Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines the programmes of church building and restoration in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, including the evidence of surviving church interiors from this period. It concludes that this ...
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This chapter examines the programmes of church building and restoration in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, including the evidence of surviving church interiors from this period. It concludes that this programme was one of the most ambitious and extensive in Europe. Particular attention is paid to the restoration of Church of Ireland and building of new Roman Catholic cathedrals.Less
This chapter examines the programmes of church building and restoration in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, including the evidence of surviving church interiors from this period. It concludes that this programme was one of the most ambitious and extensive in Europe. Particular attention is paid to the restoration of Church of Ireland and building of new Roman Catholic cathedrals.
Jordi Bosch, Fabio Sgolastra, and William P. Kemp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195316957
- eISBN:
- 9780199871575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have ...
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Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.Less
Several solitary bee species in the genus Osmia have been studied as potential pollinators of fruit trees and other early-blooming crops. Methods to manage large populations in agro-ecosystems have been developed for at least three species. This chapter reviews current knowledge on the life cycle of Osmia and emphasizes the need to establish a solid ecophysiological basis to develop adequate rearing methods for these species. Two phenological events — the timing of adult diapause in the autumn, and the timing of emergence in the spring — require particular attention when managing Osmia populations. The timing of adult diapause is critical because pre-wintering temperatures have a profound effect on fat body depletion, winter survival, and vigor at emergence. Timing of emergence and its synchronization with bloom of the target crop is important to maximize pollination and production of bee progeny. Both events can be adjusted with proper temperature management.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the ...
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Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the black community, as well as a mayor's office dedicated to defusing racial tensions and “empowering” minority leaders by appointing blacks to higher offices and to civil service positions, the city of New York did not remain immune to the rising national racial tensions of the 1960s. Significantly, the rallying cry was once again police brutality, although the incident that triggered the prolonged and better organized protests was hardly as “minor” as a fruit riot, nor did it begin within the confines of Harlem.Less
Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the black community, as well as a mayor's office dedicated to defusing racial tensions and “empowering” minority leaders by appointing blacks to higher offices and to civil service positions, the city of New York did not remain immune to the rising national racial tensions of the 1960s. Significantly, the rallying cry was once again police brutality, although the incident that triggered the prolonged and better organized protests was hardly as “minor” as a fruit riot, nor did it begin within the confines of Harlem.
Adrian C. Newton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567448
- eISBN:
- 9780191717895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567448.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter first considers the process of flowering phenology and pollination, and techniques for measuring fruit production, dispersal, and predation. It then presents methods for analysing the ...
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This chapter first considers the process of flowering phenology and pollination, and techniques for measuring fruit production, dispersal, and predation. It then presents methods for analysing the mating systems of plants and the genetic structure of populations. Topics covered include pollination ecology, flowering and fruiting phenology, seed ecology, and assessment of genetic variation.Less
This chapter first considers the process of flowering phenology and pollination, and techniques for measuring fruit production, dispersal, and predation. It then presents methods for analysing the mating systems of plants and the genetic structure of populations. Topics covered include pollination ecology, flowering and fruiting phenology, seed ecology, and assessment of genetic variation.
Peter Daszak, R. K. Plowright, J. H. Epstein, J. Pulliam, S. Abdul Rahman, H. E. Field, A. Jamaluddin, S. H. Sharifah, C. S. Smith, K. J. Olival, S. Luby, K. Halpin, A. D. Hyatt, and A. A. Cunningham
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567080
- eISBN:
- 9780191717871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567080.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter reviews recent research on the emergence of the Nipah and Hendra viruses, two lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses that first emerged from fruit bat reservoirs in Malaysia in 1999 and ...
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This chapter reviews recent research on the emergence of the Nipah and Hendra viruses, two lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses that first emerged from fruit bat reservoirs in Malaysia in 1999 and Australia in 1994, respectively. Large-scale environmental changes such as deforestation, intensification of agriculture, and encroachment of human populations into wildlife habitats may have driven changes in fruit bat migration patterns, feeding behavior, and the dynamics of viral transmission to promote the emergence of these pathogens. For example, fruiting trees planted next to hog containment facilities in Malaysia provide feeding and roosting sites for fruit bats that harbor the Nipah virus. These sites provide opportunities for pathogen spillover from bats to pigs, and ultimately to humans. The link between fruiting trees at hog farms and Nipah emergence has led to livestock management plans that specify buffer zones at pig farms where fruit trees are excluded.Less
This chapter reviews recent research on the emergence of the Nipah and Hendra viruses, two lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses that first emerged from fruit bat reservoirs in Malaysia in 1999 and Australia in 1994, respectively. Large-scale environmental changes such as deforestation, intensification of agriculture, and encroachment of human populations into wildlife habitats may have driven changes in fruit bat migration patterns, feeding behavior, and the dynamics of viral transmission to promote the emergence of these pathogens. For example, fruiting trees planted next to hog containment facilities in Malaysia provide feeding and roosting sites for fruit bats that harbor the Nipah virus. These sites provide opportunities for pathogen spillover from bats to pigs, and ultimately to humans. The link between fruiting trees at hog farms and Nipah emergence has led to livestock management plans that specify buffer zones at pig farms where fruit trees are excluded.
Richard Finn Op
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283606
- eISBN:
- 9780191712692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283606.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the ...
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This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the faithful. These offerings, often referred to as first fruits, did not include tithes as they were later understood. Eloquence was essential to the bishop in raising funds for alms which he then distributed with assistance from the deacons. Such alms principally benefited a small number of Christian recipients: widows, their dependent children and other ‘orphans’, and some poorer virgins. While this form of poor relief chiefly took the form of regular distributions of food, some urban churches also founded hostels for the care of the sick destitute.Less
This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the faithful. These offerings, often referred to as first fruits, did not include tithes as they were later understood. Eloquence was essential to the bishop in raising funds for alms which he then distributed with assistance from the deacons. Such alms principally benefited a small number of Christian recipients: widows, their dependent children and other ‘orphans’, and some poorer virgins. While this form of poor relief chiefly took the form of regular distributions of food, some urban churches also founded hostels for the care of the sick destitute.
Carel P. van Schaik, Maria A. van Noordwijk, and Erin R Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as ...
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Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.Less
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.
Andrea B. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
African apes and orangutans experience temporal and spatial fluctuations in fruit availability with similar behavioral consequences. Relying on the African apes as a comparative ecogeographic model, ...
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African apes and orangutans experience temporal and spatial fluctuations in fruit availability with similar behavioral consequences. Relying on the African apes as a comparative ecogeographic model, this chapter examines jaw form among Pongo pygmaeus morio, P.p. wurmbii, and P. abelii to determine if these populations differ predictably in ways that reflect their ecological profiles. Pongo p. morio is characterized by the longest lean fruiting periods and relies to the greatest extent on resistant and hard foods. These orangutans are found to exhibit the relatively most robust mandible, and thus display the relatively greatest capacity to counter large and repetitive jaw loads. Pongo abelii, which maintains a fruit-dominated diet even in times of fruit scarcity, displays the relatively least robust mandible. Orangutans are further shown to display a relationship between variance in energy intake, feeding efficacy, and relative brain size, suggesting a link among morphological divergence, behavioral ecology, and life history.Less
African apes and orangutans experience temporal and spatial fluctuations in fruit availability with similar behavioral consequences. Relying on the African apes as a comparative ecogeographic model, this chapter examines jaw form among Pongo pygmaeus morio, P.p. wurmbii, and P. abelii to determine if these populations differ predictably in ways that reflect their ecological profiles. Pongo p. morio is characterized by the longest lean fruiting periods and relies to the greatest extent on resistant and hard foods. These orangutans are found to exhibit the relatively most robust mandible, and thus display the relatively greatest capacity to counter large and repetitive jaw loads. Pongo abelii, which maintains a fruit-dominated diet even in times of fruit scarcity, displays the relatively least robust mandible. Orangutans are further shown to display a relationship between variance in energy intake, feeding efficacy, and relative brain size, suggesting a link among morphological divergence, behavioral ecology, and life history.
Serge A. Wich, Han de Vries, Marc Ancrenaz, Lori Perkins, Robert W. Shumaker, Akira Suzuki, and Carel P. van Schaik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes ...
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Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes that took place during hominin evolution. This chapter compares what is known about life history data on Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The results indicate that interbirth intervals are longer for Sumatran than Bornean orangutans. In addition, interbirth intervals on Borneo appear to decrease with a west–east gradient. The chapter proposes that these differences might be related to fruit availability differences between and within the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. As mortality data are at present not available from Borneo we compared mortality rates of captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. No differences for captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were found, however. Interbirth intervals between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were also not found, but overall interbirth intervals were significantly shorter in captivity. We discuss these results in comparison with other hominoids.Less
Great ape life-history data are especially relevant for tests of the predictions of life-history theory and to establish firmly the derived features of human life history and therefore the changes that took place during hominin evolution. This chapter compares what is known about life history data on Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The results indicate that interbirth intervals are longer for Sumatran than Bornean orangutans. In addition, interbirth intervals on Borneo appear to decrease with a west–east gradient. The chapter proposes that these differences might be related to fruit availability differences between and within the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. As mortality data are at present not available from Borneo we compared mortality rates of captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. No differences for captive Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were found, however. Interbirth intervals between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were also not found, but overall interbirth intervals were significantly shorter in captivity. We discuss these results in comparison with other hominoids.
Helen C. Morrogh-Bernard, Simon J. Husson, Cheryl D. Knott, Serge A. Wich, Carel P. van Schaik, Maria A. van Noordwijk, Isabelle Lackman-Ancrenaz, Andrew J. Marshall, Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, and Ramlan bin Sakong
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The chapter examines differences in the activity budgets of wild orangutans (Pongo spp.) within and between a large number of study sites in Sumatra and Borneo. The authors of the chapter found that ...
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The chapter examines differences in the activity budgets of wild orangutans (Pongo spp.) within and between a large number of study sites in Sumatra and Borneo. The authors of the chapter found that each orangutan population appeared to follow one of two distinct foraging strategies: either (1) ‘sit and wait’, in which orangutans aim to minimize their energy expenditure by spending long periods of time resting and relatively short periods feeding and travelling; or (2) ‘search and find’ in which orangutans aim to maximize their energy intake by resting little and mainly feeding or moving in search of food. Orangutans adopt the first strategy in mixed-dipterocarp forests characterized by mast-fruiting events and irregular fruit availability; and adopt the second strategy in swamp forests with a regular supply of fruit, or in dryland forests with high strangling-fig density. The chapter proposes that the determining factor for which strategy is adopted is the temporal availability of fruit in the habitat, as opposed to other possibilities such as orangutan taxonomy.Less
The chapter examines differences in the activity budgets of wild orangutans (Pongo spp.) within and between a large number of study sites in Sumatra and Borneo. The authors of the chapter found that each orangutan population appeared to follow one of two distinct foraging strategies: either (1) ‘sit and wait’, in which orangutans aim to minimize their energy expenditure by spending long periods of time resting and relatively short periods feeding and travelling; or (2) ‘search and find’ in which orangutans aim to maximize their energy intake by resting little and mainly feeding or moving in search of food. Orangutans adopt the first strategy in mixed-dipterocarp forests characterized by mast-fruiting events and irregular fruit availability; and adopt the second strategy in swamp forests with a regular supply of fruit, or in dryland forests with high strangling-fig density. The chapter proposes that the determining factor for which strategy is adopted is the temporal availability of fruit in the habitat, as opposed to other possibilities such as orangutan taxonomy.
Esther M. K. Cheung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099777
- eISBN:
- 9789882206953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099777.003.0007
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The generic characteristics and subversion in Made in Hong Kong present a film of timeliness, both as a critical response to commercial genre films and as a self-sufficient narrative film. Chan ...
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The generic characteristics and subversion in Made in Hong Kong present a film of timeliness, both as a critical response to commercial genre films and as a self-sufficient narrative film. Chan “grassroots” the world by way of his do-it-yourself model, although he is not always alienated from the industry and the mainstream. Grassrooting the space of flows, involves creating pressure from the grassroots, inserting personal meaning by social actors, and developing autonomous expression and purposive horizontal communities. Fruit Chan achieved this kind of grassrooting and inspired other filmmakers to follow suit.Less
The generic characteristics and subversion in Made in Hong Kong present a film of timeliness, both as a critical response to commercial genre films and as a self-sufficient narrative film. Chan “grassroots” the world by way of his do-it-yourself model, although he is not always alienated from the industry and the mainstream. Grassrooting the space of flows, involves creating pressure from the grassroots, inserting personal meaning by social actors, and developing autonomous expression and purposive horizontal communities. Fruit Chan achieved this kind of grassrooting and inspired other filmmakers to follow suit.
M. Jamie Ferreira
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130256
- eISBN:
- 9780199834181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130251.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Human love is hidden, both because its source lies in God's love and because no word or deed necessarily reveals love; any act can be done lovingly or unlovingly. This ethic is anticonsequentialist, ...
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Human love is hidden, both because its source lies in God's love and because no word or deed necessarily reveals love; any act can be done lovingly or unlovingly. This ethic is anticonsequentialist, since external achievements can be thwarted, yet love must be recognizable by its “fruits,” its activity. Fruits of love are the expression of grateful striving, but are nonmeritorious.Less
Human love is hidden, both because its source lies in God's love and because no word or deed necessarily reveals love; any act can be done lovingly or unlovingly. This ethic is anticonsequentialist, since external achievements can be thwarted, yet love must be recognizable by its “fruits,” its activity. Fruits of love are the expression of grateful striving, but are nonmeritorious.
Edward Dallam Melillo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206623
- eISBN:
- 9780300216486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206623.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter describes efforts to improve the fertility of California's soils. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nitrogen depletion in California's soils was a major concern. ...
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This chapter describes efforts to improve the fertility of California's soils. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nitrogen depletion in California's soils was a major concern. Farmers relied on two imports from Chile—nitrogen-rich Chilean alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Chilean sodium nitrate (NaNO3)—to meet the nutrient demands of a continuously expanding agricultural system. Chilean alfalfa was indispensable to the emergence of Northern California's profitable dairy businesses, which made California into the nation's top milk butter, ice cream, and yogurt-producing state by the end of the twentieth century. Chilean sodium nitrate was essential to Southern California's prosperous citrus-fruit industry, which served as that region's primary engine of economic growth from the 1880s through World War II.Less
This chapter describes efforts to improve the fertility of California's soils. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nitrogen depletion in California's soils was a major concern. Farmers relied on two imports from Chile—nitrogen-rich Chilean alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Chilean sodium nitrate (NaNO3)—to meet the nutrient demands of a continuously expanding agricultural system. Chilean alfalfa was indispensable to the emergence of Northern California's profitable dairy businesses, which made California into the nation's top milk butter, ice cream, and yogurt-producing state by the end of the twentieth century. Chilean sodium nitrate was essential to Southern California's prosperous citrus-fruit industry, which served as that region's primary engine of economic growth from the 1880s through World War II.
William A. Richards and G. William Barnard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174060
- eISBN:
- 9780231540919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174060.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Psychopharmacology
Insights into God, Immortality, Interrelationships, Love, Beauty and Emerging Wisdom.
Insights into God, Immortality, Interrelationships, Love, Beauty and Emerging Wisdom.
Richard P. Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520220874
- eISBN:
- 9780520923812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520220874.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter talks about the banana industry and the major fruit companies established during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines the impact of the increasing appetites of ...
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This chapter talks about the banana industry and the major fruit companies established during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines the impact of the increasing appetites of North Americans and Europeans for tropical fruit, most especially bananas, which was similar to the impact that resulted from the consumer demand for cane sugar. It then introduces the United Fruit Company, which became a major force in the economies and politics of countries throughout Central and South America. The next section focuses on the major contribution of the United Fruit Company to the transformation of the Jamaican landscape and the involvement of the Americans in the agricultural economy of Jamaica. The discussion reveals that the Boston Fruit Company was reincorporated as the United Fruit Company in 1899, and that they incessantly pursued to gain monopoly of Jamaican banana exports. The development of a second and larger phase of the banana industry on the Central American mainland, the expansion of the United Fruit Company to Panama and Costa Rica, and the fruit companies in Honduras are examined. The chapter also introduces the various monocrop diseases and the efforts to remove or control these diseases. A discussion on the politics surrounding banana production is included.Less
This chapter talks about the banana industry and the major fruit companies established during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines the impact of the increasing appetites of North Americans and Europeans for tropical fruit, most especially bananas, which was similar to the impact that resulted from the consumer demand for cane sugar. It then introduces the United Fruit Company, which became a major force in the economies and politics of countries throughout Central and South America. The next section focuses on the major contribution of the United Fruit Company to the transformation of the Jamaican landscape and the involvement of the Americans in the agricultural economy of Jamaica. The discussion reveals that the Boston Fruit Company was reincorporated as the United Fruit Company in 1899, and that they incessantly pursued to gain monopoly of Jamaican banana exports. The development of a second and larger phase of the banana industry on the Central American mainland, the expansion of the United Fruit Company to Panama and Costa Rica, and the fruit companies in Honduras are examined. The chapter also introduces the various monocrop diseases and the efforts to remove or control these diseases. A discussion on the politics surrounding banana production is included.
Richard J. Orsi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520200197
- eISBN:
- 9780520940864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520200197.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the marketing activities of the Southern Pacific Company. The first section pinpoints the marketing problems that affected the Southern Pacific Company. The second section of ...
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This chapter examines the marketing activities of the Southern Pacific Company. The first section pinpoints the marketing problems that affected the Southern Pacific Company. The second section of the chapter takes a look at the role played by the Southern Pacific in the formation of farm cooperatives, and as an advertiser of the produce of California and the western regions. Their support for the farm cooperatives from the 1880s to the 1920s is considered. The discussion then shifts to the Southern Pacific's first long-term marketing relationship with the California Fruit Growers' Exchange and the creation of the Pacific Fruit Express. The “Cantaloupe Deal” and some notable Southern Pacific practices are discussed as well.Less
This chapter examines the marketing activities of the Southern Pacific Company. The first section pinpoints the marketing problems that affected the Southern Pacific Company. The second section of the chapter takes a look at the role played by the Southern Pacific in the formation of farm cooperatives, and as an advertiser of the produce of California and the western regions. Their support for the farm cooperatives from the 1880s to the 1920s is considered. The discussion then shifts to the Southern Pacific's first long-term marketing relationship with the California Fruit Growers' Exchange and the creation of the Pacific Fruit Express. The “Cantaloupe Deal” and some notable Southern Pacific practices are discussed as well.
Eduardo Posada-Carbó
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206286
- eISBN:
- 9780191677069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206286.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In a country where the influx of international migration was small compared to Argentina or Brazil, the presence of foreign immigrants and capital on the Caribbean Coast is worthy of attention. This ...
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In a country where the influx of international migration was small compared to Argentina or Brazil, the presence of foreign immigrants and capital on the Caribbean Coast is worthy of attention. This chapter examines foreign influence on Coastal development between 1870 and 1950, citing the experience of the Syrians, who constituted the largest group of immigrants to settle on the Coast. This is followed by an analysis of foreign migration to Barranquilla which, as a successful port, attracted the most immigrants. A section is devoted to an American entrepreneur, Karl C. Parrish, who moved to Barranquilla at the beginning of the twentieth century. Finally, the chapter examines the impact that foreign capital, the activities of the United Fruit Company in particular, had on the region. It concludes by challenging the predominant view of the banana industry as an enclave, a foreign outpost without significant links with the national economy.Less
In a country where the influx of international migration was small compared to Argentina or Brazil, the presence of foreign immigrants and capital on the Caribbean Coast is worthy of attention. This chapter examines foreign influence on Coastal development between 1870 and 1950, citing the experience of the Syrians, who constituted the largest group of immigrants to settle on the Coast. This is followed by an analysis of foreign migration to Barranquilla which, as a successful port, attracted the most immigrants. A section is devoted to an American entrepreneur, Karl C. Parrish, who moved to Barranquilla at the beginning of the twentieth century. Finally, the chapter examines the impact that foreign capital, the activities of the United Fruit Company in particular, had on the region. It concludes by challenging the predominant view of the banana industry as an enclave, a foreign outpost without significant links with the national economy.
Tom Kimmerer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813165660
- eISBN:
- 9780813166681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165660.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Sex in trees is complicated. Unable to move, trees rely on wind and animals to reproduce successfully. This chapter focuses on reproduction in kingnut trees and wind pollination. Once trees have made ...
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Sex in trees is complicated. Unable to move, trees rely on wind and animals to reproduce successfully. This chapter focuses on reproduction in kingnut trees and wind pollination. Once trees have made seeds, they need means to move those seeds around the landscape. Trees like blue ash, with its small winged seeds, rely on wind, but trees like kingnut and bur oak, with exceptionally large seeds, rely on a combination of gravity and animals to move their seeds around the landscape. Kingnut and bur oak have the largest seeds of their genera, and this is likely to be an adaptation to establishment in drought conditions, especially in karst topography. With cattle and horses grazing our woodland pastures continually, there is almost no opportunity for our woodland pasture species to regenerate successfully.Less
Sex in trees is complicated. Unable to move, trees rely on wind and animals to reproduce successfully. This chapter focuses on reproduction in kingnut trees and wind pollination. Once trees have made seeds, they need means to move those seeds around the landscape. Trees like blue ash, with its small winged seeds, rely on wind, but trees like kingnut and bur oak, with exceptionally large seeds, rely on a combination of gravity and animals to move their seeds around the landscape. Kingnut and bur oak have the largest seeds of their genera, and this is likely to be an adaptation to establishment in drought conditions, especially in karst topography. With cattle and horses grazing our woodland pastures continually, there is almost no opportunity for our woodland pasture species to regenerate successfully.
Kam Louie (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028412
- eISBN:
- 9789882206960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028412.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter explores how various moments of disjointed time in Hong Kong history are associated with the expression of a sense of ghostliness, alienation and homelessness. It discusses the ...
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This chapter explores how various moments of disjointed time in Hong Kong history are associated with the expression of a sense of ghostliness, alienation and homelessness. It discusses the possibility of writing a meta-history of Hong Kong over the past thirty years or so through a hermeneutical reading of the cinematic depictions of space. It focuses on how an allegorical reading of the ordinary, quotidian aspects of urban life offers chances to understand the effects of eventful changes. The trivial and the mundane leads the chapter to deduce the profound aspects of Hong Kong's transformations during these kairotic moments. The three films discussed in this chapter are Ann Hui's The Secret, Stanley Kwan's Rouge, and Fruit Chan's Little Cheung.Less
This chapter explores how various moments of disjointed time in Hong Kong history are associated with the expression of a sense of ghostliness, alienation and homelessness. It discusses the possibility of writing a meta-history of Hong Kong over the past thirty years or so through a hermeneutical reading of the cinematic depictions of space. It focuses on how an allegorical reading of the ordinary, quotidian aspects of urban life offers chances to understand the effects of eventful changes. The trivial and the mundane leads the chapter to deduce the profound aspects of Hong Kong's transformations during these kairotic moments. The three films discussed in this chapter are Ann Hui's The Secret, Stanley Kwan's Rouge, and Fruit Chan's Little Cheung.
Kam Louie (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028412
- eISBN:
- 9789882206960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028412.003.0012
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Globality is a plane of immanence without exteriority. However, by the same token, globality is always unstable and cannot be enclosed as a totality. Its constitution through virtual images opens ...
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Globality is a plane of immanence without exteriority. However, by the same token, globality is always unstable and cannot be enclosed as a totality. Its constitution through virtual images opens “it” up from within and makes it vulnerable to the alterity of the image as such. In the case of Hollywood, Hong Kong, the aesthetic image captures and preserves marginal forms of sociality that have been globalized out of existence and the entire process of their vanishing. Of course, such aesthetic images can always be appropriated by hegemonic calculations. For example, independent films such as Fruit Chan's have a symbolic value in calculations of global city status for Hong Kong. The new vocation of aesthetic form, this chapter suggests, is to dissect and anatomize global connectivity at each and every level of its manifestation in daily life and to show what it enables and disenables, without nostalgia, despair, or utopian hope.Less
Globality is a plane of immanence without exteriority. However, by the same token, globality is always unstable and cannot be enclosed as a totality. Its constitution through virtual images opens “it” up from within and makes it vulnerable to the alterity of the image as such. In the case of Hollywood, Hong Kong, the aesthetic image captures and preserves marginal forms of sociality that have been globalized out of existence and the entire process of their vanishing. Of course, such aesthetic images can always be appropriated by hegemonic calculations. For example, independent films such as Fruit Chan's have a symbolic value in calculations of global city status for Hong Kong. The new vocation of aesthetic form, this chapter suggests, is to dissect and anatomize global connectivity at each and every level of its manifestation in daily life and to show what it enables and disenables, without nostalgia, despair, or utopian hope.
