JONATHAN COHEN
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199556168
- eISBN:
- 9780191701672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556168.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind
In summary, the start of this essay provided two accounts of the nature of color in terms of a distinction between relationalist accounts and non-relationalist accounts. A novel taxonomy of the ...
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In summary, the start of this essay provided two accounts of the nature of color in terms of a distinction between relationalist accounts and non-relationalist accounts. A novel taxonomy of the theoretical landscape is then offered that puts forward color relationalism. A series of challenges concerning relationalism is then examined and considered to be unsuccessful by the author. Having argued for the claim that one should embrace a relationalist ontology of color, several objections about relationalism are investigated. The accusation that color relationalism is inconsistent with the ordinary color phenomenology, or that it cannot be coherently combined with plausible theories of the nature of color phenomenology is also explored. Further, the role functionalist form of relationalism is defended and compared with other forms of color relationalism that have attracted philosophical adherents.Less
In summary, the start of this essay provided two accounts of the nature of color in terms of a distinction between relationalist accounts and non-relationalist accounts. A novel taxonomy of the theoretical landscape is then offered that puts forward color relationalism. A series of challenges concerning relationalism is then examined and considered to be unsuccessful by the author. Having argued for the claim that one should embrace a relationalist ontology of color, several objections about relationalism are investigated. The accusation that color relationalism is inconsistent with the ordinary color phenomenology, or that it cannot be coherently combined with plausible theories of the nature of color phenomenology is also explored. Further, the role functionalist form of relationalism is defended and compared with other forms of color relationalism that have attracted philosophical adherents.
Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in ...
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This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.Less
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.
DEREK MATTHEWS, MALCOLM ANDERSON, and JOHN RICHARD EDWARDS
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289609
- eISBN:
- 9780191684753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289609.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Business History
This introductory chapter discusses the emergence of different professionals in Britain, particularly professional accountants. Previously, the school of thought among sociologists studying the ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the emergence of different professionals in Britain, particularly professional accountants. Previously, the school of thought among sociologists studying the professions was that of functionalists or the structural functionalists. According to this school of thought, the emergence of these institutions was the effect of their useful roles within the society. Later on, professional associations were formed. These associations were formed to provide practitioners with the training necessary to enable them to do their roles in the society. The demand for professional accountants increased when their function was needed after the successful application of steam technology to transport. Basically, the rise of the accountancy profession is primarily because of their importance in the market.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the emergence of different professionals in Britain, particularly professional accountants. Previously, the school of thought among sociologists studying the professions was that of functionalists or the structural functionalists. According to this school of thought, the emergence of these institutions was the effect of their useful roles within the society. Later on, professional associations were formed. These associations were formed to provide practitioners with the training necessary to enable them to do their roles in the society. The demand for professional accountants increased when their function was needed after the successful application of steam technology to transport. Basically, the rise of the accountancy profession is primarily because of their importance in the market.
William T. Cavanaugh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385045
- eISBN:
- 9780199869763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385045.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, World Religions
This chapter provides a genealogy of the concept of religion in the West, a genealogy of the concept in colonial contexts outside the West, and an analysis of substantivist and functionalist theories ...
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This chapter provides a genealogy of the concept of religion in the West, a genealogy of the concept in colonial contexts outside the West, and an analysis of substantivist and functionalist theories of religion. The chapter gives evidence for two conclusions. The first is that there is no transhistorical or transcultural concept of religion essentially separate from politics. Religion has a history, and what counts as religion and what does not in any given context depends on different configurations of power and authority. The second conclusion is that the attempt to say that there is a transhistorical and transcultural concept of religion that is separable from secular phenomena is itself part of a particular configuration of power, that of the modern, liberal nation-state as it developed in the West.Less
This chapter provides a genealogy of the concept of religion in the West, a genealogy of the concept in colonial contexts outside the West, and an analysis of substantivist and functionalist theories of religion. The chapter gives evidence for two conclusions. The first is that there is no transhistorical or transcultural concept of religion essentially separate from politics. Religion has a history, and what counts as religion and what does not in any given context depends on different configurations of power and authority. The second conclusion is that the attempt to say that there is a transhistorical and transcultural concept of religion that is separable from secular phenomena is itself part of a particular configuration of power, that of the modern, liberal nation-state as it developed in the West.
Euan Macphail
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198503248
- eISBN:
- 9780191686481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503248.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring ...
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Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring psychologists' findings on topics as diverse as: animal cognition, unconscious learning and perception in humans, infantile amnesia, theory of mind in primates, and the nature of pleasure and pain. Experimental results are placed in theoretical context by tracing the development of concepts of consciousness in animals and humans (from Plato to Penrose). Two themes emerge: first, the capacity for language marks a fundamental difference between humans and nonhumans; second, there is neither proof that any nonhuman species is conscious, nor any convincing function to be found for consciousness. Finally, a sketch is offered of a novel functionalist theory, according to which the developing capacity for language allows the creation by infants of a 'self', which may be a precondition for consciousness.Less
Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring psychologists' findings on topics as diverse as: animal cognition, unconscious learning and perception in humans, infantile amnesia, theory of mind in primates, and the nature of pleasure and pain. Experimental results are placed in theoretical context by tracing the development of concepts of consciousness in animals and humans (from Plato to Penrose). Two themes emerge: first, the capacity for language marks a fundamental difference between humans and nonhumans; second, there is neither proof that any nonhuman species is conscious, nor any convincing function to be found for consciousness. Finally, a sketch is offered of a novel functionalist theory, according to which the developing capacity for language allows the creation by infants of a 'self', which may be a precondition for consciousness.
PAUL WINDOLF
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199256976
- eISBN:
- 9780191719639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256976.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power ...
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Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power or control theories view networks as instruments used to monopolize markets or to exclude potential competitors from these markets. Examples of functionalist theories are transaction cost theory, information theories, and resource dependency. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In this introductory chapter, market regulation in the United States is discussed, along with cartels in Germany, network theories, institutional and cultural contingency, dependent and independent variables of corporate networks, and networks as institutions. The opportunities created by interlocking directorates and capital networks among large firms are also considered.Less
Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power or control theories view networks as instruments used to monopolize markets or to exclude potential competitors from these markets. Examples of functionalist theories are transaction cost theory, information theories, and resource dependency. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In this introductory chapter, market regulation in the United States is discussed, along with cartels in Germany, network theories, institutional and cultural contingency, dependent and independent variables of corporate networks, and networks as institutions. The opportunities created by interlocking directorates and capital networks among large firms are also considered.
Terry F. Godlove, Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195165272
- eISBN:
- 9780199784554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195165276.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter presents a sympathetic portrayal of Durkheim's “theory of religion” in the Elementary Forms of Religious Life (EF) in the context of major criticisms of that work. It shows that EF puts ...
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This chapter presents a sympathetic portrayal of Durkheim's “theory of religion” in the Elementary Forms of Religious Life (EF) in the context of major criticisms of that work. It shows that EF puts forward two independent approaches to its subject. One approach is functionalist; it tries to account for the existence and persistence of religion by appealing to the cohesion religion supplies to society; it accounts for the behavior and beliefs of individuals as an appeal to the needs of the whole. The other approach posits a causal mechanism by which religious ideas and symbols are generated in the very act of assembly — the theory of collective effervescence — what William Pickering calls “effervescent assembly” and Randall Collins “ritual solidarity”.Less
This chapter presents a sympathetic portrayal of Durkheim's “theory of religion” in the Elementary Forms of Religious Life (EF) in the context of major criticisms of that work. It shows that EF puts forward two independent approaches to its subject. One approach is functionalist; it tries to account for the existence and persistence of religion by appealing to the cohesion religion supplies to society; it accounts for the behavior and beliefs of individuals as an appeal to the needs of the whole. The other approach posits a causal mechanism by which religious ideas and symbols are generated in the very act of assembly — the theory of collective effervescence — what William Pickering calls “effervescent assembly” and Randall Collins “ritual solidarity”.
Wolfgang Streeck
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199573981
- eISBN:
- 9780191702136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573981.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, International Business
Economic functionalism supposedly answers questions regarding how the development of social systems should be conceived as ‘economizing’ and other such questions unambiguously and affirmatively. The ...
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Economic functionalism supposedly answers questions regarding how the development of social systems should be conceived as ‘economizing’ and other such questions unambiguously and affirmatively. The chapter introduces six points where economistic-functionalist theories of social order have failed to account for the essential elements: such theories do not specify a collective agent to design and build social institutions that maximize the return on economic resources; such theories could assume an ‘invisible hand’ to account for corrupt activities of politicians or firms; even if there is a societal agent for designing national institutions, the question regarding the achievement of institutional rationalization remains open; economic functionalism assumes that societies can be structures specifically for efficient economic performance; a mismatch would exist that concerns the extent to which a systemic rationalizer knows how to maximize efficiency; and designers and redesigners of economic institutions may have biases.Less
Economic functionalism supposedly answers questions regarding how the development of social systems should be conceived as ‘economizing’ and other such questions unambiguously and affirmatively. The chapter introduces six points where economistic-functionalist theories of social order have failed to account for the essential elements: such theories do not specify a collective agent to design and build social institutions that maximize the return on economic resources; such theories could assume an ‘invisible hand’ to account for corrupt activities of politicians or firms; even if there is a societal agent for designing national institutions, the question regarding the achievement of institutional rationalization remains open; economic functionalism assumes that societies can be structures specifically for efficient economic performance; a mismatch would exist that concerns the extent to which a systemic rationalizer knows how to maximize efficiency; and designers and redesigners of economic institutions may have biases.
Wolfgang Streeck
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199573981
- eISBN:
- 9780191702136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573981.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, International Business
The notion of complementarity, or how two institutions enhance each others' performance, belongs in a functionalist view where social structures are explained by the tasks associated with these ...
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The notion of complementarity, or how two institutions enhance each others' performance, belongs in a functionalist view where social structures are explained by the tasks associated with these structures, and where social structures were made to optimize the attainment of a certain goal. Endogenous changes in institutions usually lead to continuous improvement of institutions or to the reestablishment of the prerequisites for optimal performance after a shock that temporarily alters the functional equilibrium of the social order. Because of complex demands, it becomes difficult to determine an institutional design that will benefit its constituents and that could account for gradual, parallel, and systemic institutional changes in Germany. The implications of both positive and negative externalities are considered in attaining functional equilibrium since looking at these and allowing dysfunctions in the relations between social institutions allows more kinds of institutional change than just adaptation.Less
The notion of complementarity, or how two institutions enhance each others' performance, belongs in a functionalist view where social structures are explained by the tasks associated with these structures, and where social structures were made to optimize the attainment of a certain goal. Endogenous changes in institutions usually lead to continuous improvement of institutions or to the reestablishment of the prerequisites for optimal performance after a shock that temporarily alters the functional equilibrium of the social order. Because of complex demands, it becomes difficult to determine an institutional design that will benefit its constituents and that could account for gradual, parallel, and systemic institutional changes in Germany. The implications of both positive and negative externalities are considered in attaining functional equilibrium since looking at these and allowing dysfunctions in the relations between social institutions allows more kinds of institutional change than just adaptation.
David E. Shi
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195106534
- eISBN:
- 9780199854097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195106534.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
At the same time that journalists and editors were celebrating the vibrant new urban culture emerging in the United States at the point of mid-century, several commentators were criticizing the ...
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At the same time that journalists and editors were celebrating the vibrant new urban culture emerging in the United States at the point of mid-century, several commentators were criticizing the slavish dependence of American architects on classical or medieval styles. Those promoting an indigenous American architecture found an ardent advocate in the Boston-born sculptor Horatio Greenough with his new “functionalist” theory. However, the most fervent celebrant of the “triumph of the real” during the 1850s was a writer hardly known today: Charles Godfrey Leland who became the spirited editor of Philadelphia's struggling Graham's Monthly late in 1856. Leland brought a fresh conviction that America had reached a transitional stage in its cultural history. Leland discovered in Walt Whitman the epitome of the vigorous new cultural outlook he advocated. By rooting romantic idealism in an affection for everyday realities, Whitman became the most potent catalyst for change in 19th-century American culture with genteel conservatism and domestic sentimentalism.Less
At the same time that journalists and editors were celebrating the vibrant new urban culture emerging in the United States at the point of mid-century, several commentators were criticizing the slavish dependence of American architects on classical or medieval styles. Those promoting an indigenous American architecture found an ardent advocate in the Boston-born sculptor Horatio Greenough with his new “functionalist” theory. However, the most fervent celebrant of the “triumph of the real” during the 1850s was a writer hardly known today: Charles Godfrey Leland who became the spirited editor of Philadelphia's struggling Graham's Monthly late in 1856. Leland brought a fresh conviction that America had reached a transitional stage in its cultural history. Leland discovered in Walt Whitman the epitome of the vigorous new cultural outlook he advocated. By rooting romantic idealism in an affection for everyday realities, Whitman became the most potent catalyst for change in 19th-century American culture with genteel conservatism and domestic sentimentalism.
Stephen Mumford
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199259823
- eISBN:
- 9780191698637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259823.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This chapter considers the contrasts that are drawn between dispositions and occurrences, structures and categorical properties. The second section presents the first objection to the orthodox view ...
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This chapter considers the contrasts that are drawn between dispositions and occurrences, structures and categorical properties. The second section presents the first objection to the orthodox view of ascriptions of dispositions. It holds that disposition ascriptions do not uniquely entail conditionals. The third section discusses Elizabeth Prior's unsuccessful reply against Mellor's triangularity. The fourth section considers the problem in Mellor's position. The sixth section presents a functionalist response to the first objection. The seventh section presents the second attack on distinction. It holds that not even disposition ascriptions entail conditionals. The eighth section proposes another reply supporting the account of dispositions using a functionalist account which ultimately fails. The ninth section describes the context of ideal conditions. The last section presents a defence of realism.Less
This chapter considers the contrasts that are drawn between dispositions and occurrences, structures and categorical properties. The second section presents the first objection to the orthodox view of ascriptions of dispositions. It holds that disposition ascriptions do not uniquely entail conditionals. The third section discusses Elizabeth Prior's unsuccessful reply against Mellor's triangularity. The fourth section considers the problem in Mellor's position. The sixth section presents a functionalist response to the first objection. The seventh section presents the second attack on distinction. It holds that not even disposition ascriptions entail conditionals. The eighth section proposes another reply supporting the account of dispositions using a functionalist account which ultimately fails. The ninth section describes the context of ideal conditions. The last section presents a defence of realism.
JONATHAN COHEN
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199556168
- eISBN:
- 9780191701672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556168.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind
In this chapter, the role functionalist form of relationalism, the idea that the relations that constitute colors are functional relations — relations involving the performance of a certain ...
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In this chapter, the role functionalist form of relationalism, the idea that the relations that constitute colors are functional relations — relations involving the performance of a certain functional role that connects surfaces, lights, and the like, to visual systems is discussed. It begins with an overview of the role functionalist view and its components and presents some of its most important consequences. The relationship between role functionalism about color and the related but distinct realizer functionalist position is then illustrated as well as several ways in which it seems that the role functionalism is preferable to realizer functionalism. Also, this chapter considers, and attempts to neutralize, a cluster of objections concerning causation that some have thought favor realizer over role functionalism.Less
In this chapter, the role functionalist form of relationalism, the idea that the relations that constitute colors are functional relations — relations involving the performance of a certain functional role that connects surfaces, lights, and the like, to visual systems is discussed. It begins with an overview of the role functionalist view and its components and presents some of its most important consequences. The relationship between role functionalism about color and the related but distinct realizer functionalist position is then illustrated as well as several ways in which it seems that the role functionalism is preferable to realizer functionalism. Also, this chapter considers, and attempts to neutralize, a cluster of objections concerning causation that some have thought favor realizer over role functionalism.
Christopher Shields
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253074
- eISBN:
- 9780191598401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253072.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Shields begins the investigation of the practical application of homonymy by considering the principle use of discrete, seductive homonymy; the body, for Aristotle, is a discreet homonym. Aristotle's ...
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Shields begins the investigation of the practical application of homonymy by considering the principle use of discrete, seductive homonymy; the body, for Aristotle, is a discreet homonym. Aristotle's appeals to homonymy in serious philosophical contexts are appeals to discrete homonymy, because these are patently non‐univocal. Shields argues that homonymy in this context is a defensible application of homonymy, and furthermore it arms Aristotle against serious objections of the hylomorphic analysis of soul–body relations. The homonymy principle is also compatible with a functionalist interpretation of Aristotle's philosophy of mind.Less
Shields begins the investigation of the practical application of homonymy by considering the principle use of discrete, seductive homonymy; the body, for Aristotle, is a discreet homonym. Aristotle's appeals to homonymy in serious philosophical contexts are appeals to discrete homonymy, because these are patently non‐univocal. Shields argues that homonymy in this context is a defensible application of homonymy, and furthermore it arms Aristotle against serious objections of the hylomorphic analysis of soul–body relations. The homonymy principle is also compatible with a functionalist interpretation of Aristotle's philosophy of mind.
Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter discusses two major approaches — reductionist and functionalist — to answer several questions regarding speech. It describes reductionist as an approach that studies the properties of ...
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This chapter discusses two major approaches — reductionist and functionalist — to answer several questions regarding speech. It describes reductionist as an approach that studies the properties of speech, particularly the phonemic coding and the common features in phoneme inventories in the languages of the world. On the other hand, it describes functionalist as an approach that considers the system they belong to and studies as a whole according to its structural properties. It also discusses how the operational models developed in the literature demonstrate how the cultural phenomenon of language formation can be made to seem natural by showing that languages can emerge by self-organization out of the decentralized interaction of agents.Less
This chapter discusses two major approaches — reductionist and functionalist — to answer several questions regarding speech. It describes reductionist as an approach that studies the properties of speech, particularly the phonemic coding and the common features in phoneme inventories in the languages of the world. On the other hand, it describes functionalist as an approach that considers the system they belong to and studies as a whole according to its structural properties. It also discusses how the operational models developed in the literature demonstrate how the cultural phenomenon of language formation can be made to seem natural by showing that languages can emerge by self-organization out of the decentralized interaction of agents.
David Ranc
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719086120
- eISBN:
- 9781781702246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086120.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
What is a football supporter? Why do they identify with a given team? What does a review of literature have to say about partisan identification? Determinants of support are looked at from the point ...
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What is a football supporter? Why do they identify with a given team? What does a review of literature have to say about partisan identification? Determinants of support are looked at from the point of view of critical approaches (including Brohm and Bourdieu, hegemony theory), functionalist approaches. Interpretative and figurational sociology, the thoughts of Roger Caillois are mobilised to understand the behaviour of football supporters. Factors of partisanship are analysed with reference to sports history (class, race, gender, space, place) in particular Richard Holt, sociology (Anthony King), geography (John Bale) or social sciences (Gary Armstrong, Richard Giulianotti). Christian Bromberger and Patrick Mignon's works serve to analyse the symbolisation of identity, the construction of communities (with reference to Benedict Anderson). The press is seen as a focal point in this process (with reference to Rowe, Boyle, Haynes)Less
What is a football supporter? Why do they identify with a given team? What does a review of literature have to say about partisan identification? Determinants of support are looked at from the point of view of critical approaches (including Brohm and Bourdieu, hegemony theory), functionalist approaches. Interpretative and figurational sociology, the thoughts of Roger Caillois are mobilised to understand the behaviour of football supporters. Factors of partisanship are analysed with reference to sports history (class, race, gender, space, place) in particular Richard Holt, sociology (Anthony King), geography (John Bale) or social sciences (Gary Armstrong, Richard Giulianotti). Christian Bromberger and Patrick Mignon's works serve to analyse the symbolisation of identity, the construction of communities (with reference to Benedict Anderson). The press is seen as a focal point in this process (with reference to Rowe, Boyle, Haynes)
Paul Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278510
- eISBN:
- 9780191706967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278510.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the conceptual, jurisprudential, and moral foundations of the argument for functional quivalence between strict criminal liability and procedural doctrines implicating the ...
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This chapter examines the conceptual, jurisprudential, and moral foundations of the argument for functional quivalence between strict criminal liability and procedural doctrines implicating the presumption of innocence. It focuses on a specific contextual application of functionalist reasoning. In reaction to the functionalist tendency to treat substantive criteria of criminal liability and procedural doctrines of evidence and proof as essentially fungible functional equivalents, Section 4 stresses the distinctive meaning, inherent value, and practical division of labour differentiating elements of substance and procedure in criminal legislation and in the administration of criminal justice. It is argued that substance and procedure are independent, incommensurable dimensions of penal law that cannot be reduced to interchangeable tokens and traded like currency. To the extent that it overlooks or denies these subtleties of meaning and value, the argument for functionalist equivalence perpetrates a reductionist fallacy that misleadingly oversimplifies the task of criminal legislation and cheapens our traditional ideals of criminal justice.Less
This chapter examines the conceptual, jurisprudential, and moral foundations of the argument for functional quivalence between strict criminal liability and procedural doctrines implicating the presumption of innocence. It focuses on a specific contextual application of functionalist reasoning. In reaction to the functionalist tendency to treat substantive criteria of criminal liability and procedural doctrines of evidence and proof as essentially fungible functional equivalents, Section 4 stresses the distinctive meaning, inherent value, and practical division of labour differentiating elements of substance and procedure in criminal legislation and in the administration of criminal justice. It is argued that substance and procedure are independent, incommensurable dimensions of penal law that cannot be reduced to interchangeable tokens and traded like currency. To the extent that it overlooks or denies these subtleties of meaning and value, the argument for functionalist equivalence perpetrates a reductionist fallacy that misleadingly oversimplifies the task of criminal legislation and cheapens our traditional ideals of criminal justice.
Willem J.M. Levelt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653669
- eISBN:
- 9780191742040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653669.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter considers parallel European functionalist approaches to psycholinguistics. It reviews the slightly fragmented history of ideas on language-in-use, as it was developed by Philip Wegener, ...
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This chapter considers parallel European functionalist approaches to psycholinguistics. It reviews the slightly fragmented history of ideas on language-in-use, as it was developed by Philip Wegener, Alan Gardiner, Karl Bühler, and the Prague School. It emphasizes that these ideas developed mostly on the margins of structuralism and just outside mainstream psychology. Speech acts and functions are also discussed.Less
This chapter considers parallel European functionalist approaches to psycholinguistics. It reviews the slightly fragmented history of ideas on language-in-use, as it was developed by Philip Wegener, Alan Gardiner, Karl Bühler, and the Prague School. It emphasizes that these ideas developed mostly on the margins of structuralism and just outside mainstream psychology. Speech acts and functions are also discussed.
Ezequiel Morsella, Merrit A. Hoover,, and John A. Bargh
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195393705
- eISBN:
- 9780199979271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter considers body perception from a functionalist perspective in which mental phenomena (representations and subjective states) guide an organism’s behavior. From this perspective, body ...
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This chapter considers body perception from a functionalist perspective in which mental phenomena (representations and subjective states) guide an organism’s behavior. From this perspective, body perception is constrained by adaptive considerations of actions, influences of physical and social environments, and high-level cognitive processes.Less
This chapter considers body perception from a functionalist perspective in which mental phenomena (representations and subjective states) guide an organism’s behavior. From this perspective, body perception is constrained by adaptive considerations of actions, influences of physical and social environments, and high-level cognitive processes.
Andrea Fried (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198833888
- eISBN:
- 9780191872242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality ...
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Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards in one way or another? This book uses structuration theory—covering aspects of both structure and agency—to explore the organizational conditions and contradictions under which different types of deviance occur. It also provides empirical explanations for deviance in organizations that go beyond an understanding of individual misbehaviour where mainly a single person is held responsible. Case studies of software developing organizations illustrate insightful generalizations on standards as a mechanism of sensemaking, resource allocation, and sanctioning, and provide ground to rethink corporate responsibility when deviating from standards in the ‘audit society’.Less
Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards in one way or another? This book uses structuration theory—covering aspects of both structure and agency—to explore the organizational conditions and contradictions under which different types of deviance occur. It also provides empirical explanations for deviance in organizations that go beyond an understanding of individual misbehaviour where mainly a single person is held responsible. Case studies of software developing organizations illustrate insightful generalizations on standards as a mechanism of sensemaking, resource allocation, and sanctioning, and provide ground to rethink corporate responsibility when deviating from standards in the ‘audit society’.
Eric R. Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520223332
- eISBN:
- 9780520924871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520223332.003.0013
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
The anthropologist's study of complex societies receives its major justification from the fact that such societies are not as well organized and tightly knit. There are political resources that are ...
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The anthropologist's study of complex societies receives its major justification from the fact that such societies are not as well organized and tightly knit. There are political resources that are essential to the operation of the system. This chapter explores in detail the dialectical interplay between formal structures and the different kinds of informal associations among persons operating within the structures of structural-functionalist titleholders. The formal framework of economic and political power exists alongside or intermingled with various other kinds of informal structures that are interstitial, supplementary, or parallel to it. This study presents a great deal of information about the hidden mechanisms of complex societies. Tracing the origin and circulation of the models of etiquette structuring these sets would also reveal much of the social dynamic, of the changing distribution of forces in the social body.Less
The anthropologist's study of complex societies receives its major justification from the fact that such societies are not as well organized and tightly knit. There are political resources that are essential to the operation of the system. This chapter explores in detail the dialectical interplay between formal structures and the different kinds of informal associations among persons operating within the structures of structural-functionalist titleholders. The formal framework of economic and political power exists alongside or intermingled with various other kinds of informal structures that are interstitial, supplementary, or parallel to it. This study presents a great deal of information about the hidden mechanisms of complex societies. Tracing the origin and circulation of the models of etiquette structuring these sets would also reveal much of the social dynamic, of the changing distribution of forces in the social body.
