its introduction in the Blaxploitation films and the cult hero of Bruce Lee and quickly became a staple of Saturday matinees in urban geographies. The genre that Lee catapulted into mainstream currency has recently been adapted to the standard buddy film format prevalent in Hollywood Westerns and 1980s action films. As a result, the coupling of a streetwise Black American buddy with hip-hop credentials and an ethical martial arts hero with humble bravado has served notice to mainstream audiences and cultural critics. As such, this chapter examines Asian-Black spectatorship as an oppositional gaze in martial arts buddy films. For this reason, films such as Rush Hour and Romeo Must Die produce Afro-Asian bonds and identification through critiques of white supremacy and neoliberal property relations.
Susan Carey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367638
- eISBN:
- 9780199867349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367638.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews literature on infants' representations of agents. It characterizes the core domain, detailing the concepts of agency that are at issue. It then sketches evidence that infants ...
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This chapter reviews literature on infants' representations of agents. It characterizes the core domain, detailing the concepts of agency that are at issue. It then sketches evidence that infants represent the actions of agents as goal directed, and contrasts two different proposals for the systems of concepts that are deployed in these representations. It considers the competing empiricist hypothesis that the relevant innate representations are perceptual, and that the infant learns concepts of agency through some learning mechanism that operates over sensory and spatio-temporal primitives. It turns to a second aspect of agency—that agents are capable of attending to and providing information about events and things in the world, again sketching the evidence that infants represent agents as such and countering leaner interpretations of the data presented. It examines whether core cognition of agency exemplifies other key features of core cognition. Finally, the chapter discusses whether and in what ways the preschooler's theory of mind transcends core cognition of agency.Less
This chapter reviews literature on infants' representations of agents. It characterizes the core domain, detailing the concepts of agency that are at issue. It then sketches evidence that infants represent the actions of agents as goal directed, and contrasts two different proposals for the systems of concepts that are deployed in these representations. It considers the competing empiricist hypothesis that the relevant innate representations are perceptual, and that the infant learns concepts of agency through some learning mechanism that operates over sensory and spatio-temporal primitives. It turns to a second aspect of agency—that agents are capable of attending to and providing information about events and things in the world, again sketching the evidence that infants represent agents as such and countering leaner interpretations of the data presented. It examines whether core cognition of agency exemplifies other key features of core cognition. Finally, the chapter discusses whether and in what ways the preschooler's theory of mind transcends core cognition of agency.
Jay M. Goldberg, Victor J. Wilson, Kathleen E. Cullen, Dora E. Angelaki, Dianne M. Broussard, Jean A. Büttner-Ennever, Kikuro Fukushima, and Lloyd B. Minor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195167085
- eISBN:
- 9780199932153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167085.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The vestibular nuclei receive vestibular-related information from canal and otolith afferents as well as from the vestibulocerebellum. In addition and in contrast to other sensory systems, early ...
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The vestibular nuclei receive vestibular-related information from canal and otolith afferents as well as from the vestibulocerebellum. In addition and in contrast to other sensory systems, early vestibular processing is highly convergent and strongly multimodal. Notably, the vestibular nuclei receive substantial visual, somatosensory, and oculomotor inputs. Multimodal interactions, which also occur elsewhere in the central vestibular pathways, are vital for spatial perception and for gaze and postural stabilization. Because oculomotor signals play an important role in shaping the information encoded centrally, knowledge of how the brain controls eye movements is crucial for understanding vestibular processing. This chapter provides an overview of oculomotor processing. Topics discussed include an overview and classification of eye movement types, ocular structure and functional implications, gaze redirection, gaze stabilization, and interactions between eye and head movements.Less
The vestibular nuclei receive vestibular-related information from canal and otolith afferents as well as from the vestibulocerebellum. In addition and in contrast to other sensory systems, early vestibular processing is highly convergent and strongly multimodal. Notably, the vestibular nuclei receive substantial visual, somatosensory, and oculomotor inputs. Multimodal interactions, which also occur elsewhere in the central vestibular pathways, are vital for spatial perception and for gaze and postural stabilization. Because oculomotor signals play an important role in shaping the information encoded centrally, knowledge of how the brain controls eye movements is crucial for understanding vestibular processing. This chapter provides an overview of oculomotor processing. Topics discussed include an overview and classification of eye movement types, ocular structure and functional implications, gaze redirection, gaze stabilization, and interactions between eye and head movements.
Brinda Bose
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075936
- eISBN:
- 9780199081851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075936.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Satyajit Ray's Charulata (1964) is known for its historical significance and its exquisite cinematic crafting. The film stands on its own merits, with Ray able to transform his abiding interest in ...
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Satyajit Ray's Charulata (1964) is known for its historical significance and its exquisite cinematic crafting. The film stands on its own merits, with Ray able to transform his abiding interest in the culture and ethos of nineteenth-century Bengal, as well as his veneration for Rabindranath Tagore's fiction that captures it so well, into an exemplary work. Charulata (1964), an adaptation of Tagore's short story/novella, ‘Noshto Neerh’ (‘The Broken Nest’, 1901), engenders a whole new politics of ideology and craft. Ray meticulously exploits his field to make discreet and intellectual use of two additional media that are available to him and denied to the printed text: the audio and the visual. The film is premised on the notion of the gaze, or, of looking.Less
Satyajit Ray's Charulata (1964) is known for its historical significance and its exquisite cinematic crafting. The film stands on its own merits, with Ray able to transform his abiding interest in the culture and ethos of nineteenth-century Bengal, as well as his veneration for Rabindranath Tagore's fiction that captures it so well, into an exemplary work. Charulata (1964), an adaptation of Tagore's short story/novella, ‘Noshto Neerh’ (‘The Broken Nest’, 1901), engenders a whole new politics of ideology and craft. Ray meticulously exploits his field to make discreet and intellectual use of two additional media that are available to him and denied to the printed text: the audio and the visual. The film is premised on the notion of the gaze, or, of looking.
Elina Birmingham, Jelena Ristic, and Alan Kingstone
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195315455
- eISBN:
- 9780199979066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315455.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Gaze following, a key component of social attention, has received substantial research interest over the past few decades. There has been an increasing trend to study gaze following using controlled ...
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Gaze following, a key component of social attention, has received substantial research interest over the past few decades. There has been an increasing trend to study gaze following using controlled computer-based laboratory tasks. While these methods offer more control over the experimental setting, they remove much of what is unique about real-world social situations. This chapter argues that the use of highly simplified, structured social attention experiments may be reducing the natural variance in behavior that is expected in real-world social settings, thus limiting what social attention researchers can discover. Examples are drawn from research with healthy individuals and individuals with known social attention difficulties (i.e., autism spectrum disorders [ASD]). These examples illustrate that the most interesting and robust social attention findings may come from an approach that seeks to incorporate the complexity and ambiguity of real-world social situations. This approach, Cognitive Ethology, is discussed.Less
Gaze following, a key component of social attention, has received substantial research interest over the past few decades. There has been an increasing trend to study gaze following using controlled computer-based laboratory tasks. While these methods offer more control over the experimental setting, they remove much of what is unique about real-world social situations. This chapter argues that the use of highly simplified, structured social attention experiments may be reducing the natural variance in behavior that is expected in real-world social settings, thus limiting what social attention researchers can discover. Examples are drawn from research with healthy individuals and individuals with known social attention difficulties (i.e., autism spectrum disorders [ASD]). These examples illustrate that the most interesting and robust social attention findings may come from an approach that seeks to incorporate the complexity and ambiguity of real-world social situations. This approach, Cognitive Ethology, is discussed.
