Winston Harrington and Richard D. Morgenstern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or ...
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This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or “command and control” (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.Less
This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or “command and control” (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.
Richard G. Newell and Kristian Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than ...
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This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.Less
This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168747
- eISBN:
- 9780199835522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168747.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Invention and commercialization of automotive internal combustion engines was a multistranded process that began during the 1880s in Germany with design by Benz, Daimler and Maybach, and then ...
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Invention and commercialization of automotive internal combustion engines was a multistranded process that began during the 1880s in Germany with design by Benz, Daimler and Maybach, and then received critical contributions from France, the UK, and the United States. Otto-cycle gasoline engines became the dominant prime movers in passenger cars as well as in the first airplanes, while diesel engines were initially limited to heavy-duty maritime and railroad applications. Line assembly introduced by Henry Ford provided a long-lasting solution to the mass manufacturing. The car industry eventually became the leading sector of modern economies and car culture has had a profound effect on many facets of modern life.Less
Invention and commercialization of automotive internal combustion engines was a multistranded process that began during the 1880s in Germany with design by Benz, Daimler and Maybach, and then received critical contributions from France, the UK, and the United States. Otto-cycle gasoline engines became the dominant prime movers in passenger cars as well as in the first airplanes, while diesel engines were initially limited to heavy-duty maritime and railroad applications. Line assembly introduced by Henry Ford provided a long-lasting solution to the mass manufacturing. The car industry eventually became the leading sector of modern economies and car culture has had a profound effect on many facets of modern life.
Halbert White and Pauline Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237197
- eISBN:
- 9780191717314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237197.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter provides methods for estimating a variety of retrospective measures of causal effects in systems of dynamic structural equations. These equations need not be linear or separable. ...
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This chapter provides methods for estimating a variety of retrospective measures of causal effects in systems of dynamic structural equations. These equations need not be linear or separable. Structural identification of effects of interest is ensured by certain conditional exogeneity conditions, an extension of the notion of strict exogeneity. The covariates ensuring conditional exogeneity can contain not only lags but also leads of suitable proxies for unobservables. The chapter focuses on covariate-conditioned average and quantile effects, together with counterfactual objects that are associated with these, such as point bands and path bands. The latter are useful for constructing confidence intervals and testing hypotheses. The chapter shows how these objects can be estimated using state-space methods, and illustrates with a study of the impact of crude oil prices on gasoline prices.Less
This chapter provides methods for estimating a variety of retrospective measures of causal effects in systems of dynamic structural equations. These equations need not be linear or separable. Structural identification of effects of interest is ensured by certain conditional exogeneity conditions, an extension of the notion of strict exogeneity. The covariates ensuring conditional exogeneity can contain not only lags but also leads of suitable proxies for unobservables. The chapter focuses on covariate-conditioned average and quantile effects, together with counterfactual objects that are associated with these, such as point bands and path bands. The latter are useful for constructing confidence intervals and testing hypotheses. The chapter shows how these objects can be estimated using state-space methods, and illustrates with a study of the impact of crude oil prices on gasoline prices.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
Matthew T. Huber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816677849
- eISBN:
- 9781452947402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816677849.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
If our oil addiction is so bad for us, why don’t we kick the habit? Looking beyond the usual culprits—Big Oil, petro states, and the strategists of empire—this book finds a deeper and more complex ...
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If our oil addiction is so bad for us, why don’t we kick the habit? Looking beyond the usual culprits—Big Oil, petro states, and the strategists of empire—this book finds a deeper and more complex explanation in everyday practices of oil consumption in American culture. Those practices, the text suggests, have in fact been instrumental in shaping the broader cultural politics of American capitalism. How did gasoline and countless other petroleum products become so central to our notions of the American way of life? The book traces the answer from the 1930s through the oil shocks of the 1970s to our present predicament, revealing that oil’s role in defining popular culture extends far beyond material connections between oil, suburbia, and automobility. It shows how oil powered a cultural politics of entrepreneurial life—the very American idea that life itself is a product of individual entrepreneurial capacities. In so doing the author uses oil to retell American political history from the triumph of New Deal liberalism to the rise of the New Right, from oil’s celebration as the lifeblood of postwar capitalism to increasing anxieties over oil addiction. The book rethinks debates surrounding energy and capitalism, neoliberalism and nature, and the importance of suburbanization in the rightward shift in American politics. Today, the text tells us, as crises attributable to oil intensify, a populist clamoring for cheap energy has less to do with American excess than with the eroding conditions of life under neoliberalism.Less
If our oil addiction is so bad for us, why don’t we kick the habit? Looking beyond the usual culprits—Big Oil, petro states, and the strategists of empire—this book finds a deeper and more complex explanation in everyday practices of oil consumption in American culture. Those practices, the text suggests, have in fact been instrumental in shaping the broader cultural politics of American capitalism. How did gasoline and countless other petroleum products become so central to our notions of the American way of life? The book traces the answer from the 1930s through the oil shocks of the 1970s to our present predicament, revealing that oil’s role in defining popular culture extends far beyond material connections between oil, suburbia, and automobility. It shows how oil powered a cultural politics of entrepreneurial life—the very American idea that life itself is a product of individual entrepreneurial capacities. In so doing the author uses oil to retell American political history from the triumph of New Deal liberalism to the rise of the New Right, from oil’s celebration as the lifeblood of postwar capitalism to increasing anxieties over oil addiction. The book rethinks debates surrounding energy and capitalism, neoliberalism and nature, and the importance of suburbanization in the rightward shift in American politics. Today, the text tells us, as crises attributable to oil intensify, a populist clamoring for cheap energy has less to do with American excess than with the eroding conditions of life under neoliberalism.
Paul Sabin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520241985
- eISBN:
- 9780520931145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520241985.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter concentrates on transportation finance. The enormous energy demands of the motor vehicle revolution prompts the central question of this chapter: Why did highways replace mass transit so ...
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This chapter concentrates on transportation finance. The enormous energy demands of the motor vehicle revolution prompts the central question of this chapter: Why did highways replace mass transit so completely and so rapidly in California? California imposed two gasoline taxes and increased motor vehicle registration and license fees in the 1920s. The gasoline tax and motor vehicle fees supported a wide-ranging governmental enterprise that, after education, constituted the largest single expense in the California budget during the late 1920s and the 1930s. The political impact of California's new financing program equaled the financial benefit of eliminating interest on bonds and enabling long-term financial planning. As with railroads in the nineteenth century, government assistance developed the highway network in ways that private capital never would have supported. Federal, state, and local governments directly subsidized highway expansion and granted generous tax exemptions to the “public” roads.Less
This chapter concentrates on transportation finance. The enormous energy demands of the motor vehicle revolution prompts the central question of this chapter: Why did highways replace mass transit so completely and so rapidly in California? California imposed two gasoline taxes and increased motor vehicle registration and license fees in the 1920s. The gasoline tax and motor vehicle fees supported a wide-ranging governmental enterprise that, after education, constituted the largest single expense in the California budget during the late 1920s and the 1930s. The political impact of California's new financing program equaled the financial benefit of eliminating interest on bonds and enabling long-term financial planning. As with railroads in the nineteenth century, government assistance developed the highway network in ways that private capital never would have supported. Federal, state, and local governments directly subsidized highway expansion and granted generous tax exemptions to the “public” roads.
William D. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033341
- eISBN:
- 9780813039022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033341.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
By the end of the nineteenth century, the introduction of internal combustion gasoline engines improved land transportation, particularly in terms of durability, power capacity, efficiency, and ...
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By the end of the nineteenth century, the introduction of internal combustion gasoline engines improved land transportation, particularly in terms of durability, power capacity, efficiency, and reliability. By 1899, gasoline engines were increasingly in wide use on small fishing boats and pleasure crafts. The USLSS took note of this advance as it attempted to create alternate propulsion forms for its larger lifeboats so that transit time to the rescue scene could be reduced, and their response range increased. Foreign lifeboat services have attempted to test various forms of mechanical power such as steam propulsion for lifeboats. The modern era of motor surfboats and lifeboats initiated in September 1899 in Lake Superior in Marquette, Michigan, as Lieutenant McLellan expressed interest in using internal combustion engines.Less
By the end of the nineteenth century, the introduction of internal combustion gasoline engines improved land transportation, particularly in terms of durability, power capacity, efficiency, and reliability. By 1899, gasoline engines were increasingly in wide use on small fishing boats and pleasure crafts. The USLSS took note of this advance as it attempted to create alternate propulsion forms for its larger lifeboats so that transit time to the rescue scene could be reduced, and their response range increased. Foreign lifeboat services have attempted to test various forms of mechanical power such as steam propulsion for lifeboats. The modern era of motor surfboats and lifeboats initiated in September 1899 in Lake Superior in Marquette, Michigan, as Lieutenant McLellan expressed interest in using internal combustion engines.
Yanek Mieczkowski
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813123493
- eISBN:
- 9780813134956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813123493.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the U.S. Congress' drafting of as energy legislation in June 1975. The bill was developed after former President Gerald Ford's angry television performances and actions ...
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This chapter examines the U.S. Congress' drafting of as energy legislation in June 1975. The bill was developed after former President Gerald Ford's angry television performances and actions concerning the Congress' lack of action on the energy crisis. The provisions of the proposed bill included measures to enforce gasoline conservation, a reduction of dependence on foreign oil, and the right turn on red policy.Less
This chapter examines the U.S. Congress' drafting of as energy legislation in June 1975. The bill was developed after former President Gerald Ford's angry television performances and actions concerning the Congress' lack of action on the energy crisis. The provisions of the proposed bill included measures to enforce gasoline conservation, a reduction of dependence on foreign oil, and the right turn on red policy.
Matthew T. Huber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816677849
- eISBN:
- 9781452947402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816677849.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
One particular interpretation concerning the outrage over high gasoline prices is a prevalent cultural sense of entitlement to wasteful energy consumption patterns. This chapter demonstrates how the ...
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One particular interpretation concerning the outrage over high gasoline prices is a prevalent cultural sense of entitlement to wasteful energy consumption patterns. This chapter demonstrates how the pain at the pump discourse argues that such outrage is not plainly caused by American “excess” and “profligacy” but is rather about the increasing economic insecurity and anxiety under neoliberalism. In general, life under neoliberalism is distinguished not by excess but by dissolving wages, mounting debt, longer work hours, and nonexistent job security—the only social context in which the demand for cheap gasoline can be understood. The insecurity of life under neoliberal class rule led to implicit consent for the imperial control of global oil flows.Less
One particular interpretation concerning the outrage over high gasoline prices is a prevalent cultural sense of entitlement to wasteful energy consumption patterns. This chapter demonstrates how the pain at the pump discourse argues that such outrage is not plainly caused by American “excess” and “profligacy” but is rather about the increasing economic insecurity and anxiety under neoliberalism. In general, life under neoliberalism is distinguished not by excess but by dissolving wages, mounting debt, longer work hours, and nonexistent job security—the only social context in which the demand for cheap gasoline can be understood. The insecurity of life under neoliberal class rule led to implicit consent for the imperial control of global oil flows.
Robert C. Harvey
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781628461428
- eISBN:
- 9781626740778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461428.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
This chapter examines the longevity of comic strips. The oldest known American comic strip that is still being published, and not in reruns, is the The Katzenjammer Kids, which started on December ...
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This chapter examines the longevity of comic strips. The oldest known American comic strip that is still being published, and not in reruns, is the The Katzenjammer Kids, which started on December 12, 1897. Incidentally, two of the oldest strips are continued by the same cartoonist: Hy Eisman produces both Popeye and The Katzenjammer Kids. Although The Katzenjammer Kids at 116 in December 2013 is the longest-running American comic strip still being published, it appears only once a week—on Sundays. Others were published seven days a week; Gasoline Alley is the oldest of these, turning ninety-five in November 2013. The longevity of comic strips depends upon the public pulse. Newspaper editors are conscious of changing times and public tastes, and are always on the lookout for new strips that will keep their comics pages “contemporary.”Less
This chapter examines the longevity of comic strips. The oldest known American comic strip that is still being published, and not in reruns, is the The Katzenjammer Kids, which started on December 12, 1897. Incidentally, two of the oldest strips are continued by the same cartoonist: Hy Eisman produces both Popeye and The Katzenjammer Kids. Although The Katzenjammer Kids at 116 in December 2013 is the longest-running American comic strip still being published, it appears only once a week—on Sundays. Others were published seven days a week; Gasoline Alley is the oldest of these, turning ninety-five in November 2013. The longevity of comic strips depends upon the public pulse. Newspaper editors are conscious of changing times and public tastes, and are always on the lookout for new strips that will keep their comics pages “contemporary.”
Peter D. Norton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262141000
- eISBN:
- 9780262280754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262141000.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter explores the decline of the use of the public utility model for traffic with respect to the “floor space” problem. Street railways added to discontent over traffic problems. By the time ...
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This chapter explores the decline of the use of the public utility model for traffic with respect to the “floor space” problem. Street railways added to discontent over traffic problems. By the time Herbert Hoover became U.S. Secretary of Commerce, attraction to a new model known as “associationism” was gaining ground. This model mobilized private interests and gave them a direct role in solving social problems. As a result, the National Chamber and Commerce Department opted to work together in solving the problem of big business, taking into account the problem of traffic. A number of experts gathered at the Hoover Conference and sought to come up with new means to improve traffic rather than traffic surveys or other similar investigations on street conditions. Other measures that were taken include a gasoline tax and parking meters, which eventually led to the free-market model of city traffic.Less
This chapter explores the decline of the use of the public utility model for traffic with respect to the “floor space” problem. Street railways added to discontent over traffic problems. By the time Herbert Hoover became U.S. Secretary of Commerce, attraction to a new model known as “associationism” was gaining ground. This model mobilized private interests and gave them a direct role in solving social problems. As a result, the National Chamber and Commerce Department opted to work together in solving the problem of big business, taking into account the problem of traffic. A number of experts gathered at the Hoover Conference and sought to come up with new means to improve traffic rather than traffic surveys or other similar investigations on street conditions. Other measures that were taken include a gasoline tax and parking meters, which eventually led to the free-market model of city traffic.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and ...
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This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and includes a particular focus on diesel and particulates. It identifies the research and action that has been undertaken in all three places, how they differ and how they overlap, and the policy agendas and initiatives to eliminate, reduce or control air pollution that have been developed. It also explores cross-border pollution issues, particularly between the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, and how policy changes in one place (e.g., Los Angeles) have influenced the other places (e.g., Hong Kong and China). It also identifies where policy changes have been successful and where they remain incomplete or poorly implemented.Less
This chapter analyzes the history and current state of air pollution in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes the health and environmental impacts from various pollution sources, and includes a particular focus on diesel and particulates. It identifies the research and action that has been undertaken in all three places, how they differ and how they overlap, and the policy agendas and initiatives to eliminate, reduce or control air pollution that have been developed. It also explores cross-border pollution issues, particularly between the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, and how policy changes in one place (e.g., Los Angeles) have influenced the other places (e.g., Hong Kong and China). It also identifies where policy changes have been successful and where they remain incomplete or poorly implemented.
Francesco Nicolli and Francesco Vona
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029247
- eISBN:
- 9780262329736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029247.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This paper analyzes empirical economic and political determinants of gasoline and diesel pricing for about 200 countries over the period 1991-2010. A range of political and economic variables are ...
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This paper analyzes empirical economic and political determinants of gasoline and diesel pricing for about 200 countries over the period 1991-2010. A range of political and economic variables are found to systematically influence fuel prices, and in ways that differ with countries’ per-capita income levels. Fuel prices are set lower by more corrupt, and more centralized, governments; and higher in countries with direct presidential elections, and with plurality voting systems, than with parliamentarian systems and proportional representation. Higher GDP per capita levels lead to higher fuel prices, while export income from selling fossil fuels reduces fuel prices dramatically. Higher motor fuel consumption also appears to reduce fuel prices, most for gasoline. “Pass-through” of crude oil price changes to fuel prices is found to be high on average.Less
This paper analyzes empirical economic and political determinants of gasoline and diesel pricing for about 200 countries over the period 1991-2010. A range of political and economic variables are found to systematically influence fuel prices, and in ways that differ with countries’ per-capita income levels. Fuel prices are set lower by more corrupt, and more centralized, governments; and higher in countries with direct presidential elections, and with plurality voting systems, than with parliamentarian systems and proportional representation. Higher GDP per capita levels lead to higher fuel prices, while export income from selling fossil fuels reduces fuel prices dramatically. Higher motor fuel consumption also appears to reduce fuel prices, most for gasoline. “Pass-through” of crude oil price changes to fuel prices is found to be high on average.
Peter Dauvergne
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034951
- eISBN:
- 9780262336222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter brings to light the risks – and at times grave costs – for human health and ecosystems of companies introducing new technologies and products to compete for profits and markets. New ...
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This chapter brings to light the risks – and at times grave costs – for human health and ecosystems of companies introducing new technologies and products to compete for profits and markets. New technologies and products can cast dark ecological shadows onto distant ecosystems, poor communities, and future generations. Sometimes these shadows arise from genuine ignorance, as with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) drifting skyward from refrigerators, hairsprays, and air conditioners to deplete the ozone layer. But other times these shadows arise from arrogance and intentional risk-taking, as in the 1920s when Thomas Midgley, Jr., working for General Motors and DuPont, put tetraethyl lead into gasoline. As this chapter shows, corporations have a long history of deploying anti-environmental rhetoric to subvert calls for precautionary measures. Since the mid-2000s, however, the executives of multinational corporations have been avoiding straightforward greenwash, preferring a rhetoric of corporate sustainability and corporate social responsibility. To some extent this eco-business strategy is improving efficiency and reducing waste (on a per product basis), but it is not translating into a stronger precautionary approach for the introduction of new technologies and products.Less
This chapter brings to light the risks – and at times grave costs – for human health and ecosystems of companies introducing new technologies and products to compete for profits and markets. New technologies and products can cast dark ecological shadows onto distant ecosystems, poor communities, and future generations. Sometimes these shadows arise from genuine ignorance, as with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) drifting skyward from refrigerators, hairsprays, and air conditioners to deplete the ozone layer. But other times these shadows arise from arrogance and intentional risk-taking, as in the 1920s when Thomas Midgley, Jr., working for General Motors and DuPont, put tetraethyl lead into gasoline. As this chapter shows, corporations have a long history of deploying anti-environmental rhetoric to subvert calls for precautionary measures. Since the mid-2000s, however, the executives of multinational corporations have been avoiding straightforward greenwash, preferring a rhetoric of corporate sustainability and corporate social responsibility. To some extent this eco-business strategy is improving efficiency and reducing waste (on a per product basis), but it is not translating into a stronger precautionary approach for the introduction of new technologies and products.
Philippe Grandjean
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199985388
- eISBN:
- 9780199346233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199985388.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Lead is the chemical with the best documentation of health hazards. However, lead poisoning was first thought of as a potentially life-threatening disease, which, in survivors, left no trace at all. ...
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Lead is the chemical with the best documentation of health hazards. However, lead poisoning was first thought of as a potentially life-threatening disease, which, in survivors, left no trace at all. Supported by industrial interests, many doctors and researchers ignored signs of brain damage and helped minimizing the perception of lead toxicity. The use of lead-containing gasoline additives (tetraethyllead) was at first greeted as the “gift from God” that prevented the knocking of automobile engines. It took several decades to recognize the health and safety risks. By now, we have documented lead toxicity even at exposures that were long thought to be safe. The chemical brain drain is therefore continuous and becomes more serious at higher exposures. Seemingly low levels of exposure may therefore not be safe.Less
Lead is the chemical with the best documentation of health hazards. However, lead poisoning was first thought of as a potentially life-threatening disease, which, in survivors, left no trace at all. Supported by industrial interests, many doctors and researchers ignored signs of brain damage and helped minimizing the perception of lead toxicity. The use of lead-containing gasoline additives (tetraethyllead) was at first greeted as the “gift from God” that prevented the knocking of automobile engines. It took several decades to recognize the health and safety risks. By now, we have documented lead toxicity even at exposures that were long thought to be safe. The chemical brain drain is therefore continuous and becomes more serious at higher exposures. Seemingly low levels of exposure may therefore not be safe.
Robert L. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176628
- eISBN:
- 9780813176659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176628.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Deciding who was entitled to keep materials captured from the Germans proved to be a sore issue between the French and the Americans that was not resolved until the Americans’ departure rendered the ...
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Deciding who was entitled to keep materials captured from the Germans proved to be a sore issue between the French and the Americans that was not resolved until the Americans’ departure rendered the question moot. Both sides were interested in keeping war booty and American supplies out of French black markets. Cigarettes and gasoline vanished into these black markets in alarming quantities. However, the profits to be made by dishonest GIs, French civilians, and government officials proved too alluring, and it was impossible to stamp out illicit sales. Well-meaning GIs who gave away army property as small gifts ensnared many unsuspecting French civilians in police sweeps.Less
Deciding who was entitled to keep materials captured from the Germans proved to be a sore issue between the French and the Americans that was not resolved until the Americans’ departure rendered the question moot. Both sides were interested in keeping war booty and American supplies out of French black markets. Cigarettes and gasoline vanished into these black markets in alarming quantities. However, the profits to be made by dishonest GIs, French civilians, and government officials proved too alluring, and it was impossible to stamp out illicit sales. Well-meaning GIs who gave away army property as small gifts ensnared many unsuspecting French civilians in police sweeps.
Daniel Renfrew
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520295469
- eISBN:
- 9780520968240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520295469.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines debates surrounding lead contamination and the Uruguayan state petroleum enterprise ANCAP. Through ANCAP, the politics of contamination (political ecology) became embroiled with ...
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This chapter examines debates surrounding lead contamination and the Uruguayan state petroleum enterprise ANCAP. Through ANCAP, the politics of contamination (political ecology) became embroiled with the politics of privatization (political economy), bringing together concerns over the health of citizen bodies and the health of the state. In these overlapping debates, the ANCAP directorship and the state oil-workers union, FANCAP, presented contrasting visions regarding the role and character of both the public enterprise and the modern state in neoliberal times. The chapter traces the roots of organized labor’s militant and radical history of defending the “means of state production,” including its heroic resistance against the dictatorship. It examines the union’s double bind in denouncing the enterprise’s role in contamination through leaded-gasoline production while defending it from privatization.Less
This chapter examines debates surrounding lead contamination and the Uruguayan state petroleum enterprise ANCAP. Through ANCAP, the politics of contamination (political ecology) became embroiled with the politics of privatization (political economy), bringing together concerns over the health of citizen bodies and the health of the state. In these overlapping debates, the ANCAP directorship and the state oil-workers union, FANCAP, presented contrasting visions regarding the role and character of both the public enterprise and the modern state in neoliberal times. The chapter traces the roots of organized labor’s militant and radical history of defending the “means of state production,” including its heroic resistance against the dictatorship. It examines the union’s double bind in denouncing the enterprise’s role in contamination through leaded-gasoline production while defending it from privatization.
Sarah Frohardt-Lane
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816689682
- eISBN:
- 9781452949314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816689682.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
This chapter examines automobile culture in the United States during World War II, with particular emphasis on the Office of War Information’s propaganda that implored Americans to alter their ...
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This chapter examines automobile culture in the United States during World War II, with particular emphasis on the Office of War Information’s propaganda that implored Americans to alter their driving habits. It first considers the rubber scarcity that prompted the federal government to ration rubber and gasoline before turning to the government propaganda and advertising that portrayed driving as essential to Americans while simultaneously denigrating public transportation, walking, and other alternative modes of transportation. It shows that the propaganda strengthened Americans’ commitment to private automobile travel by celebrating carpooling as a patriotic act, for example. It also looks at how residents of Detroit, Michigan, resisted the imposition of gasoline rationing and asserted their need to drive in spite of the war.Less
This chapter examines automobile culture in the United States during World War II, with particular emphasis on the Office of War Information’s propaganda that implored Americans to alter their driving habits. It first considers the rubber scarcity that prompted the federal government to ration rubber and gasoline before turning to the government propaganda and advertising that portrayed driving as essential to Americans while simultaneously denigrating public transportation, walking, and other alternative modes of transportation. It shows that the propaganda strengthened Americans’ commitment to private automobile travel by celebrating carpooling as a patriotic act, for example. It also looks at how residents of Detroit, Michigan, resisted the imposition of gasoline rationing and asserted their need to drive in spite of the war.
Peter Rez
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198802297
- eISBN:
- 9780191840708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
Transportation efficiency can be measured in terms of the energy needed to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance. For passengers, journey time is important, so an equally useful ...
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Transportation efficiency can be measured in terms of the energy needed to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance. For passengers, journey time is important, so an equally useful measure is the product of the energy used and the time taken for the journey. Transportation requires storage of energy. Rechargeable systems such as batteries have very low energy densities as compared to fossil fuels. The highest energy densities come from nuclear fuels, although, because of shielding requirements, these are not practical for most forms of transportation. Liquid hydrocarbons represent a nice compromise between high energy density and ease of use.Less
Transportation efficiency can be measured in terms of the energy needed to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance. For passengers, journey time is important, so an equally useful measure is the product of the energy used and the time taken for the journey. Transportation requires storage of energy. Rechargeable systems such as batteries have very low energy densities as compared to fossil fuels. The highest energy densities come from nuclear fuels, although, because of shielding requirements, these are not practical for most forms of transportation. Liquid hydrocarbons represent a nice compromise between high energy density and ease of use.
