Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal ...
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Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal mining, oil and gas extraction, and in key manufacturing sectors such as car making benefited not only from ingenious robotization, but also from new methods of organization and flexible production. Agriculture also became much less labor intensive thanks to new high energy subsidies for machines and agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides).Less
Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal mining, oil and gas extraction, and in key manufacturing sectors such as car making benefited not only from ingenious robotization, but also from new methods of organization and flexible production. Agriculture also became much less labor intensive thanks to new high energy subsidies for machines and agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides).
Adelyn Hall and Carla Chifos
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501760983
- eISBN:
- 9781501761003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501760983.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter reflects on the resource curse and the boom-bust consequences familiar in the rural United States. It presents a case study of Bradford County in Pennsylvania's northern tier, which lies ...
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This chapter reflects on the resource curse and the boom-bust consequences familiar in the rural United States. It presents a case study of Bradford County in Pennsylvania's northern tier, which lies above part of the Marcellus Shale. As largely agricultural Bradford County transforms rapidly with natural gas extraction, boomtown models are compared, with the Bradford County current shale gas boom following along lines of previous energy boomtowns. The new energy development in Bradford County and its communities follows models developed over decades by researchers and planners studying boom and bust trends and development. But in contrast to more typical scenarios, Bradford County responded with new focuses on human capital investments, new partnerships with higher education institutions, and other capacity-building initiatives for local officials and community stakeholders to shift the power balance to community development rather than reactive responses.Less
This chapter reflects on the resource curse and the boom-bust consequences familiar in the rural United States. It presents a case study of Bradford County in Pennsylvania's northern tier, which lies above part of the Marcellus Shale. As largely agricultural Bradford County transforms rapidly with natural gas extraction, boomtown models are compared, with the Bradford County current shale gas boom following along lines of previous energy boomtowns. The new energy development in Bradford County and its communities follows models developed over decades by researchers and planners studying boom and bust trends and development. But in contrast to more typical scenarios, Bradford County responded with new focuses on human capital investments, new partnerships with higher education institutions, and other capacity-building initiatives for local officials and community stakeholders to shift the power balance to community development rather than reactive responses.
Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501760983
- eISBN:
- 9781501761003
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501760983.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This book traces the response of local communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and their landmen, it shows that ...
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This book traces the response of local communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and their landmen, it shows that communities have adapted their local rules and regulations to meet the novel challenges accompanying unconventional gas extraction through fracking. The multidisciplinary perspectives of the book's chapters tie together insights from planners, legal scholars, political scientists, and economists. What emerges is a more nuanced perspective of shale gas development and its impacts on municipalities and residents. Unlike many political debates that cast fracking in black-and-white terms, this book embraces the complexity of local responses to fracking. States adapted legal institutions to meet the new challenges posed by this energy extraction process while under-resourced municipal officials and local planning offices found creative ways to alleviate pressure on local infrastructure and reduce harmful effects of fracking on the environment. The book tells a story of community resilience with the rise and decline of shale gas production.Less
This book traces the response of local communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and their landmen, it shows that communities have adapted their local rules and regulations to meet the novel challenges accompanying unconventional gas extraction through fracking. The multidisciplinary perspectives of the book's chapters tie together insights from planners, legal scholars, political scientists, and economists. What emerges is a more nuanced perspective of shale gas development and its impacts on municipalities and residents. Unlike many political debates that cast fracking in black-and-white terms, this book embraces the complexity of local responses to fracking. States adapted legal institutions to meet the new challenges posed by this energy extraction process while under-resourced municipal officials and local planning offices found creative ways to alleviate pressure on local infrastructure and reduce harmful effects of fracking on the environment. The book tells a story of community resilience with the rise and decline of shale gas production.
Frederick Tannery and Larry McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501760983
- eISBN:
- 9781501761003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501760983.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter assesses the impact of gas production in regions in which gas is concentrated. This study only considers Pennsylvania counties. Exploiting the differences in gas production to estimate ...
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This chapter assesses the impact of gas production in regions in which gas is concentrated. This study only considers Pennsylvania counties. Exploiting the differences in gas production to estimate how the extraction of gas affects local employment and earnings, the chapter compares the outcomes in counties that have large quantities of gas with others that have little or no gas. Estimates of the effect of gas production on local employment and wages have important effects on local policy makers, who must decide on how to incentivize the production along with taxing production to compensate for the negative externalities of possible environmental damage and highway damage caused by heavy trucks transporting wastewater. Measuring the effect of shale gas production requires constructing a suitable comparison group that is similar to counties with gas production.Less
This chapter assesses the impact of gas production in regions in which gas is concentrated. This study only considers Pennsylvania counties. Exploiting the differences in gas production to estimate how the extraction of gas affects local employment and earnings, the chapter compares the outcomes in counties that have large quantities of gas with others that have little or no gas. Estimates of the effect of gas production on local employment and wages have important effects on local policy makers, who must decide on how to incentivize the production along with taxing production to compensate for the negative externalities of possible environmental damage and highway damage caused by heavy trucks transporting wastewater. Measuring the effect of shale gas production requires constructing a suitable comparison group that is similar to counties with gas production.
