David M. Kreps
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283812
- eISBN:
- 9780191596568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283814.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The weaknesses of game theory for purposes of economic modelling are discussed: the theory requires that protocols for interaction are precise (whereas in the real world they are often ambiguous). ...
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The weaknesses of game theory for purposes of economic modelling are discussed: the theory requires that protocols for interaction are precise (whereas in the real world they are often ambiguous). The theory often provides many equilibria and no way to choose among them. Despite work on so‐called refinements of equilibrium, the theory fails to help us understand how individuals react to counter‐theoreticals in dynamic interactions. Equilibria are often very delicate, depending on states of nature that have very small probability a priori. The theory fails to explain how the rules of a particular game got to be what they are.Less
The weaknesses of game theory for purposes of economic modelling are discussed: the theory requires that protocols for interaction are precise (whereas in the real world they are often ambiguous). The theory often provides many equilibria and no way to choose among them. Despite work on so‐called refinements of equilibrium, the theory fails to help us understand how individuals react to counter‐theoreticals in dynamic interactions. Equilibria are often very delicate, depending on states of nature that have very small probability a priori. The theory fails to explain how the rules of a particular game got to be what they are.
Miguel Sicart
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012652
- eISBN:
- 9780262255134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012652.003.0002
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Game Studies
This chapter focuses on the ontology of games as designed objects, using design theory and game research as the main theoretical backgrounds. It explores the relations between game rules and ...
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This chapter focuses on the ontology of games as designed objects, using design theory and game research as the main theoretical backgrounds. It explores the relations between game rules and fictional worlds. It argues that the ethics of computer games as objects have to be localized in the game system, and that the fictional world—the audiovisual element—while important, is secondary to the ethics of a computer game.Less
This chapter focuses on the ontology of games as designed objects, using design theory and game research as the main theoretical backgrounds. It explores the relations between game rules and fictional worlds. It argues that the ethics of computer games as objects have to be localized in the game system, and that the fictional world—the audiovisual element—while important, is secondary to the ethics of a computer game.
Marc Flandreau
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257867
- eISBN:
- 9780191601279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257868.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Chapter 5 studies the rules of bimetallic game. It discusses the constraints and opportunities of bimetallic regimes for monetary authorities. It shows that, contrary to a widespread view, a ...
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Chapter 5 studies the rules of bimetallic game. It discusses the constraints and opportunities of bimetallic regimes for monetary authorities. It shows that, contrary to a widespread view, a bimetallic system does not provide fundamentally different opportunities than a monometallic one, and thus places fairly tight constraints upon monetary authorities. In fact, it is during the years of bimetallism that a high degree of European monetary integration was first achieved.Less
Chapter 5 studies the rules of bimetallic game. It discusses the constraints and opportunities of bimetallic regimes for monetary authorities. It shows that, contrary to a widespread view, a bimetallic system does not provide fundamentally different opportunities than a monometallic one, and thus places fairly tight constraints upon monetary authorities. In fact, it is during the years of bimetallism that a high degree of European monetary integration was first achieved.
Colin Thain and Maurice Wright
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198277842
- eISBN:
- 9780191684203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198277842.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
The Treasury and the spending departments have a dynamic relationship and this is explored in this chapter as it looks into the concepts of policy community and policy network that can be used to ...
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The Treasury and the spending departments have a dynamic relationship and this is explored in this chapter as it looks into the concepts of policy community and policy network that can be used to identify and characterize the principal players and their roles, and to explain the behavioural and policy ‘rules of the game’ regulating the relationships of spending departments and Treasury. Exchange of information is crucial and the communication channels to which decisions between officials are conveyed are examined. This is important especially in determining the robustness of a department's financial management and the reliability and quality of people running the organization. Credibility is established through information delivered in a two-way process in which Expenditure Controllers must be able to bring what is promised on a proposal and equally the Finance Division or Policy Division must also be reliable.Less
The Treasury and the spending departments have a dynamic relationship and this is explored in this chapter as it looks into the concepts of policy community and policy network that can be used to identify and characterize the principal players and their roles, and to explain the behavioural and policy ‘rules of the game’ regulating the relationships of spending departments and Treasury. Exchange of information is crucial and the communication channels to which decisions between officials are conveyed are examined. This is important especially in determining the robustness of a department's financial management and the reliability and quality of people running the organization. Credibility is established through information delivered in a two-way process in which Expenditure Controllers must be able to bring what is promised on a proposal and equally the Finance Division or Policy Division must also be reliable.
Maurice Wright
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250530
- eISBN:
- 9780191697937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250530.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the rules-of-the-game that governed the Japanese Ministry of Finance's (MOF) relationships with the Spending Ministries and Agencies, and what norms of behaviour guided Budget ...
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This chapter examines the rules-of-the-game that governed the Japanese Ministry of Finance's (MOF) relationships with the Spending Ministries and Agencies, and what norms of behaviour guided Budget Bureau officials in their interactions with opposite numbers. First, there were the general bureaucratic norms or universal principles that guided bureaucratic conduct, embedded historically in the institution of bureaucracy. Second, within the general contours described by such norms were those that distinguished the behaviour of MOF officials from those in other ministries and agencies, the distinctive habits and customs of work, and standard operating procedures. Third, within the contours of those ministry norms, and the more universal bureaucratic ones, were the specific norms of behaviour, which guided and regulated the conduct of officials in the Budget Bureau compared with their colleagues in, say, the Tax Bureau or (until 1998) the Banking Bureau and Securities Bureau.Less
This chapter examines the rules-of-the-game that governed the Japanese Ministry of Finance's (MOF) relationships with the Spending Ministries and Agencies, and what norms of behaviour guided Budget Bureau officials in their interactions with opposite numbers. First, there were the general bureaucratic norms or universal principles that guided bureaucratic conduct, embedded historically in the institution of bureaucracy. Second, within the general contours described by such norms were those that distinguished the behaviour of MOF officials from those in other ministries and agencies, the distinctive habits and customs of work, and standard operating procedures. Third, within the contours of those ministry norms, and the more universal bureaucratic ones, were the specific norms of behaviour, which guided and regulated the conduct of officials in the Budget Bureau compared with their colleagues in, say, the Tax Bureau or (until 1998) the Banking Bureau and Securities Bureau.
Christine E. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300208481
- eISBN:
- 9780300208962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300208481.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter examines the problem of authority in Soviet television game shows by focusing on KVN [Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, Club of the Merry and Resourceful]. Created in 1961 by Central ...
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This chapter examines the problem of authority in Soviet television game shows by focusing on KVN [Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, Club of the Merry and Resourceful]. Created in 1961 by Central Television's Youth Programming Desk, KVN featured teams of student youths competing in contests of humor, wit, and improvisation. The show's jury was modeled on the Communist Party's highest collective authority, the Politburo, but its competitive format was modeled on spectator sport, soccer in particular. This disconnect between how the game was played and how it was judged generated extreme dissatisfaction among viewers. This chapter explores how, from the end of the 1960s onward, KVN and the spirited public discussions it spawned laid the groundwork for the flourishing of the television game show as an experimental genre, which put the problems of fairness, rules of the game, and authority to judge at center stage. It also discusses another Central Television game show, Let's Go, Girls!, which located consumption within the larger context of Cold War youth identities.Less
This chapter examines the problem of authority in Soviet television game shows by focusing on KVN [Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, Club of the Merry and Resourceful]. Created in 1961 by Central Television's Youth Programming Desk, KVN featured teams of student youths competing in contests of humor, wit, and improvisation. The show's jury was modeled on the Communist Party's highest collective authority, the Politburo, but its competitive format was modeled on spectator sport, soccer in particular. This disconnect between how the game was played and how it was judged generated extreme dissatisfaction among viewers. This chapter explores how, from the end of the 1960s onward, KVN and the spirited public discussions it spawned laid the groundwork for the flourishing of the television game show as an experimental genre, which put the problems of fairness, rules of the game, and authority to judge at center stage. It also discusses another Central Television game show, Let's Go, Girls!, which located consumption within the larger context of Cold War youth identities.
Raghuram Rajan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034623
- eISBN:
- 9780262333450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034623.003.0027
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The chapter argues that concerns with low growth in advanced economies, the “growth imperative,” is pushing central banks toward competitive monetary easing, through unconventional monetary policies ...
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The chapter argues that concerns with low growth in advanced economies, the “growth imperative,” is pushing central banks toward competitive monetary easing, through unconventional monetary policies (UMP). These policies are shifting demand away from other countries and are creating financial sector risks. The chapter calls for multilateral institutions such as the IMF to reexamine the rules of the game; in particular the IMF should analyze each new UMP and assess whether they work primarily through the exchange rate.Less
The chapter argues that concerns with low growth in advanced economies, the “growth imperative,” is pushing central banks toward competitive monetary easing, through unconventional monetary policies (UMP). These policies are shifting demand away from other countries and are creating financial sector risks. The chapter calls for multilateral institutions such as the IMF to reexamine the rules of the game; in particular the IMF should analyze each new UMP and assess whether they work primarily through the exchange rate.
Andrew W. Neal
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474450928
- eISBN:
- 9781474465342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450928.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Drawing on research interviews with politicians, including three former cabinet ministers and a former member of the UK Intelligence and Security Committee, this chapter describes the historical ...
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Drawing on research interviews with politicians, including three former cabinet ministers and a former member of the UK Intelligence and Security Committee, this chapter describes the historical ‘rules of the game’ of security politics and how they are being challenged. It explores two angles: the problematisations expressed by politicians themselves, and a broader analysis of the structured power relationships in which they are enmeshed. It examines what happens within the ‘arena’ of ‘normal politics’ as it relates to security and why: certain formal and informal ‘rules’, conventions, norms, and power structures have worked to reproduce the institutional and symbolic dominance of the state and marginalised most actors in the political arena. Using concepts from Pierre Bourdieu, it analyses how non-government politicians have helped to reproduce their own marginalisation through practices of deference and self-exclusion. The final part argues that the old ‘rules’ and conventions of security politics have not entirely disappeared but are changing. It discusses how parliamentary debates on Iraqi WMD in 2003 and military intervention in Syria in 2013 show that non-government politicians are increasingly questioning, resisting, and rejecting the old conventions of security, such as deference to the executive on intelligence assessments.Less
Drawing on research interviews with politicians, including three former cabinet ministers and a former member of the UK Intelligence and Security Committee, this chapter describes the historical ‘rules of the game’ of security politics and how they are being challenged. It explores two angles: the problematisations expressed by politicians themselves, and a broader analysis of the structured power relationships in which they are enmeshed. It examines what happens within the ‘arena’ of ‘normal politics’ as it relates to security and why: certain formal and informal ‘rules’, conventions, norms, and power structures have worked to reproduce the institutional and symbolic dominance of the state and marginalised most actors in the political arena. Using concepts from Pierre Bourdieu, it analyses how non-government politicians have helped to reproduce their own marginalisation through practices of deference and self-exclusion. The final part argues that the old ‘rules’ and conventions of security politics have not entirely disappeared but are changing. It discusses how parliamentary debates on Iraqi WMD in 2003 and military intervention in Syria in 2013 show that non-government politicians are increasingly questioning, resisting, and rejecting the old conventions of security, such as deference to the executive on intelligence assessments.
Giorgio Biancorosso
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780195374711
- eISBN:
- 9780190493202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374711.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
The third chapter examines the use of radio broadcasts in Renoir’s The Rules of the Game (1939), Antonioni’s The Eclipse (1962), and Kurosawa’s High and Low (1963). While the radio is buried deep ...
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The third chapter examines the use of radio broadcasts in Renoir’s The Rules of the Game (1939), Antonioni’s The Eclipse (1962), and Kurosawa’s High and Low (1963). While the radio is buried deep into the setting and the characters ostensibly ignore its presence, attention is drawn to it by way of a striking choice of repertoire, a musical recurrence, or directorial sleight of hand. The way in which the radio is woven into the narrative entails a range of responses at the extremes of which stand, for the spectator, two starkly opposed scenarios: either one ignores the music altogether or the broadcast takes center stage not just as an element of the setting but as a deliberate intervention brimming with allegorical power. Like an anamorphic spot in a painting, the radio broadcasts afford two simultaneous yet mutually exclusive perspectives, and their significance resides precisely in that exclusiveness.Less
The third chapter examines the use of radio broadcasts in Renoir’s The Rules of the Game (1939), Antonioni’s The Eclipse (1962), and Kurosawa’s High and Low (1963). While the radio is buried deep into the setting and the characters ostensibly ignore its presence, attention is drawn to it by way of a striking choice of repertoire, a musical recurrence, or directorial sleight of hand. The way in which the radio is woven into the narrative entails a range of responses at the extremes of which stand, for the spectator, two starkly opposed scenarios: either one ignores the music altogether or the broadcast takes center stage not just as an element of the setting but as a deliberate intervention brimming with allegorical power. Like an anamorphic spot in a painting, the radio broadcasts afford two simultaneous yet mutually exclusive perspectives, and their significance resides precisely in that exclusiveness.
