Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter inquires into the particular difficulties minority shareholders face where they seek redress against wrongdoing directors. Section 3.2 discusses these problems and Section 3.3 outlines ...
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This chapter inquires into the particular difficulties minority shareholders face where they seek redress against wrongdoing directors. Section 3.2 discusses these problems and Section 3.3 outlines the common law responses to these problems. Through extensive discussion of case law and emerging so-called principles and rules this section illustrates how procedurally and substantively English law has developed to provide disincentives to prospective shareholder claimants in this context. Subsequently, two policy responses are analysed. First, Section 3.4.1 examines and assesses the competence of three alternative bodies which may assess the merits of a derivative action: a committee of independent directors, an ‘independent organ’ of the company, and the courts. It concludes that courts should discharge the task of deciding this critical question. Section 3.4.2 explains that once a gatekeeper is put in place, the focus should be on establishing an expeditious means for screening and dismissing non-meritorious cases. It evaluates how well (or rather, badly) current legal screens work.Less
This chapter inquires into the particular difficulties minority shareholders face where they seek redress against wrongdoing directors. Section 3.2 discusses these problems and Section 3.3 outlines the common law responses to these problems. Through extensive discussion of case law and emerging so-called principles and rules this section illustrates how procedurally and substantively English law has developed to provide disincentives to prospective shareholder claimants in this context. Subsequently, two policy responses are analysed. First, Section 3.4.1 examines and assesses the competence of three alternative bodies which may assess the merits of a derivative action: a committee of independent directors, an ‘independent organ’ of the company, and the courts. It concludes that courts should discharge the task of deciding this critical question. Section 3.4.2 explains that once a gatekeeper is put in place, the focus should be on establishing an expeditious means for screening and dismissing non-meritorious cases. It evaluates how well (or rather, badly) current legal screens work.
IAN BACHE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199259250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259259.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Ian Bache considers the utility of multi‐level governance in relation to the implementation of EU regional policy. This chapter provides an examination of multi‐level governance on its ‘own ground’: ...
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Ian Bache considers the utility of multi‐level governance in relation to the implementation of EU regional policy. This chapter provides an examination of multi‐level governance on its ‘own ground’: the concept was developed from a study of EC/EU regional policy and is said to be most prominent at the implementation stage of the policy process. However, in addition to discussing multi‐level governance and EU regional policy across Member States, particular attention is given to its implementation in the UK, which, for reasons suggested above, presents a ‘hard case’ for multi‐level governance theorists.Less
Ian Bache considers the utility of multi‐level governance in relation to the implementation of EU regional policy. This chapter provides an examination of multi‐level governance on its ‘own ground’: the concept was developed from a study of EC/EU regional policy and is said to be most prominent at the implementation stage of the policy process. However, in addition to discussing multi‐level governance and EU regional policy across Member States, particular attention is given to its implementation in the UK, which, for reasons suggested above, presents a ‘hard case’ for multi‐level governance theorists.
Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter illustrates the conduct of population-based studies by describing the implementation of a large school-based survey of substance use in several Central American countries. The project's ...
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This chapter illustrates the conduct of population-based studies by describing the implementation of a large school-based survey of substance use in several Central American countries. The project's methodology followed an etic approach although considerable work was conducted to validate and harmonize the instrument across countries and sites. The project's implementation involved a number of activities that required collaborators to navigate different cultural and geopolitical situations, some of them of a very sensitive nature, some of which we describe in this chapter. Through these examples, we hope readers will acquire a better understanding of the inner workings of these complicated multi-national projects. We also highlight the importance of building partnerships between country researchers and international organizations, including a discussion of protection issues for human subjects, and we provide an example of power analyses and an analytic strategy of accounting for clustering when conducting statistical analyses with these large studies.Less
This chapter illustrates the conduct of population-based studies by describing the implementation of a large school-based survey of substance use in several Central American countries. The project's methodology followed an etic approach although considerable work was conducted to validate and harmonize the instrument across countries and sites. The project's implementation involved a number of activities that required collaborators to navigate different cultural and geopolitical situations, some of them of a very sensitive nature, some of which we describe in this chapter. Through these examples, we hope readers will acquire a better understanding of the inner workings of these complicated multi-national projects. We also highlight the importance of building partnerships between country researchers and international organizations, including a discussion of protection issues for human subjects, and we provide an example of power analyses and an analytic strategy of accounting for clustering when conducting statistical analyses with these large studies.
Rajendra Chitnis, Jakob Stougaard-Nielsen, Rhian Atkin, and Zoran Milutinovic (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620528
- eISBN:
- 9781789623864
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This volume examines how, why and with what success smaller European literatures – written in less well-known languages from less familiar traditions – endeavour through translation to reach ...
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This volume examines how, why and with what success smaller European literatures – written in less well-known languages from less familiar traditions – endeavour through translation to reach international readers. It argues that prevailing nation- and world-centred theoretical approaches have failed to provide an adequate understanding of the international circulation of these literatures, and instead advocates and models a comparative, interdisciplinary approach that consistently tests theory against concrete experience and practice, and combines literary, historiographical and translation methodologies to produce a far more precise analysis of the strategies, motivations, obstacles and patterns that emerge as these literatures strive to be heard. Through case studies drawn from over thirteen national contexts from Scandinavia and the Low Countries to the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe, the volume analyses how the international perceptions of these literatures are disadvantaged and distorted in theory, reception and industry practice, evaluates successes and failures as these literatures, through state and third-sector intervention and individual innovation, attempt to overcome their marginalization, and charts how the mould of our perception of these literatures might be broken.Less
This volume examines how, why and with what success smaller European literatures – written in less well-known languages from less familiar traditions – endeavour through translation to reach international readers. It argues that prevailing nation- and world-centred theoretical approaches have failed to provide an adequate understanding of the international circulation of these literatures, and instead advocates and models a comparative, interdisciplinary approach that consistently tests theory against concrete experience and practice, and combines literary, historiographical and translation methodologies to produce a far more precise analysis of the strategies, motivations, obstacles and patterns that emerge as these literatures strive to be heard. Through case studies drawn from over thirteen national contexts from Scandinavia and the Low Countries to the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe, the volume analyses how the international perceptions of these literatures are disadvantaged and distorted in theory, reception and industry practice, evaluates successes and failures as these literatures, through state and third-sector intervention and individual innovation, attempt to overcome their marginalization, and charts how the mould of our perception of these literatures might be broken.
Patrick Major
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243280
- eISBN:
- 9780191714061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243280.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Turns to the counter‐measures to the open border in the fifties, adopted by East German authorities forced to walk a tightrope between repression and liberalization, either of which could accelerate ...
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Turns to the counter‐measures to the open border in the fifties, adopted by East German authorities forced to walk a tightrope between repression and liberalization, either of which could accelerate flights to the West. The regime's inbuilt tendency to identify ideological factors and conspiracy theories as motives was coupled with a blind spot to the fundamental reasons driving away its citizenry. Instead, the apparatus was often blamed for the superficial handling of policy. Schemes in the early 1950s to recruit West Germans proved fanciful. More problematic was the drastic curtailment of legal travel to the Federal Republic in 1952, which petitions reveal to have caused considerable internal discontent, only partially defused by travel liberalization following the June 1953 uprising. Certain key groups such as the intelligentsia were bought off with privileges which antagonized other sections of the population. The author's research also reveals the importance of ‘legal’ defections on holiday visas in the mid‐1950s, and of the criminalization of Republikflucht in December 1957 in shifting the pattern of flights to Berlin as the easy outlet to the West. The chapter finishes by showing the police and Stasi's frantic efforts to seal off Greater Berlin with a human cordon in 1960, followed by the final decision in 1961 to resort to a physical wall.Less
Turns to the counter‐measures to the open border in the fifties, adopted by East German authorities forced to walk a tightrope between repression and liberalization, either of which could accelerate flights to the West. The regime's inbuilt tendency to identify ideological factors and conspiracy theories as motives was coupled with a blind spot to the fundamental reasons driving away its citizenry. Instead, the apparatus was often blamed for the superficial handling of policy. Schemes in the early 1950s to recruit West Germans proved fanciful. More problematic was the drastic curtailment of legal travel to the Federal Republic in 1952, which petitions reveal to have caused considerable internal discontent, only partially defused by travel liberalization following the June 1953 uprising. Certain key groups such as the intelligentsia were bought off with privileges which antagonized other sections of the population. The author's research also reveals the importance of ‘legal’ defections on holiday visas in the mid‐1950s, and of the criminalization of Republikflucht in December 1957 in shifting the pattern of flights to Berlin as the easy outlet to the West. The chapter finishes by showing the police and Stasi's frantic efforts to seal off Greater Berlin with a human cordon in 1960, followed by the final decision in 1961 to resort to a physical wall.
Anthony G. Greenwald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Scientists have conflicts of interest that, operating outside of awareness, cause them to inappropriately favor their preferred theories and disfavor competitors' theories. These conflicts of ...
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Scientists have conflicts of interest that, operating outside of awareness, cause them to inappropriately favor their preferred theories and disfavor competitors' theories. These conflicts of interest can be traced to implicit affective-cognitive processes that have only recently been described theoretically and empirically. They threaten objectivity in performance of four types of scientific roles: gatekeepers, reviewers, expert witnesses, and researchers. Eliminating the undesired effects of these conflicts of interest may require development of ethical codes that specify satisfactory conflict-management strategies.Less
Scientists have conflicts of interest that, operating outside of awareness, cause them to inappropriately favor their preferred theories and disfavor competitors' theories. These conflicts of interest can be traced to implicit affective-cognitive processes that have only recently been described theoretically and empirically. They threaten objectivity in performance of four types of scientific roles: gatekeepers, reviewers, expert witnesses, and researchers. Eliminating the undesired effects of these conflicts of interest may require development of ethical codes that specify satisfactory conflict-management strategies.
Anthony M. Nadler
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040146
- eISBN:
- 9780252098345
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
The professional judgment of gatekeepers defined the American news agenda for decades. This book examines how subsequent events brought on a post-professional period that opened the door for ...
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The professional judgment of gatekeepers defined the American news agenda for decades. This book examines how subsequent events brought on a post-professional period that opened the door for imagining that consumer preferences should drive news production—and unleashed both crisis and opportunity on journalistic institutions. The book charts a paradigm shift, from market research's reach into the editorial suite in the 1970s through contemporary experiments in collaborative filtering and social news sites like Reddit and Digg. As the book shows, the transition was and is a rocky one. It also goes back much further than many experts suppose. Idealized visions of demand-driven news face obstacles with each iteration. Furthermore, the post-professional philosophy fails to recognize how organizations mobilize interest in news and public life. The book argues that this civic function of news organizations has been neglected in debates on the future of journalism. Only with a critical grasp of news outlets' role in stirring broad interest in democratic life, the book suggests, might journalism's digital crisis push us toward building a more robust and democratic news media.Less
The professional judgment of gatekeepers defined the American news agenda for decades. This book examines how subsequent events brought on a post-professional period that opened the door for imagining that consumer preferences should drive news production—and unleashed both crisis and opportunity on journalistic institutions. The book charts a paradigm shift, from market research's reach into the editorial suite in the 1970s through contemporary experiments in collaborative filtering and social news sites like Reddit and Digg. As the book shows, the transition was and is a rocky one. It also goes back much further than many experts suppose. Idealized visions of demand-driven news face obstacles with each iteration. Furthermore, the post-professional philosophy fails to recognize how organizations mobilize interest in news and public life. The book argues that this civic function of news organizations has been neglected in debates on the future of journalism. Only with a critical grasp of news outlets' role in stirring broad interest in democratic life, the book suggests, might journalism's digital crisis push us toward building a more robust and democratic news media.
Charli Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801448850
- eISBN:
- 9780801470363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801448850.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter argues that the three cases showcased in previous chapters demonstrate that gatekeeper adoption matters, usually occurs after a period of agenda vetting and often doesn't ...
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This concluding chapter argues that the three cases showcased in previous chapters demonstrate that gatekeeper adoption matters, usually occurs after a period of agenda vetting and often doesn't happen at all. Additionally, while agenda vetting is a function of a cluster of factors, intranetwork relations play an important role in gatekeepers' judgments about when to adopt new issues or to exercise agenda denial. Not only do hierarchies among transnational actors confer power on central organizations to “vet” the advocacy agenda, but network effects also help constitute those organizations' preferences. To conclude, the chapter outlines the implications of this book's study for issue entrepreneurs, for global policy elites, and for students of international relations.Less
This concluding chapter argues that the three cases showcased in previous chapters demonstrate that gatekeeper adoption matters, usually occurs after a period of agenda vetting and often doesn't happen at all. Additionally, while agenda vetting is a function of a cluster of factors, intranetwork relations play an important role in gatekeepers' judgments about when to adopt new issues or to exercise agenda denial. Not only do hierarchies among transnational actors confer power on central organizations to “vet” the advocacy agenda, but network effects also help constitute those organizations' preferences. To conclude, the chapter outlines the implications of this book's study for issue entrepreneurs, for global policy elites, and for students of international relations.
Ananda Rose
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199890934
- eISBN:
- 9780199949793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890934.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This concluding chapter discusses the fingerpointing going on in southern Arizona concerning the thousands of migrant deaths that have occurred in the wake of heightened federal border enforcement ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the fingerpointing going on in southern Arizona concerning the thousands of migrant deaths that have occurred in the wake of heightened federal border enforcement policies, asking once again: How should such a sweeping international border be humanely yet effectively maintained? How might respect for basic human rights be balanced with respect for the rights of the state to secure and protect? The chapter suggests the need to re-interpret the border in a more nuanced manner, beyond the black and white ideologies, fears and frustrations that currently plague conversations about the border. It suggests the need to see the border as the result of myriad interconnected political, economic, social, and moral issues and as part of larger ideas concerning historical and psychological forces, such as capitalism, terrorism, diversity, patriotism, neighborliness and the self-other encounter.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the fingerpointing going on in southern Arizona concerning the thousands of migrant deaths that have occurred in the wake of heightened federal border enforcement policies, asking once again: How should such a sweeping international border be humanely yet effectively maintained? How might respect for basic human rights be balanced with respect for the rights of the state to secure and protect? The chapter suggests the need to re-interpret the border in a more nuanced manner, beyond the black and white ideologies, fears and frustrations that currently plague conversations about the border. It suggests the need to see the border as the result of myriad interconnected political, economic, social, and moral issues and as part of larger ideas concerning historical and psychological forces, such as capitalism, terrorism, diversity, patriotism, neighborliness and the self-other encounter.
Zoran Milutinović
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620528
- eISBN:
- 9781789623864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter uses the context of Bosnian literature and a case study of one of its leading translator-gatekeepers, Francis R. Jones, to challenge the advocacy of partiality among ...
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This chapter uses the context of Bosnian literature and a case study of one of its leading translator-gatekeepers, Francis R. Jones, to challenge the advocacy of partiality among translator-gatekeepers. It begins by questioning Mona Baker’s contention that ‘uncritical fidelity to the source text or utterance has consequences that an informed translator or interpreter may not wish to be party to’. Jones is shown to share her view that translator objectivity, impartiality and neutrality are not only fictional, but also that any claim to them is unethical. As a gatekeeper to South Slav literatures, he has chosen to represent what he terms cosmopolitan voices over writers with ethno-nationalist views, to ‘defend and promote the complexity and potential for tolerance in Bosnian culture’ through literary translation. The chapter argues that translators are not responsible for the content of their translations, as long as they are accurate, never mind complicit in it, and that taking sides distorts the complexity of all sides, hindering the intercultural dialogue that translators all work for.Less
This chapter uses the context of Bosnian literature and a case study of one of its leading translator-gatekeepers, Francis R. Jones, to challenge the advocacy of partiality among translator-gatekeepers. It begins by questioning Mona Baker’s contention that ‘uncritical fidelity to the source text or utterance has consequences that an informed translator or interpreter may not wish to be party to’. Jones is shown to share her view that translator objectivity, impartiality and neutrality are not only fictional, but also that any claim to them is unethical. As a gatekeeper to South Slav literatures, he has chosen to represent what he terms cosmopolitan voices over writers with ethno-nationalist views, to ‘defend and promote the complexity and potential for tolerance in Bosnian culture’ through literary translation. The chapter argues that translators are not responsible for the content of their translations, as long as they are accurate, never mind complicit in it, and that taking sides distorts the complexity of all sides, hindering the intercultural dialogue that translators all work for.
Rajendra Chitnis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620528
- eISBN:
- 9781789623864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
The chapter starts from the premise that the study of cultural diplomacy, dominated by a focus on major world powers since 1945, would be illuminated by a better understanding of the cultural ...
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The chapter starts from the premise that the study of cultural diplomacy, dominated by a focus on major world powers since 1945, would be illuminated by a better understanding of the cultural diplomatic activities of small, new or restored European states after 1918. It further argues that attempts to incorporate literary translation into cultural diplomacy quintessentially highlight the difficulties of practising cultural diplomacy. The chapter centrally documents the extent and nature of government support for Czech literary translation in the UK, mapping the networks that facilitated the translation of Czech imaginative literature and assessing their relationship with Czechoslovak cultural diplomacy. The chapter shows that the translation and promotion of Czech literature in the UK, though never the product of direct state strategy or intervention, is always linked to gatekeeper sympathy for the idea and aims of Czechoslovakia, but the reception of translated Czech literature in the UK shows no appreciation of this aspect until after the September 1938 Munich Agreement, when, for Czechoslovakia, it is too late.Less
The chapter starts from the premise that the study of cultural diplomacy, dominated by a focus on major world powers since 1945, would be illuminated by a better understanding of the cultural diplomatic activities of small, new or restored European states after 1918. It further argues that attempts to incorporate literary translation into cultural diplomacy quintessentially highlight the difficulties of practising cultural diplomacy. The chapter centrally documents the extent and nature of government support for Czech literary translation in the UK, mapping the networks that facilitated the translation of Czech imaginative literature and assessing their relationship with Czechoslovak cultural diplomacy. The chapter shows that the translation and promotion of Czech literature in the UK, though never the product of direct state strategy or intervention, is always linked to gatekeeper sympathy for the idea and aims of Czechoslovakia, but the reception of translated Czech literature in the UK shows no appreciation of this aspect until after the September 1938 Munich Agreement, when, for Czechoslovakia, it is too late.
Richard M. Mansell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620528
- eISBN:
- 9781789623864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter uses an account of the twenty-first century efforts of Catalan literature to break into English-language book markets as a means of examining the opportunities, challenges and strategies ...
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This chapter uses an account of the twenty-first century efforts of Catalan literature to break into English-language book markets as a means of examining the opportunities, challenges and strategies that present themselves to smaller literatures in a changing reading and book-buying environment. The chapter first explains the historical significance to Catalan culture of translation, as a means not only of filling gaps in a disrupted history, but also of building and unifying Catalan cultural identity. It highlights the institutional measures put in place to support this effort and assesses the work of the Institut Ramon Llull. Though its initiatives appear to have increased production and visibility of Catalan literature, the chapter argues that the key role has been played by translators acting as gatekeepers. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the relationship between commercial success and major international prizes or choice of genre, noting that Catalan literature has not targeted either.Less
This chapter uses an account of the twenty-first century efforts of Catalan literature to break into English-language book markets as a means of examining the opportunities, challenges and strategies that present themselves to smaller literatures in a changing reading and book-buying environment. The chapter first explains the historical significance to Catalan culture of translation, as a means not only of filling gaps in a disrupted history, but also of building and unifying Catalan cultural identity. It highlights the institutional measures put in place to support this effort and assesses the work of the Institut Ramon Llull. Though its initiatives appear to have increased production and visibility of Catalan literature, the chapter argues that the key role has been played by translators acting as gatekeepers. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the relationship between commercial success and major international prizes or choice of genre, noting that Catalan literature has not targeted either.
Hannah Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780226784557
- eISBN:
- 9780226784724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226784724.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter examines how cultural intermediaries in the art world—dealers, curators, and critics—make decisions about which works to exhibit and communicate the meaning of artists’ creative visions ...
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This chapter examines how cultural intermediaries in the art world—dealers, curators, and critics—make decisions about which works to exhibit and communicate the meaning of artists’ creative visions to audiences. Dealers choose artists whom they perceive to “fit” with their galleries’ programs in terms of aesthetic focus, peer networks, and status. They reinforce each gallery’s distinctive but loose aesthetic sensibility—the gallery’s own creative vision. Dealers and curators also work to create cohesive understandings of artists’ creative visions among their viewers by showing work that they view as more or less representative of artists’ creative visions, depending on the audience and exhibition space. In turn, critics can reinforce or contest these portrayals of artists’ creative visions through their own evaluations of exhibitions. Critics evaluated exhibitions either positively or negatively on the basis of social relevance, artistic relevance, formal and conceptual complexity, progression of creative visions, and commitment to creative visions.Less
This chapter examines how cultural intermediaries in the art world—dealers, curators, and critics—make decisions about which works to exhibit and communicate the meaning of artists’ creative visions to audiences. Dealers choose artists whom they perceive to “fit” with their galleries’ programs in terms of aesthetic focus, peer networks, and status. They reinforce each gallery’s distinctive but loose aesthetic sensibility—the gallery’s own creative vision. Dealers and curators also work to create cohesive understandings of artists’ creative visions among their viewers by showing work that they view as more or less representative of artists’ creative visions, depending on the audience and exhibition space. In turn, critics can reinforce or contest these portrayals of artists’ creative visions through their own evaluations of exhibitions. Critics evaluated exhibitions either positively or negatively on the basis of social relevance, artistic relevance, formal and conceptual complexity, progression of creative visions, and commitment to creative visions.
John C. Coffee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199290703
- eISBN:
- 9780191700576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290703.003.0030
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter focuses on an alternative explanation for the wave of accounting and financial reporting irregularities that surfaced in 2001–2002: namely, that the gatekeepers failed. That is, the ...
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This chapter focuses on an alternative explanation for the wave of accounting and financial reporting irregularities that surfaced in 2001–2002: namely, that the gatekeepers failed. That is, the professionals who serve investors by preparing, verifying, or certifying corporate disclosures to the securities markets that acquiesced in managerial fraud; not in all cases, to be sure, but at a markedly higher rate than during the immediately preceding period. While the gatekeeper concept will be discussed and refined later, this term certainly includes the auditors, securities analysts, and securities attorneys who prepare, review, or analyse disclosure documents. Part II of the chapter develops competing, but complementary, explanations for gatekeeper failure. Part III maps out the range of strategies available to regulators. Part IV proposes alternative reforms intended to make gatekeepers more responsive to the interests of investors.Less
This chapter focuses on an alternative explanation for the wave of accounting and financial reporting irregularities that surfaced in 2001–2002: namely, that the gatekeepers failed. That is, the professionals who serve investors by preparing, verifying, or certifying corporate disclosures to the securities markets that acquiesced in managerial fraud; not in all cases, to be sure, but at a markedly higher rate than during the immediately preceding period. While the gatekeeper concept will be discussed and refined later, this term certainly includes the auditors, securities analysts, and securities attorneys who prepare, review, or analyse disclosure documents. Part II of the chapter develops competing, but complementary, explanations for gatekeeper failure. Part III maps out the range of strategies available to regulators. Part IV proposes alternative reforms intended to make gatekeepers more responsive to the interests of investors.
Katie Benson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529212327
- eISBN:
- 9781529212365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529212327.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This essay considers the ‘European-ness’ of the anti-money laundering framework for legal professionals working within countries of the European Union, asking if there is a particularly European ...
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This essay considers the ‘European-ness’ of the anti-money laundering framework for legal professionals working within countries of the European Union, asking if there is a particularly European nature to this framework (i.e. in comparison with the rest of the world) and whether it is experienced as such by those working in individual nation states. It argues that how anti-money laundering policies and processes are actually experienced by individual legal professionals is shaped by an interaction between global, regional, national and local factors. The ‘glocality’ of this experience creates both universal and particular characteristics through processes of adoption and adaptation. While there is value in considering the ‘European-ness’ of anti-money laundering frameworks, the importance of the national context in shaping experience at the local level must also be taken into account.Less
This essay considers the ‘European-ness’ of the anti-money laundering framework for legal professionals working within countries of the European Union, asking if there is a particularly European nature to this framework (i.e. in comparison with the rest of the world) and whether it is experienced as such by those working in individual nation states. It argues that how anti-money laundering policies and processes are actually experienced by individual legal professionals is shaped by an interaction between global, regional, national and local factors. The ‘glocality’ of this experience creates both universal and particular characteristics through processes of adoption and adaptation. While there is value in considering the ‘European-ness’ of anti-money laundering frameworks, the importance of the national context in shaping experience at the local level must also be taken into account.
Karin van Wingerde and Anna Merz
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529212327
- eISBN:
- 9781529212365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529212327.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
European and global financial institutions appear to be increasingly involved in and punished for facilitating money laundering. The need to respond to these cases effectively has been a priority for ...
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European and global financial institutions appear to be increasingly involved in and punished for facilitating money laundering. The need to respond to these cases effectively has been a priority for national, supranational and international organisations for many years now. Despite several attempts to harmonize enforcement in Europe, previous research indicates that the interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of AML/CTF regulation across EU Member States differ significantly. This essay maps similarities and differences in responses to money laundering cases against banks in Europe for 47 cases between January 2015 and January 2020. While most cases still result in regulatory sanctions, a trend towards a more stringent and aggressive enforcement paradigm is seen. Reflecting on implications for the effectiveness and legitimacy of anti-money laundering efforts in the global financial system, the essay argues to be mindful of the adverse effects of such an aggressive approach for the legitimacy of the global AML regime.Less
European and global financial institutions appear to be increasingly involved in and punished for facilitating money laundering. The need to respond to these cases effectively has been a priority for national, supranational and international organisations for many years now. Despite several attempts to harmonize enforcement in Europe, previous research indicates that the interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of AML/CTF regulation across EU Member States differ significantly. This essay maps similarities and differences in responses to money laundering cases against banks in Europe for 47 cases between January 2015 and January 2020. While most cases still result in regulatory sanctions, a trend towards a more stringent and aggressive enforcement paradigm is seen. Reflecting on implications for the effectiveness and legitimacy of anti-money laundering efforts in the global financial system, the essay argues to be mindful of the adverse effects of such an aggressive approach for the legitimacy of the global AML regime.
Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965076
- eISBN:
- 9780199350476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965076.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter lays the predicate for the measures and models in this book. This chapter reviews the growth and impact of the Internet and online social media on the American political system. The ...
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This chapter lays the predicate for the measures and models in this book. This chapter reviews the growth and impact of the Internet and online social media on the American political system. The chapter sets forth the theory that social media changes two vital elements of the political learning process. First, by allowing the consumer to pick their own network of communication, social media allows citizens to self-select their content in a way that avoids any disagreeable ideas or interpretations. Second, the networks themselves exist outside the traditional media machine, allowing political actors—including parties and candidates—to shape and dictate their content.Less
This chapter lays the predicate for the measures and models in this book. This chapter reviews the growth and impact of the Internet and online social media on the American political system. The chapter sets forth the theory that social media changes two vital elements of the political learning process. First, by allowing the consumer to pick their own network of communication, social media allows citizens to self-select their content in a way that avoids any disagreeable ideas or interpretations. Second, the networks themselves exist outside the traditional media machine, allowing political actors—including parties and candidates—to shape and dictate their content.
Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965076
- eISBN:
- 9780199350476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965076.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores the use of Twitter in campaigns and measures the ways members of the US Congress and challengers used social media in the 2010 election. The chapter explains and defines the use ...
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This chapter explores the use of Twitter in campaigns and measures the ways members of the US Congress and challengers used social media in the 2010 election. The chapter explains and defines the use of Twitter in the political context and the typology set forth in the book for characterizing the content of individual tweets. Along with the descriptions and empirical measures, this chapter explores and develops the theory that political leaders can use social media to control the flow of information and bypass the traditional gatekeepers in the mass media. This chapter uses quantitative and qualitative evidence to describe how politicians take advantage of the new information networks to accomplish their goals.Less
This chapter explores the use of Twitter in campaigns and measures the ways members of the US Congress and challengers used social media in the 2010 election. The chapter explains and defines the use of Twitter in the political context and the typology set forth in the book for characterizing the content of individual tweets. Along with the descriptions and empirical measures, this chapter explores and develops the theory that political leaders can use social media to control the flow of information and bypass the traditional gatekeepers in the mass media. This chapter uses quantitative and qualitative evidence to describe how politicians take advantage of the new information networks to accomplish their goals.
Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965076
- eISBN:
- 9780199350476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965076.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter illustrates how social media supplies a paradigm-changing element to the American political system by bypassing the traditional media and allowing the political actors greater control ...
More
This chapter illustrates how social media supplies a paradigm-changing element to the American political system by bypassing the traditional media and allowing the political actors greater control over news and the means to shape the information available to voters. While social media presents a dynamic platform that gives consumers information which is interactive and structured through networks of friends and acquaintances, the network itself is an opportunity structure for political actors. The channel is unmediated by traditional media gatekeepers. The messages are unrestrained in frequency, and the distribution is limited only by the rapidly increasing penetration of the Internet. Social media creates an environment for message control that allows political actors to reinforce preexisting views as well as to signal to their followers how they should understand information. The findings illustrate that the consumers’ power to mediate news online is limited and often illusory.Less
This chapter illustrates how social media supplies a paradigm-changing element to the American political system by bypassing the traditional media and allowing the political actors greater control over news and the means to shape the information available to voters. While social media presents a dynamic platform that gives consumers information which is interactive and structured through networks of friends and acquaintances, the network itself is an opportunity structure for political actors. The channel is unmediated by traditional media gatekeepers. The messages are unrestrained in frequency, and the distribution is limited only by the rapidly increasing penetration of the Internet. Social media creates an environment for message control that allows political actors to reinforce preexisting views as well as to signal to their followers how they should understand information. The findings illustrate that the consumers’ power to mediate news online is limited and often illusory.
Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965076
- eISBN:
- 9780199350476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965076.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter presents an in-depth exploration of the attitudinal implications of the use of online social media. Working from the premise that politicians are able to circumvent traditional ...
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This chapter presents an in-depth exploration of the attitudinal implications of the use of online social media. Working from the premise that politicians are able to circumvent traditional gatekeepers through online social media through an appeal to constituents who are receptive to one-sided information flows, driven by their desire to avoid exposure to information that challenges their predispositions, this chapter explores the implications of that new information structure. The findings show that increased consumption of political information through social media results in crystallized and more extreme attitudes as consumers avoid cognitive dissonance by seeking out information with which they already agree. Interestingly, while the social media leads to more extreme attitudes, the data show a positive effect in that it also promotes political participation.Less
This chapter presents an in-depth exploration of the attitudinal implications of the use of online social media. Working from the premise that politicians are able to circumvent traditional gatekeepers through online social media through an appeal to constituents who are receptive to one-sided information flows, driven by their desire to avoid exposure to information that challenges their predispositions, this chapter explores the implications of that new information structure. The findings show that increased consumption of political information through social media results in crystallized and more extreme attitudes as consumers avoid cognitive dissonance by seeking out information with which they already agree. Interestingly, while the social media leads to more extreme attitudes, the data show a positive effect in that it also promotes political participation.
