Stefano Atzeni and Jürgen Meyer-ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion ...
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The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.Less
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter compares different models of consumer behavior including standard economic theory and alternative behavioral theories such as prospect theory and assimilation-contrast theory. It shows ...
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This chapter compares different models of consumer behavior including standard economic theory and alternative behavioral theories such as prospect theory and assimilation-contrast theory. It shows that these behavioral theories have important implications for marketing-finance fusion and human resource management. Specifically, they lead to different market implications for new product pricing, pricing over the business cycle, choosing optimal dividend policy, designing bonus plans, and choosing optimal Customer Relationship Management (CRM) strategies.Less
This chapter compares different models of consumer behavior including standard economic theory and alternative behavioral theories such as prospect theory and assimilation-contrast theory. It shows that these behavioral theories have important implications for marketing-finance fusion and human resource management. Specifically, they lead to different market implications for new product pricing, pricing over the business cycle, choosing optimal dividend policy, designing bonus plans, and choosing optimal Customer Relationship Management (CRM) strategies.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how the firm should vary its advertising spending over the product life cycle and the business cycle. In particular, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to maximize its long-run performance under uncertainty.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how the firm should vary its advertising spending over the product life cycle and the business cycle. In particular, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to maximize its long-run performance under uncertainty.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0019
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity ...
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This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity (e.g., Tobin's q-ratio and the multiplier method). Following this, it proposes an integrated marketing-finance fusion method for measuring brand equity that combines behavioral and financial data and allows for competitive effects at different levels in the supply chain and for differential market growth rates.Less
This chapter discusses the conditions under which brand equity can exist and whether brand equity implies charging high prices. It evaluates the use of standard metrics for measuring brand equity (e.g., Tobin's q-ratio and the multiplier method). Following this, it proposes an integrated marketing-finance fusion method for measuring brand equity that combines behavioral and financial data and allows for competitive effects at different levels in the supply chain and for differential market growth rates.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0022
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to evaluate mergers and acquisition strategies. It examines the potential gains from mergers, the history of mergers and acquisitions, ...
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This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to evaluate mergers and acquisition strategies. It examines the potential gains from mergers, the history of mergers and acquisitions, the effect of private equity firms and hedge funds on merger activity and merger performance, and the special problems posed by international mergers. In particular, it shows how buying and selling firms can objectively value brands by combining game theory and data from choice-based experiments.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to evaluate mergers and acquisition strategies. It examines the potential gains from mergers, the history of mergers and acquisitions, the effect of private equity firms and hedge funds on merger activity and merger performance, and the special problems posed by international mergers. In particular, it shows how buying and selling firms can objectively value brands by combining game theory and data from choice-based experiments.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0023
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and ...
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This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and publicly held firms, whether or not the firm should choose country-specific product designs, how the firm should measure and reward the performances of its country managers, what type of organizational structure the firm should use, how the firm should choose an outsourcing strategy, and what performance metrics the firm should use to measure and reward managerial performance in its outsourcing centers.Less
This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and publicly held firms, whether or not the firm should choose country-specific product designs, how the firm should measure and reward the performances of its country managers, what type of organizational structure the firm should use, how the firm should choose an outsourcing strategy, and what performance metrics the firm should use to measure and reward managerial performance in its outsourcing centers.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) ...
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This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or ...
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This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.
Markus Ullsperger and Stefan Debener (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Systemic interactions in brain networks have been successfully studied in vivo using non-invasive methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), for ...
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Systemic interactions in brain networks have been successfully studied in vivo using non-invasive methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), for many years. The rate-limiting step, however, is that each method can only map selective aspects of brain function, while missing other key aspects. Furthermore, the inferences on neuronal processes and information flow are often rather indirect. By simultaneously combining both methods, the researcher is better able to make optimal use of their specific advantages while compensating for their disadvantages. In recent years, research has shifted and expanded, from demonstrating technical feasibility, to methodological issues of artifact control, new ways of analyzing and integrating data, and to applications for scientific and clinical questions. Combined EEG and fMRI methods now cover everything from physiological questions on the bases of the two recorded signals, to more specific questions on the mechanisms of certain cognitive and pathological functions like epileptic brain activity. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI provides the interested researcher with the tools to establish a simultaneous EEG-fMRI laboratory, as well as for those scientists who are interested in integrating electrophysiological and hemodynamic data. As evidenced by the diversity of topics presented, this is a dynamically developing field in which several approaches are being tested, validated, and compared. Chapters are dedicated to the physiological bases of the measured signals, technical setup, sources of artifacts and data de-noising, various approaches of data analysis and fusion, as well as applications. In addition, open questions and directions for future research are outlined.Less
Systemic interactions in brain networks have been successfully studied in vivo using non-invasive methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), for many years. The rate-limiting step, however, is that each method can only map selective aspects of brain function, while missing other key aspects. Furthermore, the inferences on neuronal processes and information flow are often rather indirect. By simultaneously combining both methods, the researcher is better able to make optimal use of their specific advantages while compensating for their disadvantages. In recent years, research has shifted and expanded, from demonstrating technical feasibility, to methodological issues of artifact control, new ways of analyzing and integrating data, and to applications for scientific and clinical questions. Combined EEG and fMRI methods now cover everything from physiological questions on the bases of the two recorded signals, to more specific questions on the mechanisms of certain cognitive and pathological functions like epileptic brain activity. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI provides the interested researcher with the tools to establish a simultaneous EEG-fMRI laboratory, as well as for those scientists who are interested in integrating electrophysiological and hemodynamic data. As evidenced by the diversity of topics presented, this is a dynamically developing field in which several approaches are being tested, validated, and compared. Chapters are dedicated to the physiological bases of the measured signals, technical setup, sources of artifacts and data de-noising, various approaches of data analysis and fusion, as well as applications. In addition, open questions and directions for future research are outlined.
Caroline Johnson Hodge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182163
- eISBN:
- 9780199785612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182163.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter uses a model of multiple identities — in which individuals and groups might embody several ethnic or other identities, situationally emphasizing one while downplaying others — as an ...
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This chapter uses a model of multiple identities — in which individuals and groups might embody several ethnic or other identities, situationally emphasizing one while downplaying others — as an interpretive framework for Paul. It argues that we can interpret both Paul's own identity as multiple and shifting and Paul's prescription for gentile salvation in terms of multiple identities. When he begins his mission work, Paul reprioritizes components of his own identity to be a teacher of gentiles, the ethnic and religious other. Paul then must orchestrate similar but much more radical changes for gentiles who are baptized into Christ. Paul's rhetorical task, especially in Romans and Galatians, is to explain to gentile believers how their new composite identity works: how they must rearrange previous components and make room for new ones. This reading challenges the “fusion theory”, which argues (mostly based on Galatians 3:28) that Paul advocates and erasure of identity.Less
This chapter uses a model of multiple identities — in which individuals and groups might embody several ethnic or other identities, situationally emphasizing one while downplaying others — as an interpretive framework for Paul. It argues that we can interpret both Paul's own identity as multiple and shifting and Paul's prescription for gentile salvation in terms of multiple identities. When he begins his mission work, Paul reprioritizes components of his own identity to be a teacher of gentiles, the ethnic and religious other. Paul then must orchestrate similar but much more radical changes for gentiles who are baptized into Christ. Paul's rhetorical task, especially in Romans and Galatians, is to explain to gentile believers how their new composite identity works: how they must rearrange previous components and make room for new ones. This reading challenges the “fusion theory”, which argues (mostly based on Galatians 3:28) that Paul advocates and erasure of identity.
Sergio Fabbrini
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235612
- eISBN:
- 9780191715686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235612.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the institutionalization of different governmental patterns in America and the European nation-states, the former based on separation, the latter on the fusion of powers ...
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This chapter analyzes the institutionalization of different governmental patterns in America and the European nation-states, the former based on separation, the latter on the fusion of powers (institutional order). Topics discussed include the logic of separation and fusion of governmental powers, the institutionalization of the American separated system, and the institutionalization of the European fusion of power systems.Less
This chapter analyzes the institutionalization of different governmental patterns in America and the European nation-states, the former based on separation, the latter on the fusion of powers (institutional order). Topics discussed include the logic of separation and fusion of governmental powers, the institutionalization of the American separated system, and the institutionalization of the European fusion of power systems.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter discusses nuclear fusion reactions. The concepts of reaction cross-section and of Maxwell-averaged reactivity are defined, and the standard parametrization of these two important ...
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This chapter discusses nuclear fusion reactions. The concepts of reaction cross-section and of Maxwell-averaged reactivity are defined, and the standard parametrization of these two important quantities are presented and discussed qualitatively. A simplified analytical treatment of the barrier penetration is also described. The Gamow form of the Maxwellian reactivity is derived. A few fusion reactions of interest to energy production and to astrophysics are discussed. These include the deuterium-tritium reaction, other deuterium reactions, the p-p and CNO stellar cycles, and those occurring in the so-called advanced fusion fuels. Analytical expressions, fits, data, and graphs for the evaluation of their cross-sections and reactivities are provided. The last part of the chapter briefly discusses how strong material compression and spin polarization affect fusion reactivities. The principles of muon-catalysed fusion are also outlined.Less
This chapter discusses nuclear fusion reactions. The concepts of reaction cross-section and of Maxwell-averaged reactivity are defined, and the standard parametrization of these two important quantities are presented and discussed qualitatively. A simplified analytical treatment of the barrier penetration is also described. The Gamow form of the Maxwellian reactivity is derived. A few fusion reactions of interest to energy production and to astrophysics are discussed. These include the deuterium-tritium reaction, other deuterium reactions, the p-p and CNO stellar cycles, and those occurring in the so-called advanced fusion fuels. Analytical expressions, fits, data, and graphs for the evaluation of their cross-sections and reactivities are provided. The last part of the chapter briefly discusses how strong material compression and spin polarization affect fusion reactivities. The principles of muon-catalysed fusion are also outlined.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing ...
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This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing the goal of power production, these main approaches to controlled fusion are also referred to as inertial fusion energy (IFE) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE), respectively. While MFE aims for a steady-state plasma confined by a magnetic field, IFE is a pulsed concept, burning small fuel capsules at a rate of a few hertz. The underlying fusion reactions are the same and require similar plasma temperatures (of the order of the ideal ignition temperature), but densities differ by eleven orders of magnitude. This chapter provides an understanding of these plasma parameters in simple terms, by deriving the ideal ignition temperature and the confinement conditions for MCF (Lawson criterion) and high-gain ICF (ρR confinement condition). General features of fusion power production and different fuel cycles are also briefly addressed.Less
This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing the goal of power production, these main approaches to controlled fusion are also referred to as inertial fusion energy (IFE) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE), respectively. While MFE aims for a steady-state plasma confined by a magnetic field, IFE is a pulsed concept, burning small fuel capsules at a rate of a few hertz. The underlying fusion reactions are the same and require similar plasma temperatures (of the order of the ideal ignition temperature), but densities differ by eleven orders of magnitude. This chapter provides an understanding of these plasma parameters in simple terms, by deriving the ideal ignition temperature and the confinement conditions for MCF (Lawson criterion) and high-gain ICF (ρR confinement condition). General features of fusion power production and different fuel cycles are also briefly addressed.
Nancy L. Rosenblum
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294962
- eISBN:
- 9780191598708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294964.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
“Fusion republicanism” is a fluid mix of democratic ideology, potential militancy, and invocation of civic virtue prevalent in American political life, a conglomeration of disparate elements of ...
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“Fusion republicanism” is a fluid mix of democratic ideology, potential militancy, and invocation of civic virtue prevalent in American political life, a conglomeration of disparate elements of political thought and practice, manifest in many quarters of political life: it is institutionalized in “our localism,” for example; it is latent in the conduct of juries with their potential for nullification; and it is overt in self-styled citizen militias permanently poised for armed resistance. Perhaps the most important question raised by Sandel’s stance as an advocate of a public philosophy is what responsibility he has to acknowledge the spectrum of related ideas, to recognize convergence between the republican high ground he stakes out and its dangerous, improbable expressions, and to draw sharp moral and political distinctions. Three recognizable themes provide points of convergence among advocates, and give fusion republicanism its emotional force: a perception of powerlessness, a perception of political demoralization, and a propensity for direct political action. Understandably, even leaders who indulge in republican charges against their political opponents do not want to be held to account for excesses and abominations committed in the name of democratic discontent. We should not permit ourselves the comforting assumption that fringe groups are responsible for the climate of hostility that transforms democratic discontent into anti-government hatred; “extremists” are the beneficiaries of a diffuse climate of hostility and of widespread agitation to correct the sense of disempowerment.Less
“Fusion republicanism” is a fluid mix of democratic ideology, potential militancy, and invocation of civic virtue prevalent in American political life, a conglomeration of disparate elements of political thought and practice, manifest in many quarters of political life: it is institutionalized in “our localism,” for example; it is latent in the conduct of juries with their potential for nullification; and it is overt in self-styled citizen militias permanently poised for armed resistance. Perhaps the most important question raised by Sandel’s stance as an advocate of a public philosophy is what responsibility he has to acknowledge the spectrum of related ideas, to recognize convergence between the republican high ground he stakes out and its dangerous, improbable expressions, and to draw sharp moral and political distinctions. Three recognizable themes provide points of convergence among advocates, and give fusion republicanism its emotional force: a perception of powerlessness, a perception of political demoralization, and a propensity for direct political action. Understandably, even leaders who indulge in republican charges against their political opponents do not want to be held to account for excesses and abominations committed in the name of democratic discontent. We should not permit ourselves the comforting assumption that fringe groups are responsible for the climate of hostility that transforms democratic discontent into anti-government hatred; “extremists” are the beneficiaries of a diffuse climate of hostility and of widespread agitation to correct the sense of disempowerment.
Pedro Rosas and Felix A. Wichmann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on ...
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This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on cue combination is an area in the cognitive neurosciences where quantitative models and predictions are the norm rather than the exception—and this is certainly a development that this book welcomes wholeheartedly. What they view critically, however, is the strong emphasis on so-called optimal cue combination. Optimal in the context of human cue combination typically refers to the minimum-variance unbiased estimator for multiple sources of information, corresponding to maximum-likelihood estimation when the probability distribution of the estimates based on each cue are Gaussian, independent, and the prior of the observer is uniform (noninformative). The central aim of this chapter is to spell out worries regarding both the term optimality as well as against the use of the minimum-variance unbiased estimator as the statistical tool to go from the reliability of a cue to its weight in robust weak fusion.Less
This chapter briefly introduces the robust-weak-fusion model, which offers an exceptionally clear and elegant framework within which to understand empirical studies on cue combination. Research on cue combination is an area in the cognitive neurosciences where quantitative models and predictions are the norm rather than the exception—and this is certainly a development that this book welcomes wholeheartedly. What they view critically, however, is the strong emphasis on so-called optimal cue combination. Optimal in the context of human cue combination typically refers to the minimum-variance unbiased estimator for multiple sources of information, corresponding to maximum-likelihood estimation when the probability distribution of the estimates based on each cue are Gaussian, independent, and the prior of the observer is uniform (noninformative). The central aim of this chapter is to spell out worries regarding both the term optimality as well as against the use of the minimum-variance unbiased estimator as the statistical tool to go from the reliability of a cue to its weight in robust weak fusion.
Jarle Trondal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579426
- eISBN:
- 9780191722714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579426.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses ...
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Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.Less
Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.
Alan Ware
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199564439
- eISBN:
- 9780191721526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564439.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This examines the logic of coalition building by major parties in two-party systems. In theory there should be a strong incentive for parties to seek to merge, either temporarily or permanently, with ...
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This examines the logic of coalition building by major parties in two-party systems. In theory there should be a strong incentive for parties to seek to merge, either temporarily or permanently, with minor parties that are competitors for their own potential voters. This is because winning is the only goal for such a party, and that normally involves vote maximization. However, there are a number of factors that make coalitions between parties difficult to form, including differing perceptions as to the value each partner brings to an alliance, imperfect information and different attitudes to risk, and different interests in relation to alliance among different territorial units of a party. The chapter uses hypothetical examples to illustrate why the party imperative to create a winning coalition is likely to be frustrated by such factors, making alliances difficult to form.Less
This examines the logic of coalition building by major parties in two-party systems. In theory there should be a strong incentive for parties to seek to merge, either temporarily or permanently, with minor parties that are competitors for their own potential voters. This is because winning is the only goal for such a party, and that normally involves vote maximization. However, there are a number of factors that make coalitions between parties difficult to form, including differing perceptions as to the value each partner brings to an alliance, imperfect information and different attitudes to risk, and different interests in relation to alliance among different territorial units of a party. The chapter uses hypothetical examples to illustrate why the party imperative to create a winning coalition is likely to be frustrated by such factors, making alliances difficult to form.
Fred Lerdahl
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178296
- eISBN:
- 9780199870370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178296.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance ...
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This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance rule are added principles involving atonal branching, atonal function, sensory consonance and dissonance, and fusion. These analytic tools are applied to passages in the music of Schoenberg and Webern. An attempt to analyze a 12-tone excerpt in Schoenberg results in relative failure, thereby showing the limits of the methods under consideration. A distinction is drawn between compositional system and heard structure, and reasons for the cognitive opacity of serialism are given. Future prospects are suggested, particularly with respect to compositional practice.Less
This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance rule are added principles involving atonal branching, atonal function, sensory consonance and dissonance, and fusion. These analytic tools are applied to passages in the music of Schoenberg and Webern. An attempt to analyze a 12-tone excerpt in Schoenberg results in relative failure, thereby showing the limits of the methods under consideration. A distinction is drawn between compositional system and heard structure, and reasons for the cognitive opacity of serialism are given. Future prospects are suggested, particularly with respect to compositional practice.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The Sonso community numbers 62 individuals. Like all chimpanzee communities so far described, it has a fission-fusion social organization. Parties form at feeding sites, or for social interaction, or ...
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The Sonso community numbers 62 individuals. Like all chimpanzee communities so far described, it has a fission-fusion social organization. Parties form at feeding sites, or for social interaction, or when travelling. The mean size of these parties is five when scan sampled, or seven when counted over the whole life of the party. Parties can be as large as 31, if for example feeding on a ripe fig tree. Party composition changes, on average, once every 19 minutes as individuals arrive or leave. This chapter analyzes party composition, the effect of oestrous females on party size, nesting parties, and the relationship between party size and the abundance and distribution of food. Many (but not all) females emigrate from their natal community at adolescence, but males do not, remaining in their natal community throughout their lives and defending their range from encroachment by the males of neighbouring communities.Less
The Sonso community numbers 62 individuals. Like all chimpanzee communities so far described, it has a fission-fusion social organization. Parties form at feeding sites, or for social interaction, or when travelling. The mean size of these parties is five when scan sampled, or seven when counted over the whole life of the party. Parties can be as large as 31, if for example feeding on a ripe fig tree. Party composition changes, on average, once every 19 minutes as individuals arrive or leave. This chapter analyzes party composition, the effect of oestrous females on party size, nesting parties, and the relationship between party size and the abundance and distribution of food. Many (but not all) females emigrate from their natal community at adolescence, but males do not, remaining in their natal community throughout their lives and defending their range from encroachment by the males of neighbouring communities.
