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This concluding chapter summarizes the major findings, identifies some of the key themes running through the book, and discusses future research directions. It also revisits the questions raised in earlier chapter of why religion at trial matters, whether it should matter, and the extent to which it does matter.

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has had a long-standing interest in supporting both mainstream and cutting-edge research in the field of cognitive aging. This chapter outlines the NIA’s perspective on future directions in this continually evolving field. It begins by describing the overall mission of the NIA, the two extramural programs at the Institute that fund cognitive aging research, and the domains of study under this broad rubric. Next, it presents several cognitive aging initiatives recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. This is followed by a discussion of the rationale underlying the use of workshops as one of the means of developing scientific road maps for future research directions. Pursuing this approach in more detail, the chapter provides summaries of several recently held, NIA-sponsored workshops that covered various domains of cognitive aging and present some of the suggestions and recommendations that emerged from these meetings. Finally, it outlines several future directions for research.

Chapter 16 reflects upon the past contributions of cultural psychology and the directions the discipline will travel in the future. It discusses influential thinkers in the 20th and 21st centuries and reconsiders constructs such as individualism and collectivism. It addresses current and future research endeavors in personality, the self and personality, depression, face, face and self-perceptions, values research, and the connection between values and social change. It also addresses current and future research in development through the subtopics of the Six Cultures Study on Socialization, children as active agents, socialization, education, and parenting. Finally it explores the current and future directions of the topics mental health issues, emotions, applied social psychology, morality, and cultural collisions. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.

This chapter examines offers new directions for organizational scholarship based on the key concepts derived from transnational migration studies and applied to notions of self, culture and work. Fundamentally, transnational modes of thinking and analyzing require us to consider the composition and coming together of society rather than a reflection of the boundaries/boundedness of nation-states. They provide insights as to what citizenship means beyond an accident of birth and turn our gaze to the ways in which historical conjunctures impact contemporary economic arrangements, political debates and cultural institutions. For organization scholars who want to study diversity and cross-cultural management and attend to difference, transnational modes provide insights as to new ways of understanding people in the form of mobile subjectivities and move us to consider the question of who/what is the subject of management research? By relying on new ontologies and epistemologies available from a transnational migration studies framework, the chapter offers insights about how the social world is being made and remade and the consequences of such action and intention for the (organizational) lives of people around the world. In doing so, it opens up vistas for new research questions, agendas, and approaches to guide organizational scholars and scholarship.

Equitable access to childcare in the UK is largely choreographed by a dominant pay-as-you-go private market, which is now categorised as mature in macroeconomic terms. This chapter concentrates on pertinent issues for childcare providers in sustaining their businesses within a changing economic and socioeconomic demand climate post-maturity. Such concerns are unlikely to centre on equity issues, the topic of this volume, but the sustenance of the private childcare market in the future will crucially highlight the incidence of equity for consumers. This chapter presents a macroeconomic perspective of the key levers which are likely to shape demand and supply for paid childcare in a market that has matured. Its focus centres on prospects in the UK for: childcare demand using data from population trends, demographics and employment dynamics; funding of childcare by private individuals, employers and the government; and the development and structure of supply which has reached maturity. The aim of the chapter is to identify the likely direction of macroeconomic trends for UK childcare markets in the future, especially in a weak economic environment.

Yuriko Saito argues for the broadening of environmental aesthetics’ scope from natural environments to mixed environments such as gardens, agricultural landscapes, urban environments, and its further expansion to include what Saito has called ‘everyday aesthetics’, i.e., all those ingredients that constitute our spatial environments, namely artefacts, human activities, and social relationships. The environment understood in this widest sense shapes the state of the world and the quality of life. Aesthetics plays a crucial, although often unrecognized, role in this ongoing world-making project, for better or worse. Environmental aesthetics can help cultivate aesthetic literacy so that we become aware of the power wielded by aesthetics, but it can also help to find ways of guiding aesthetically motivated decisions and actions toward better world-making.

This concluding chapter assesses the questions with which the book's narrative starts. It analyzes the complex political, legal, and social factors that influenced the way in which early twentieth-century national racial justice organizing developed as it did and assesses the balance between private institution building and demands for full citizenship inclusion that characterized activism during the period, suggesting that activists' work in the intersections of the public/private divide presents an area of legal civil rights history deserving far greater attention. Finally, the conclusion situates the book's narrative within the broader historiography of civil rights activism in the United States.

This chapter offers a critical and detailed overview of the book and its contributions. It starts by briefly situating incest and sexual violence in the context of the current wave of drug trafficking-related violence in Mexico. Then the chapter outlines the study’s two major areas of contribution: (a) to theorizing on gender, sexuality, and family life and incest and Mexican society; and (b) to illuminating law- and social policy–related issues and concerns. A variety of issues affecting the well-being of individuals identified with LGBTQ-related identities and/or communities, and the Catholic Church and sexual violence against children and women are discussed. Final reflections are offered and specific suggestions laid out for future directions in research examining incest and sexual violence, exploring these vital issues in the context of socioeconomic marginality and rural life; secrets and silence; people with disabilities; queer desire and practices; U.S. Spanish-speaking communities and pop culture; the masculinity of men in incestuous families; rape and women’s bodies; racial discrimination and pigmentocracy; and incest across cultures beyond Mexico. This last chapter also offers the reader moving reflections about human resilience, family justice, and trauma.

The rapid escalation of research on the development of relational aggression and related constructs has been truly remarkable. Our volume is designed to fill a void in the literature and focus on the development of relational aggression. We conclude this volume by first reviewing some of the key points and implications from the prior chapters. Next, we discuss five future directions for the field: (1) conducting long-term longitudinal studies and adopting a lifespan perspective, (2) striving for advances in methods and technology, (3) using advanced statistics to address collinearity and co-occurrence among aggression subtypes, (4) exploring the role of other forms of aggression, and (5) embracing replication. Finally, we provide some concluding thoughts.

Currently, as this book is being written, there is a national trend toward integrating social- emotional learning (SEL) and positive school climates into the academic mission of the school. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA); the Aspen Institute’s National Commission on Social, Emotional, and Academic Development; the National Center on School Climate; the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning; and other organizations have put forth strong policy, research, and practice agendas to include these important variables as a focus of K- 12 schooling in the United States and worldwide. The authors of this guide aim to extend this effort to more school systems around the world, and the examples included here support this national and international effort. The ideas and practices presented in this guide, however, go beyond a specific point in history. The assumptions and values underlying supportive school monitoring are central to the educational mission of schools. Supportive monitoring is democratic and empowering for all school constituencies. Listening to the voices of students, parents, and staff, sharing what has been heard, and acting upon it reflect a democratic process. Supportive school monitoring can make this democratic process an ordinary magic, performed every day in schools as part of ongoing practice. The focus on each individual school and providing opportunities to tailor- fit the supportive monitoring system— or at least significant parts of this system— to each school’s needs is a remedy against “one- size- fits- all” solutions. It helps the school discover and maintain its uniqueness without rejecting accountability altogether. By making supportive monitoring an integral part of school life, accountability systems are not an oppressive outside intervention in the school. Instead, they are a path toward responsible and responsive education that is based on values and data- driven at the same time. Educators teach students about the importance of data in making key decisions. They encourage students to look for the most accurate data and take advantage of it. Sadly, however, many school administrators and teachers dread data, mainly because it’s been used to punish schools and teachers.

Part IV of this book briefly integrates lessons learned among the many chapters and discusses paths forward for future research in both animals and humans. Suggested future directions for animal research include continued efforts to uncover molecular, cell-specific, and circuit-level mechanisms through which estrogens regulate memory, increased attention to glia, de novo estrogen synthesis, interactions between neuromodulators, sex differences, hormonal changes across the lifespan, multiple brain regions, multiple forms of memory, and improving our models of menopause and estrogen therapy. Future clinical work would benefit better understanding the role of various estrogens in regulating cognition and mental illness in humans throughout the lifespan. In particular, many questions remain to be answered for menopausal women, including how reproductive history, menopausal estrogen loss, genetics, diet, stress, metabolic alterations, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation interact to influence memory and mood dysfunction. Addressing these issues will provide sorely needed insights into estrogen regulation of memory.

The concluding chapter emphasizes several central points and contributions of the book. It first provides a summary of the extent of the emerging infrastructure that the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) has developed. It shows the many possibilities provided by this infrastructure, as illustrated by the comparative chapters in the volume. The chapter goes to discuss the achievements in terms of data collection and comparability. Finally, the chapter explores possible future directions of research for the CAP and, beyond, the field of comparative public policy. In particular, it could positively contribute to the study of the consequence of differences in bureaucratic structures. Similarly, the inclusion of media data has opened up new possibilities that have only just started to be explored. Finally, the study of “responsiveness” and its consequences for political behavior could also benefit from crossing, say, survey data with CAP data.

Psychologists possess considerable potential to influence social policy in the public interest. To fully realize that potential, focused effort is required. This final chapter summarizes key themes and findings from the current research, and it offers a number of future directions in the realms of training, research, and action to increase the policy-influence capacity of the field. The chapter contains parting words from many of those interviewed, providing guidance and inspiration for those entering and continuing their work in the policy arena. The final quote is from Seymour Sarason, to whom the book is dedicated.

This chapter highlights how this book integrates perspectives from medicine and social science to glimpse the many future directions of placebos. It discusses how the chapters build on a broad yet cohesive body of evidence to examine placebos not only in clinical practice and research but also in education, government, industry, media, culture, and contemporary life. The chapter reiterates the scope of the book—from clinical trials and drug regulations, sub-therapeutic doses and psychiatry, ethics and deception, trust and the doctor–patient relationship, and medical training; to social, cultural, and ethnographic perspectives on the evidence and origins of placebo effects; to food and diet, memories, sex, and politics. The chapter suggests that the book promotes placebos as a promising therapeutic tool, a bourgeoning field of study, and a rich framework for interdisciplinary investigation. The chapter outlines all those who stand to benefit from such a compilation.

The importance of this work for scholarship on tragedy is explored from different angles. A better understanding of child figures can help develop new ideas about adolescent figures, as well as changing the way we view issues of politics, ethnicity, gender, and age categories. Brief comment is made on how this analysis may influence wider work on children in ancient literature, and work on the engagement between drama and society. Final remarks consider the ethical status of work on children, and how the paradigm shift suggested in this volume may contribute to the ongoing dialogue between the ancient and modern world.

Chapter 7 reviews the theoretical arguments and summarizes the findings of the empirical chapters. It points to the benefit of using Black women’s voices as starting points for the analysis of their political behavior. Taken as a whole, Black women’s identities play an important role in debates within legislatures and within their own decision-making processes. The chapter highlights the potential of employing intersectionality as an analytical tool for achieving a better understanding of the complexities of political representation carried out by African American women who are elected to office. The chapter concludes by proffering the need for Black women’s studies within political science as a future direction for the discipline.

This chapter concludes the book by drawing together the key empirical findings and reflecting on the lessons that Japan’s experience with dynastic politics might hold for other democracies, such as India and the Philippines, where dynasties have been viewed as a growing problem in recent years, and Ireland, where politics is still in many ways a family affair. The key challenge is how to transform party organizations from decentralized cadres of local notables into coherent vehicles for programmatic policies. The experience of Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party, viewed through the lens of dynastic politics, sheds important light on the possibilities and challenges involved in institutional design and reform.

The final chapter links contemporary political and economic developments with an historical overview of innovation in energy technologies and energy transition. In order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement both technological innovation and legal innovation will be essential and wide-ranging. This chapter canvasses the role of governing legal frameworks in facilitating energy innovation. Against this background it provides a summary of the key conclusions from the various chapters and discusses energy law, energy globalization, and energy nationalism. The chapter provides predictions of future directions in energy law and transformation by reference to the three factors of energy markets and new actors, climate change and sustainability, and energy security.

This conclusion brings together the book’s key findings in relation to dialogue in selected American independent cinema. It surmises that such speech is often written, performed, recorded and integrated in such ways that audiences construct meaning by joining the dialogue dots, or filling in the dialogue blanks. Individual lines are rarely memorable, yet this is not found to be a weakness of such independent film dialogue. Instead, it is the outcome of speech that is carefully entwined with the films’ various components. The remembering and repetition of specific lines by audioviewers is uncommon in these cases precisely because the language accumulates meaning through its execution in the finished film. Instead, indie dialogue can operates on complex levels that allows for alternative forms of audience pleasure. Overall, such dialogue is found to be characterized by: (1) alternations between verbal efficiency and excess; (2) ‘gaps’ in verbal meaning and (3) the reflexive, exaggerated treatment of mainstream dialogue norms. The book’s conclusion relates such cinematic forms of verbalism back to independent and art cinemas more broadly. It also identifies future research directions.

This chapter reflects on the successes achieved and challenges that remain in the study of ecological communities. It concludes with a discussion of research topics expected to occupy the attention of community ecologists for the next decade or so and that may yield big dividends in terms of understanding the processes that structure communities and govern their functioning. These include metacommunities and the integration of local and regional processes; the drivers of regional biodiversity; community assembly and functional traits; pathogens, parasites and natural enemies; biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; changing technology will change how we collect data; eco-evolutionary feedbacks and regional pool processes; climate change, and its effects on species distributions and species interactions; and the role of time.