Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the ...
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The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the United States, as well as in a global context within the context of three aims: (1) To understand and describe the nature and extent to which a particular problem occurs; (2) To understand the etiology or potential factors associated with the occurrence of a particular problem; (3) To evaluate programs or interventions designed to ameliorate or eliminate a problem. For each of these three aims, applications of different research methods with various population groups are discussed with considerable detail. The work presented falls into different sides of the emic–etic continuum, with some studies taking a more emic perspective (i.e., Chapter 2, a mixed methods study with American Indian populations), others presenting more of an etic approach (i.e., Chapter 3, a multicountry study of drug use in Central America), and yet others presenting an emic–etic distinction that is less salient (i.e., Chapters 4–6, a longitudinal studies of ecological factors and drug use in Santiago, Chile; a longitudinal study of ecological factors and PTSD in the City of Detroit; and a randomized clinical trial and community-based participatory research project both also conducted in Detroit). Two central themes that guided this work are that culture is not static, rather it is fluid and changing, and that cross-cultural researchers should avoid making sweeping generalizations that risk taking on essentialist characteristics. The book concludes with a call for anyone conducting cross-cultural research to include an intersectionality lens, one that encompasses a broader range of multiple identities, into their work.Less
The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the United States, as well as in a global context within the context of three aims: (1) To understand and describe the nature and extent to which a particular problem occurs; (2) To understand the etiology or potential factors associated with the occurrence of a particular problem; (3) To evaluate programs or interventions designed to ameliorate or eliminate a problem. For each of these three aims, applications of different research methods with various population groups are discussed with considerable detail. The work presented falls into different sides of the emic–etic continuum, with some studies taking a more emic perspective (i.e., Chapter 2, a mixed methods study with American Indian populations), others presenting more of an etic approach (i.e., Chapter 3, a multicountry study of drug use in Central America), and yet others presenting an emic–etic distinction that is less salient (i.e., Chapters 4–6, a longitudinal studies of ecological factors and drug use in Santiago, Chile; a longitudinal study of ecological factors and PTSD in the City of Detroit; and a randomized clinical trial and community-based participatory research project both also conducted in Detroit). Two central themes that guided this work are that culture is not static, rather it is fluid and changing, and that cross-cultural researchers should avoid making sweeping generalizations that risk taking on essentialist characteristics. The book concludes with a call for anyone conducting cross-cultural research to include an intersectionality lens, one that encompasses a broader range of multiple identities, into their work.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set ...
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This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set of gambles is constant, Ss' choices among those gambles have commonly been interpreted to reflect probability and variance preferences. Experiment I showed that earlier probability preference findings are replicable in a quite different (casino) setting with substantial stakes. However, the effect of variance was more related to the range of variance offered to Ss than to absolute levels of variance. Experiment II extended this latter result, producing systematic changes in choice tendencies by manipulating the embedding range of variance within which choices were made. The implication is that the desirability of a gamble is not solely dependent upon the characteristics of that gamble alone.Less
This chapter presents a research project initiated in the Four Queens Casino in Las Vegas in order to study gambling decisions where stakes are real and substantial. When the expected value of a set of gambles is constant, Ss' choices among those gambles have commonly been interpreted to reflect probability and variance preferences. Experiment I showed that earlier probability preference findings are replicable in a quite different (casino) setting with substantial stakes. However, the effect of variance was more related to the range of variance offered to Ss than to absolute levels of variance. Experiment II extended this latter result, producing systematic changes in choice tendencies by manipulating the embedding range of variance within which choices were made. The implication is that the desirability of a gamble is not solely dependent upon the characteristics of that gamble alone.
W.A. Bogart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379877
- eISBN:
- 9780199869060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379877.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter analyzes overarching considerations regarding the regulation of problem gambling. While several aspects are discussed, the public health perspective, “harm minimization”, and the ...
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This chapter analyzes overarching considerations regarding the regulation of problem gambling. While several aspects are discussed, the public health perspective, “harm minimization”, and the precautionary principle and their relevance to normativity are at the core of the analysis. The chapter concludes with a section on the Internet. Cyberspace places severe limits on regulation of gambling, in general, and problem gambling, in particular. Whatever the challenges of addressing problem gambling in the real world, those hurdles become even greater when faced on the Internet.Less
This chapter analyzes overarching considerations regarding the regulation of problem gambling. While several aspects are discussed, the public health perspective, “harm minimization”, and the precautionary principle and their relevance to normativity are at the core of the analysis. The chapter concludes with a section on the Internet. Cyberspace places severe limits on regulation of gambling, in general, and problem gambling, in particular. Whatever the challenges of addressing problem gambling in the real world, those hurdles become even greater when faced on the Internet.
Steven Sloman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183115
- eISBN:
- 9780199870950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183115.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter discusses how we make decisions. Topics covered include the gambling metaphor, Newcomb's paradox, and people's concern about causal structure. It is argued that in general, both ...
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This chapter discusses how we make decisions. Topics covered include the gambling metaphor, Newcomb's paradox, and people's concern about causal structure. It is argued that in general, both normative thinking and naïve thinking about decisions always depend on a causal model of the decision situation. However, that causal model does not always dictate what people decide. Sometimes people make decisions that reflect how they want the world to be, rather than according to their understanding of how the world actually works. This fact about people is itself a causal mechanism governing one way in which people influence their environments. Behaving as one wants the world to be can make it more likely that the world will actually turn out that way.Less
This chapter discusses how we make decisions. Topics covered include the gambling metaphor, Newcomb's paradox, and people's concern about causal structure. It is argued that in general, both normative thinking and naïve thinking about decisions always depend on a causal model of the decision situation. However, that causal model does not always dictate what people decide. Sometimes people make decisions that reflect how they want the world to be, rather than according to their understanding of how the world actually works. This fact about people is itself a causal mechanism governing one way in which people influence their environments. Behaving as one wants the world to be can make it more likely that the world will actually turn out that way.
W. A. Bogart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379877
- eISBN:
- 9780199869060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This book is on problem gambling and its regulation, and situates this analysis in the larger context of regulating excessive consumption. This work analyzes the effectiveness of the law in ...
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This book is on problem gambling and its regulation, and situates this analysis in the larger context of regulating excessive consumption. This work analyzes the effectiveness of the law in controlling excessive consumption. It engages theoretical discussions concerning the effectiveness of legal intervention, especially regarding “normativity”, the relationship between law and norms. It also argues that various forms of over consumption (alcohol, smoking, non-nutritious eating) can be more effectively controlled by altering norms regarding them so that such excesses can be suppressed to a greater extent. Regulatory efforts are aimed not at forbidding consumption but at suppressing excessive aspects. In the case of tobacco, this means zero consumption since there is no safe level of smoking. In contrast, in terms of alcohol, this means encouraging consumption of only moderate amounts. Addictive drugs are, generally, prohibited, and their use is criminalized. But there is a significant measure of public opinion that prohibition does more harm than good; that permit but discourage would produce better results. The battle against obesity, a contested concept, focuses on encouraging eating nutritious foods and being physically active. The book then focuses on one form of consumption that is associated with major social issues: problem gambling. Regulation, to date, has been mostly on ensuring honesty regarding the various games and in promoting revenue enhancement for owners (often governments). However, in the face of the mounting evidence regarding the damage caused by those with impaired control, there are increasing calls for the regulatory frameworks to make “harm minimization” and related concepts a priority. “Harm minimization” brings permit but discourage to the fore in terms of gambling and problem gambling.Less
This book is on problem gambling and its regulation, and situates this analysis in the larger context of regulating excessive consumption. This work analyzes the effectiveness of the law in controlling excessive consumption. It engages theoretical discussions concerning the effectiveness of legal intervention, especially regarding “normativity”, the relationship between law and norms. It also argues that various forms of over consumption (alcohol, smoking, non-nutritious eating) can be more effectively controlled by altering norms regarding them so that such excesses can be suppressed to a greater extent. Regulatory efforts are aimed not at forbidding consumption but at suppressing excessive aspects. In the case of tobacco, this means zero consumption since there is no safe level of smoking. In contrast, in terms of alcohol, this means encouraging consumption of only moderate amounts. Addictive drugs are, generally, prohibited, and their use is criminalized. But there is a significant measure of public opinion that prohibition does more harm than good; that permit but discourage would produce better results. The battle against obesity, a contested concept, focuses on encouraging eating nutritious foods and being physically active. The book then focuses on one form of consumption that is associated with major social issues: problem gambling. Regulation, to date, has been mostly on ensuring honesty regarding the various games and in promoting revenue enhancement for owners (often governments). However, in the face of the mounting evidence regarding the damage caused by those with impaired control, there are increasing calls for the regulatory frameworks to make “harm minimization” and related concepts a priority. “Harm minimization” brings permit but discourage to the fore in terms of gambling and problem gambling.
W.A. Bogart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379877
- eISBN:
- 9780199869060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379877.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter presents some history and some major current characteristics of a rapidly developing gambling industry. It then outlines the contours of problem gambling, and finally returns to a theme ...
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This chapter presents some history and some major current characteristics of a rapidly developing gambling industry. It then outlines the contours of problem gambling, and finally returns to a theme ribboned throughout this book—normativity—and its relevance for the development of and the suppression of gambling by those with impaired control. It begins with a brief survey of attempts to curb gambling in 18th- and 19th-century England. The chapter next turns to Canada as a further illustration of the dramatic shifts in norms in one society that have accompanied drastic changes in regulation of gambling and of how such alterations in norms and regulation can have significant influences on each other. It then takes a more detailed look at the phenomenon that is the focus of attention: problem gambling. The final section analyzes evidence of the relationship between norms and the regulation of gambling and problem gambling. In particular, it explores the historical shift in norms and contemporary attitudes and shows a marked ambivalence toward gambling, and the influence of family and peers.Less
This chapter presents some history and some major current characteristics of a rapidly developing gambling industry. It then outlines the contours of problem gambling, and finally returns to a theme ribboned throughout this book—normativity—and its relevance for the development of and the suppression of gambling by those with impaired control. It begins with a brief survey of attempts to curb gambling in 18th- and 19th-century England. The chapter next turns to Canada as a further illustration of the dramatic shifts in norms in one society that have accompanied drastic changes in regulation of gambling and of how such alterations in norms and regulation can have significant influences on each other. It then takes a more detailed look at the phenomenon that is the focus of attention: problem gambling. The final section analyzes evidence of the relationship between norms and the regulation of gambling and problem gambling. In particular, it explores the historical shift in norms and contemporary attitudes and shows a marked ambivalence toward gambling, and the influence of family and peers.
W.A. Bogart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379877
- eISBN:
- 9780199869060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379877.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter addresses specific interventions available to respond to problem gambling and assesses their potential and their weaknesses, including the exclusion of problem gamblers from gaming ...
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This chapter addresses specific interventions available to respond to problem gambling and assesses their potential and their weaknesses, including the exclusion of problem gamblers from gaming establishments, litigation aimed at wrongful practices that contribute to problem gambling, restrictions on promotion of games of chance, and the licensing of individual gamblers. Throughout the discussion of these various interventions, the emphasis is on their effectiveness taken together: the “mix”. These regulatory strategies need to work in tandem and with shifting norms that draw a sharp distinction between recreational and problem gambling. Strengthened norms can then be a foundation for even bolder interventions to prevent problem gambling.Less
This chapter addresses specific interventions available to respond to problem gambling and assesses their potential and their weaknesses, including the exclusion of problem gamblers from gaming establishments, litigation aimed at wrongful practices that contribute to problem gambling, restrictions on promotion of games of chance, and the licensing of individual gamblers. Throughout the discussion of these various interventions, the emphasis is on their effectiveness taken together: the “mix”. These regulatory strategies need to work in tandem and with shifting norms that draw a sharp distinction between recreational and problem gambling. Strengthened norms can then be a foundation for even bolder interventions to prevent problem gambling.
Charles R. Legg and David Booth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198547877
- eISBN:
- 9780191724275
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198547877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. ...
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This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. The book approaches this by looking at the bases of both normal and abnormal appetites in humans.Less
This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. The book approaches this by looking at the bases of both normal and abnormal appetites in humans.
Pekka Sulkunen, Thomas F. Babor, Jenny Cisneros Ornberg, Michael Egerer, Matilda Hellman, Charles Livingstone, Virve Marionneau, Janne Nikkinen, Jim Orford, Robin Room, and Ingeborg Rossow
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198817321
- eISBN:
- 9780191858840
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198817321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Commercial gambling has developed in the past few decades into a complex enterprise that is at once a recreational activity, a global profit-making industry, and a potentially harmful behavior. New ...
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Commercial gambling has developed in the past few decades into a complex enterprise that is at once a recreational activity, a global profit-making industry, and a potentially harmful behavior. New technologies, large for-profit corporations, and extended legalization, have changed the contexts and traditional roles of gambling. Using a public interest framework, this book discusses gambling policies that will best serve the public good. The book critically evaluates the scientific research on regulations designed to prevent or reduce the individual and collective harm from the activity. Efficient methods have a high probability of success if adequate consideration is given to the complexity of the problems. The difficulty is political: the use of these methods most likely conflicts with financial considerations. Problem users bring in the largest share of the money to the trade. Preventing gambling-related harm is rarely possible without limiting the overall volume of the activity.Less
Commercial gambling has developed in the past few decades into a complex enterprise that is at once a recreational activity, a global profit-making industry, and a potentially harmful behavior. New technologies, large for-profit corporations, and extended legalization, have changed the contexts and traditional roles of gambling. Using a public interest framework, this book discusses gambling policies that will best serve the public good. The book critically evaluates the scientific research on regulations designed to prevent or reduce the individual and collective harm from the activity. Efficient methods have a high probability of success if adequate consideration is given to the complexity of the problems. The difficulty is political: the use of these methods most likely conflicts with financial considerations. Problem users bring in the largest share of the money to the trade. Preventing gambling-related harm is rarely possible without limiting the overall volume of the activity.
Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
In this chapter we utilize two studies to describe the application of mixed-methods research. Study 1 was an explanatory study of the intersection of maternal gambling, parenting, self-efficacy, ...
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In this chapter we utilize two studies to describe the application of mixed-methods research. Study 1 was an explanatory study of the intersection of maternal gambling, parenting, self-efficacy, depression, social supports, and child behavior problems among American Indians living on a rural Midwestern reservation. This is followed by a detailed explanation of the ways by which this initial study led to a second study on gambling, alcohol, smoking, and drug use on the reservation. This chapter uses information from both studies to illustrate the design and implementation of mixed-methods research in a culturally sensitive manner. The breadth and depth of the topics covered in this chapter provide substantial support for the position that mixed-methods research is a particularly important research approach for researchers who are trying to conduct research in a way that bridges the gap between a dominant culture and diverse cultural groups.Less
In this chapter we utilize two studies to describe the application of mixed-methods research. Study 1 was an explanatory study of the intersection of maternal gambling, parenting, self-efficacy, depression, social supports, and child behavior problems among American Indians living on a rural Midwestern reservation. This is followed by a detailed explanation of the ways by which this initial study led to a second study on gambling, alcohol, smoking, and drug use on the reservation. This chapter uses information from both studies to illustrate the design and implementation of mixed-methods research in a culturally sensitive manner. The breadth and depth of the topics covered in this chapter provide substantial support for the position that mixed-methods research is a particularly important research approach for researchers who are trying to conduct research in a way that bridges the gap between a dominant culture and diverse cultural groups.
Keith Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239757
- eISBN:
- 9780191705151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239757.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
A cursory survey of the early 19th-century law's response to many areas of behaviour commonly regarded as socially illicit, would have generated, and did generate, much anxiety for any professional ...
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A cursory survey of the early 19th-century law's response to many areas of behaviour commonly regarded as socially illicit, would have generated, and did generate, much anxiety for any professional moralist, especially those of an Evangelical persuasion. This chapter shows that while subject to a disparate body of penalties, prostitution, gambling, and sales of indecent publications were largely undisturbed as a consequence of very low levels of law enforcement.Less
A cursory survey of the early 19th-century law's response to many areas of behaviour commonly regarded as socially illicit, would have generated, and did generate, much anxiety for any professional moralist, especially those of an Evangelical persuasion. This chapter shows that while subject to a disparate body of penalties, prostitution, gambling, and sales of indecent publications were largely undisturbed as a consequence of very low levels of law enforcement.
Virgil Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282715
- eISBN:
- 9780191603037
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282714.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book critically examines six aspects of the popular culture of early and mid-Republican (1912-38) Canton: common perceptions of the city, popular attitudes towards the West, Cantonese opera, ...
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This book critically examines six aspects of the popular culture of early and mid-Republican (1912-38) Canton: common perceptions of the city, popular attitudes towards the West, Cantonese opera, opium smoking, gambling, and prostitution. Misunderstandings and biased assumptions about these social phenomena as portrayed in much contemporary as well as present-day official or ‘socially conscientious’ literature are redressed. Contemporary folk materials reveal that the common people were much more pro-Western than xenophobic in attitude; the alleged social and political ‘calamities’ of gambling, opium consumption, and prostitution were more rhetorical than real; the socio-cultural status of the city has surpassed that of the countryside; and the commercialization and Westernization of Cantonese opera was much less straightforward or complete than its critics argued.Less
This book critically examines six aspects of the popular culture of early and mid-Republican (1912-38) Canton: common perceptions of the city, popular attitudes towards the West, Cantonese opera, opium smoking, gambling, and prostitution. Misunderstandings and biased assumptions about these social phenomena as portrayed in much contemporary as well as present-day official or ‘socially conscientious’ literature are redressed. Contemporary folk materials reveal that the common people were much more pro-Western than xenophobic in attitude; the alleged social and political ‘calamities’ of gambling, opium consumption, and prostitution were more rhetorical than real; the socio-cultural status of the city has surpassed that of the countryside; and the commercialization and Westernization of Cantonese opera was much less straightforward or complete than its critics argued.
Virgil K.Y. Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282715
- eISBN:
- 9780191603037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282714.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Each successive political regime in Canton criticized its predecessor for legalizing gambling, and hence ‘poisoning’ its people with a long list of gaming-related social problems. In official ...
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Each successive political regime in Canton criticized its predecessor for legalizing gambling, and hence ‘poisoning’ its people with a long list of gaming-related social problems. In official propaganda, gambling became such a highly politicized topic that the real situation was purposely obscured. In fact, the problem of compulsive gambling was not as common as alleged. The popularity of some forms of gambling revealed the commonness of rational betting among ‘gamblers’, and the sincerity of the governments in regulating gambling.Less
Each successive political regime in Canton criticized its predecessor for legalizing gambling, and hence ‘poisoning’ its people with a long list of gaming-related social problems. In official propaganda, gambling became such a highly politicized topic that the real situation was purposely obscured. In fact, the problem of compulsive gambling was not as common as alleged. The popularity of some forms of gambling revealed the commonness of rational betting among ‘gamblers’, and the sincerity of the governments in regulating gambling.
John McManners
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270041
- eISBN:
- 9780191600692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270046.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The question of loans for interest or ‘usury’ was much debated by eighteenth‐century churchmen, with the traditional ban being upheld in theory. But the legitimacy of reward for risk was accepted ...
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The question of loans for interest or ‘usury’ was much debated by eighteenth‐century churchmen, with the traditional ban being upheld in theory. But the legitimacy of reward for risk was accepted with regard to lotteries, provided they were for a good cause, and gambling in general, provided it was done in moderation. The ban on usury still made sense as far as protecting the peasantry was concerned, but was archaic with regard to commercial transactions. It was recognized by, for example, the Jesuits of Lyon, and largely ignored in practice.Less
The question of loans for interest or ‘usury’ was much debated by eighteenth‐century churchmen, with the traditional ban being upheld in theory. But the legitimacy of reward for risk was accepted with regard to lotteries, provided they were for a good cause, and gambling in general, provided it was done in moderation. The ban on usury still made sense as far as protecting the peasantry was concerned, but was archaic with regard to commercial transactions. It was recognized by, for example, the Jesuits of Lyon, and largely ignored in practice.
Tony Addison and Abdur R. Chowdhury
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in ...
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Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in which the interest takes the form of a lottery prize, the capital being repayable on request, so that it has the characteristics of a savings product, which makes it potentially attractive to ethical investors). The chapter starts by looking at how a global lottery might work, evaluating the issue by discussing lottery operators and their regulation, the market for lotteries, competition between the global lottery and national lotteries, the challenge posed by Internet gambling, revenue‐raising potential, cross‐county equity, distributional and welfare effects, ethical issues, and development education. The potential for a global premium bond is then analysed, summarising the UK premium bond scheme as a model for a global version, setting out the modalities of a global premium bond and highlighting the differences from a global lottery. It is concluded that global versions of both a lottery and a premium bond are viable and complementary in mobilizing more development finance.Less
Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in which the interest takes the form of a lottery prize, the capital being repayable on request, so that it has the characteristics of a savings product, which makes it potentially attractive to ethical investors). The chapter starts by looking at how a global lottery might work, evaluating the issue by discussing lottery operators and their regulation, the market for lotteries, competition between the global lottery and national lotteries, the challenge posed by Internet gambling, revenue‐raising potential, cross‐county equity, distributional and welfare effects, ethical issues, and development education. The potential for a global premium bond is then analysed, summarising the UK premium bond scheme as a model for a global version, setting out the modalities of a global premium bond and highlighting the differences from a global lottery. It is concluded that global versions of both a lottery and a premium bond are viable and complementary in mobilizing more development finance.
Lisa Rose Mar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199733132
- eISBN:
- 9780199866533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733132.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, World Medieval History
Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese ...
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Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese clients and sometimes other non-white groups. The brokerage relations of these “Chinese lawyers” also illuminate another less visible aspect of legal history, the profoundly integrated nature of Canadian justice. Ethnic dispute resolution processes continually interacted with the formal justice system. David Lew’s murder mystery shows how these legal negotiations helped make the Canadian state a central institution in British Columbia’s early twentieth-century Chinese Diaspora.Less
Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese clients and sometimes other non-white groups. The brokerage relations of these “Chinese lawyers” also illuminate another less visible aspect of legal history, the profoundly integrated nature of Canadian justice. Ethnic dispute resolution processes continually interacted with the formal justice system. David Lew’s murder mystery shows how these legal negotiations helped make the Canadian state a central institution in British Columbia’s early twentieth-century Chinese Diaspora.
Nasir Naqvi, Daniel Tranel, and Antoine Bechara
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker ...
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This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that the sensory mapping of visceral responses is important for the execution of highly complex, goal-oriented behavior. In this view, visceral responses function to ‘mark’ potential choices as being advantageous or disadvantageous. The VMPFC is well connected with visceral processing areas, and possesses both viscerosensory input and visceromotor output. The development of the Iowa Gambling Task as an index of decision making is described. Patients with VMPFC lesions show deficits in both visceromotor functions and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task, consistent with the somatic marker hypothesis.Less
This chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that the sensory mapping of visceral responses is important for the execution of highly complex, goal-oriented behavior. In this view, visceral responses function to ‘mark’ potential choices as being advantageous or disadvantageous. The VMPFC is well connected with visceral processing areas, and possesses both viscerosensory input and visceromotor output. The development of the Iowa Gambling Task as an index of decision making is described. Patients with VMPFC lesions show deficits in both visceromotor functions and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task, consistent with the somatic marker hypothesis.
Trevor W. Robbins, Luke Clark, Hannah Clarke, and Angela C. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews evidence indicating a close association of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. It focuses on the neurochemical modulation of ...
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This chapter reviews evidence indicating a close association of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. It focuses on the neurochemical modulation of performance in such paradigms as reversal learning and risk taking (Cambridge Gamble Task), which have been linked to orbitofrontal functioning based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging analyses. These paradigms have been studied following pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Manipulations of the serotoninergic system modulate reversal learning and impulsive responding in rodents. In humans, tryptophan depletion has been associated with reversal learning deficits as well as alterations in risky decision-making. Data for orbitofrontal-specific effects of manipulations of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic modulatory systems are much more limited, although disruption of cholinergic projections in rodents do produce behavioral deficits that are reminiscent of those seen following orbitofrontal lesions.Less
This chapter reviews evidence indicating a close association of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. It focuses on the neurochemical modulation of performance in such paradigms as reversal learning and risk taking (Cambridge Gamble Task), which have been linked to orbitofrontal functioning based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging analyses. These paradigms have been studied following pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Manipulations of the serotoninergic system modulate reversal learning and impulsive responding in rodents. In humans, tryptophan depletion has been associated with reversal learning deficits as well as alterations in risky decision-making. Data for orbitofrontal-specific effects of manipulations of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic modulatory systems are much more limited, although disruption of cholinergic projections in rodents do produce behavioral deficits that are reminiscent of those seen following orbitofrontal lesions.
Bernard Capp
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641789
- eISBN:
- 9780191744228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641789.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Reformers blamed alehouses and taverns for encouraging drunkenness, violence, bawdiness, and gambling, and were determined to regulate them more closely. Building on pre-war campaigns, they sought to ...
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Reformers blamed alehouses and taverns for encouraging drunkenness, violence, bawdiness, and gambling, and were determined to regulate them more closely. Building on pre-war campaigns, they sought to suppress disorderly, unlicensed, and superfluous establishments, and restrict the granting of licences. The chapter examines the problems they faced, from evasion and defiance to the very patchy co-operation of local justices and parish officers. It considers the role of the Major-Generals in this field, and assesses the overall success of the campaign. It surveys too the related issue of health-drinking, associated with royalist defiance, blasphemy, and sexual immorality, and thus anathema to puritan reformers. Finally the chapter explores the culture and practice of duelling, frequently triggered by drunken quarrels. The regime was determined to suppress duels, and waged a vigorous campaign against elite offenders in the face of determined opposition.Less
Reformers blamed alehouses and taverns for encouraging drunkenness, violence, bawdiness, and gambling, and were determined to regulate them more closely. Building on pre-war campaigns, they sought to suppress disorderly, unlicensed, and superfluous establishments, and restrict the granting of licences. The chapter examines the problems they faced, from evasion and defiance to the very patchy co-operation of local justices and parish officers. It considers the role of the Major-Generals in this field, and assesses the overall success of the campaign. It surveys too the related issue of health-drinking, associated with royalist defiance, blasphemy, and sexual immorality, and thus anathema to puritan reformers. Finally the chapter explores the culture and practice of duelling, frequently triggered by drunken quarrels. The regime was determined to suppress duels, and waged a vigorous campaign against elite offenders in the face of determined opposition.
Sijbren Cnossen (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278596
- eISBN:
- 9780191602856
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278598.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Excise taxes on smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting, and driving are always topical and controversial. Not only are these taxes convenient sources of government revenue, they can also be designed ...
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Excise taxes on smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting, and driving are always topical and controversial. Not only are these taxes convenient sources of government revenue, they can also be designed to reflect the external costs that consumers or producers of excisable products impose on other people. Global warming, acid rain, traffic congestion, and the economic costs of tobacco and alcohol consumption are problems that can be corrected through selective taxes and other regulatory instruments. Addressing these and other issues, this book by internationally recognized experts analyses the art of excise taxation, providing a systematic, insightful, and often provocative treatment of a major fiscal instrument that policy-makers often neglect, and that gets little attention in the professional literature. This comprehensive guide to the debate on excise tax policy will be invaluable to government officials, policy-makers, academics and students of taxation, and those working in relevant industries.Less
Excise taxes on smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting, and driving are always topical and controversial. Not only are these taxes convenient sources of government revenue, they can also be designed to reflect the external costs that consumers or producers of excisable products impose on other people. Global warming, acid rain, traffic congestion, and the economic costs of tobacco and alcohol consumption are problems that can be corrected through selective taxes and other regulatory instruments. Addressing these and other issues, this book by internationally recognized experts analyses the art of excise taxation, providing a systematic, insightful, and often provocative treatment of a major fiscal instrument that policy-makers often neglect, and that gets little attention in the professional literature. This comprehensive guide to the debate on excise tax policy will be invaluable to government officials, policy-makers, academics and students of taxation, and those working in relevant industries.
