Leif Lewin
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198277255
- eISBN:
- 9780191599774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198277253.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The final chapter of the book draws conclusions and implications from the evidence presented in previous chapters that public interest seems to be of greater importance in democratic politics than ...
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The final chapter of the book draws conclusions and implications from the evidence presented in previous chapters that public interest seems to be of greater importance in democratic politics than self‐interest. Analysing collective rationality, the public‐choice theory maintains the notion that realization of collective choice often brings about ‘unfortunate and unintended consequences’, thus suggesting that more self‐regulatory, privately owned free‐market economy can solve many problems, providing individuals better opportunities to reach their goals. As an alternative, drawing on such classics of political philosophy as Rousseau, Kant, and Hume, as well as on insights of iterative games of ‘Prisoner Dilemma’, Leif Lewin describes concepts of welfare state, social contract, and common good. Upholding the belief that the man is a rational human being, who endeavours to realize his preferences, the author maintains that these preferences need not be egoistic in nature and calls political scientists not to deny the findings of their own empirical research. He concludes that for the most part the man tries to further the public interest in politics, assuming that in the long run such policies are also to his own benefit.Less
The final chapter of the book draws conclusions and implications from the evidence presented in previous chapters that public interest seems to be of greater importance in democratic politics than self‐interest. Analysing collective rationality, the public‐choice theory maintains the notion that realization of collective choice often brings about ‘unfortunate and unintended consequences’, thus suggesting that more self‐regulatory, privately owned free‐market economy can solve many problems, providing individuals better opportunities to reach their goals. As an alternative, drawing on such classics of political philosophy as Rousseau, Kant, and Hume, as well as on insights of iterative games of ‘Prisoner Dilemma’, Leif Lewin describes concepts of welfare state, social contract, and common good. Upholding the belief that the man is a rational human being, who endeavours to realize his preferences, the author maintains that these preferences need not be egoistic in nature and calls political scientists not to deny the findings of their own empirical research. He concludes that for the most part the man tries to further the public interest in politics, assuming that in the long run such policies are also to his own benefit.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as ...
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On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.Less
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.
Ha-Joon Chang and Robert Rowthorn
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explains the pros and cons of both the traditional and neo-liberal view on the role of the government in economics. The traditional function of the state in economics is that the ...
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This chapter explains the pros and cons of both the traditional and neo-liberal view on the role of the government in economics. The traditional function of the state in economics is that the government is there to effectively allocate the resources of the state among the citizenry. On the other hand, the neo-liberal approach is that the markets should operate free from the government intervention. The principle espoused by the neo-liberals is also known as the Laissez-Faire approach. However, according to the book, a market fully free from government intervention is still impossible to operate. A third way is still more effective than the Laissez-Faire system, and this third kind is present in East-Asian countries. On the other hand, socialism, which requires the planning of all the economic activity within the state by the government is not effective as evidenced by the attempted conversion by Czechoslovakia to a free market economy and the subsequent fall of the communist states and Soviet Union.Less
This chapter explains the pros and cons of both the traditional and neo-liberal view on the role of the government in economics. The traditional function of the state in economics is that the government is there to effectively allocate the resources of the state among the citizenry. On the other hand, the neo-liberal approach is that the markets should operate free from the government intervention. The principle espoused by the neo-liberals is also known as the Laissez-Faire approach. However, according to the book, a market fully free from government intervention is still impossible to operate. A third way is still more effective than the Laissez-Faire system, and this third kind is present in East-Asian countries. On the other hand, socialism, which requires the planning of all the economic activity within the state by the government is not effective as evidenced by the attempted conversion by Czechoslovakia to a free market economy and the subsequent fall of the communist states and Soviet Union.
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206477
- eISBN:
- 9780191677151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206477.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter discusses the challenges to the free market economy at the first onset of the Great Depression in the 1870s. It identifies that the most direct assault to the free market came from the ...
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This chapter discusses the challenges to the free market economy at the first onset of the Great Depression in the 1870s. It identifies that the most direct assault to the free market came from the direction of socialism and the New Liberal reaction against the laissez-faire doctrines of classical liberalism. It notes that the cross-party ‘national efficiency’ ideology, brought together an unlikely assortment of Tories, Liberal Imperialists, and Fabian socialists in a generalized critique of the dominant assumptions of laissez-faire. It observes that the various forms of Edwardian ‘collectivism’ were deeply divergent both in political philosophy and purpose. It explains that it was the Great War that accelerated these varied tendencies by temporarily suspending laissez-faire and government exercised central planning and state control of the transport, coal, armaments, iron and engineering industries, bulk purchase of imports, and allocation of all essential staple commodities and raw materials.Less
This chapter discusses the challenges to the free market economy at the first onset of the Great Depression in the 1870s. It identifies that the most direct assault to the free market came from the direction of socialism and the New Liberal reaction against the laissez-faire doctrines of classical liberalism. It notes that the cross-party ‘national efficiency’ ideology, brought together an unlikely assortment of Tories, Liberal Imperialists, and Fabian socialists in a generalized critique of the dominant assumptions of laissez-faire. It observes that the various forms of Edwardian ‘collectivism’ were deeply divergent both in political philosophy and purpose. It explains that it was the Great War that accelerated these varied tendencies by temporarily suspending laissez-faire and government exercised central planning and state control of the transport, coal, armaments, iron and engineering industries, bulk purchase of imports, and allocation of all essential staple commodities and raw materials.
Neil MacCormick
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198268772
- eISBN:
- 9780191713071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268772.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter seeks to clarify the place of autonomy in the account of practical reasoning, and to connect it with Kant's idea about the ‘laws of freedom’ characteristic of a liberal state and with ...
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This chapter seeks to clarify the place of autonomy in the account of practical reasoning, and to connect it with Kant's idea about the ‘laws of freedom’ characteristic of a liberal state and with Smith's ‘system of natural liberty’ essential to a free market economy. It begins with some further reflections on autonomy, then proceeds to consider how the natural law inheritance may help to understand the argument, and how it leads on to the quite radical ideas about human freedom that Smith and Kant advanced.Less
This chapter seeks to clarify the place of autonomy in the account of practical reasoning, and to connect it with Kant's idea about the ‘laws of freedom’ characteristic of a liberal state and with Smith's ‘system of natural liberty’ essential to a free market economy. It begins with some further reflections on autonomy, then proceeds to consider how the natural law inheritance may help to understand the argument, and how it leads on to the quite radical ideas about human freedom that Smith and Kant advanced.
Stephen Zamora, José RamlÓN CossÍO, Lenone Pereznieto, José Roldá n-Xopa, and David Lopez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199288489
- eISBN:
- 9780191700514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288489.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses economic and environmental regulation in Mexico. First, it discusses the establishment of a new legal framework for a free market economy. Congress adopted a series of laws to ...
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This chapter discusses economic and environmental regulation in Mexico. First, it discusses the establishment of a new legal framework for a free market economy. Congress adopted a series of laws to regulate business activity in the new, open economy in which private investment was to play a much larger role. It then discusses environmental regulation, focusing on the adoption of the General Law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection (Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente, or LGEEPA), which makes up the general regulatory framework pertaining to ecology and the environment.Less
This chapter discusses economic and environmental regulation in Mexico. First, it discusses the establishment of a new legal framework for a free market economy. Congress adopted a series of laws to regulate business activity in the new, open economy in which private investment was to play a much larger role. It then discusses environmental regulation, focusing on the adoption of the General Law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection (Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente, or LGEEPA), which makes up the general regulatory framework pertaining to ecology and the environment.
James W. Ely
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195323337
- eISBN:
- 9780199851508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323337.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place ...
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This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place of property ownership in U.S. society and that throughout much of U.S. history, federal and state courts championed property rights against legislative abridgment. Americans have consistently assigned a high place to private property and a free-market economy, believing that individual property rights is the fountainhead of personal liberty and political democracy, and that property ownership encourages economic self-sufficiency and political independence.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place of property ownership in U.S. society and that throughout much of U.S. history, federal and state courts championed property rights against legislative abridgment. Americans have consistently assigned a high place to private property and a free-market economy, believing that individual property rights is the fountainhead of personal liberty and political democracy, and that property ownership encourages economic self-sufficiency and political independence.
Michael Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847423986
- eISBN:
- 9781447301622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847423986.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This introductory chapter begins by presenting different situations where choice manifests itself. It then defines choice as an idea and a value that is presented as an unmitigated good. It argues ...
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This introductory chapter begins by presenting different situations where choice manifests itself. It then defines choice as an idea and a value that is presented as an unmitigated good. It argues that more choice, that is, a wider range in areas where it already exists, and its introduction where it does not, is always beneficial, desirable and, therefore, legitimising: a matter against which there can be no counter-argument. Next, it explains that the ideology and institution of choice are rooted in the free market economy and the political system of electoral democracy.Less
This introductory chapter begins by presenting different situations where choice manifests itself. It then defines choice as an idea and a value that is presented as an unmitigated good. It argues that more choice, that is, a wider range in areas where it already exists, and its introduction where it does not, is always beneficial, desirable and, therefore, legitimising: a matter against which there can be no counter-argument. Next, it explains that the ideology and institution of choice are rooted in the free market economy and the political system of electoral democracy.
Matthew A. Shadle
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190660130
- eISBN:
- 9780190660161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190660130.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
Pope John Paul II wrote his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus to offer a Catholic vision of political and economic life after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the democratization of ...
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Pope John Paul II wrote his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus to offer a Catholic vision of political and economic life after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the democratization of many countries in Latin America and Asia. The encyclical provided a stronger defense of the free-market economy than had previous Catholic social teaching, and neoconservative Catholics saw it as a vindication of their views. Centesimus Annus also harshly condemns consumerism, however, and proposes that the state has a greater role in ensuring that the economy serves the common good than do the neoconservatives. John Paul II recognizes the essential role of human creativity and ingenuity in the economy, but balances this by emphasizing that the human person is the recipient of God’s grace.Less
Pope John Paul II wrote his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus to offer a Catholic vision of political and economic life after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the democratization of many countries in Latin America and Asia. The encyclical provided a stronger defense of the free-market economy than had previous Catholic social teaching, and neoconservative Catholics saw it as a vindication of their views. Centesimus Annus also harshly condemns consumerism, however, and proposes that the state has a greater role in ensuring that the economy serves the common good than do the neoconservatives. John Paul II recognizes the essential role of human creativity and ingenuity in the economy, but balances this by emphasizing that the human person is the recipient of God’s grace.
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703188
- eISBN:
- 9781501706257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703188.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This epilogue addresses the complex question of the link between system-cybernetic governmentality and the neoliberal transformation of post-Soviet Russia. Although the system-cybernetic ...
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This epilogue addresses the complex question of the link between system-cybernetic governmentality and the neoliberal transformation of post-Soviet Russia. Although the system-cybernetic governmentality and economic neoliberalism did not share institutional origins, they were linked during the post-Soviet transformation as a result of historical momentum: the members of the Soviet systems approach community were best positioned to conduct the transfer of the models of the market economy from the West at a time when neoliberal ideas on the free market economy were gaining popularity. However, this should not mean that the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality should be tainted as neoliberal; rather, this reveals the extent to which scientific governance can be appropriated by different economic and political regimes. If anything, the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality is a history of a rather liberal governmental technology, underscoring the conditions of autonomy, self-regulation, and government at a distance.Less
This epilogue addresses the complex question of the link between system-cybernetic governmentality and the neoliberal transformation of post-Soviet Russia. Although the system-cybernetic governmentality and economic neoliberalism did not share institutional origins, they were linked during the post-Soviet transformation as a result of historical momentum: the members of the Soviet systems approach community were best positioned to conduct the transfer of the models of the market economy from the West at a time when neoliberal ideas on the free market economy were gaining popularity. However, this should not mean that the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality should be tainted as neoliberal; rather, this reveals the extent to which scientific governance can be appropriated by different economic and political regimes. If anything, the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality is a history of a rather liberal governmental technology, underscoring the conditions of autonomy, self-regulation, and government at a distance.
Joseph P. H. Fan and Randall Morck (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226237244
- eISBN:
- 9780226237268
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226237268.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
China's economic boom over the last two decades has taken many analysts by surprise, given the ongoing role of central government planning. China's current growth trajectory suggests that the size of ...
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China's economic boom over the last two decades has taken many analysts by surprise, given the ongoing role of central government planning. China's current growth trajectory suggests that the size of its economy could soon surpass that of the United States. Some argue that continued growth and the expanding middle class will ultimately exert pressure on the government to bring about greater openness of the financial market. To better understand China's recent economic performance, this book examines the distinctive system it has developed: “market socialism with Chinese characteristics.” While China's formal institutional makeup resembles that of a free-market economy, many of its practices remain socialist, including strategically placed state-owned enterprises that wield influence both directly and through controlled business groups, and Communist Party cells whose purpose is to maintain control of many segments of the economy. China's economic system, the contributors find, also retains many historical characteristics that play a central role in managing the economy. These and other issues are examined in chapters on China's financial regulations, corporate governance codes, bankruptcy laws, taxation, and disclosure rules.Less
China's economic boom over the last two decades has taken many analysts by surprise, given the ongoing role of central government planning. China's current growth trajectory suggests that the size of its economy could soon surpass that of the United States. Some argue that continued growth and the expanding middle class will ultimately exert pressure on the government to bring about greater openness of the financial market. To better understand China's recent economic performance, this book examines the distinctive system it has developed: “market socialism with Chinese characteristics.” While China's formal institutional makeup resembles that of a free-market economy, many of its practices remain socialist, including strategically placed state-owned enterprises that wield influence both directly and through controlled business groups, and Communist Party cells whose purpose is to maintain control of many segments of the economy. China's economic system, the contributors find, also retains many historical characteristics that play a central role in managing the economy. These and other issues are examined in chapters on China's financial regulations, corporate governance codes, bankruptcy laws, taxation, and disclosure rules.
Christine B. N. Chin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199890910
- eISBN:
- 9780199345489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890910.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter Seven concludes the study by discussing major findings and their implications. Women’s transnational migration for sex work occurs in and is fueled by structural constraints and opportunities ...
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Chapter Seven concludes the study by discussing major findings and their implications. Women’s transnational migration for sex work occurs in and is fueled by structural constraints and opportunities born from the marriage of patriarchal power with free market economies. Until and unless structural forces are acknowledged and addressed comprehensively, policies based explicitly on ‘either-or’ positions relating to sex trafficking, migration prostitution, illegal aliens, and so forth will obscure, if not perpetuate, contradictions.Less
Chapter Seven concludes the study by discussing major findings and their implications. Women’s transnational migration for sex work occurs in and is fueled by structural constraints and opportunities born from the marriage of patriarchal power with free market economies. Until and unless structural forces are acknowledged and addressed comprehensively, policies based explicitly on ‘either-or’ positions relating to sex trafficking, migration prostitution, illegal aliens, and so forth will obscure, if not perpetuate, contradictions.
Andrew R. Polk
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501759222
- eISBN:
- 9781501759239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501759222.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter assesses how Dwight D. Eisenhower genuinely embraced his predecessors' religious propaganda; yet he also advanced that propaganda for his own purposes. He chose to adopt Truman's later ...
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This chapter assesses how Dwight D. Eisenhower genuinely embraced his predecessors' religious propaganda; yet he also advanced that propaganda for his own purposes. He chose to adopt Truman's later construction of religious patriotism as a bulwark of national security. Eisenhower also differed from his predecessors in his refusal to woo religious organizations. He instead found allies like the American Legion and the Ad Council that existed outside of the institutional categories of church and state and which he hoped could bridge the two spheres in ways the established institutions could not. When they did not fully serve his purposes, he helped create the Foundation for Religious Action in the Social and Civil Order (FRASCO), an organization that explicitly existed to work in the space between religion and politics and beyond the limitations of the institutions that controlled them. By identifying issues such as national defense, free market economics, and anticommunism as social rather than political or religious issues, FRASCO, the American Legion, and the Ad Council were able to normalize much of the period's religious propaganda, while still claiming to uphold the nation's traditional separation of church and state.Less
This chapter assesses how Dwight D. Eisenhower genuinely embraced his predecessors' religious propaganda; yet he also advanced that propaganda for his own purposes. He chose to adopt Truman's later construction of religious patriotism as a bulwark of national security. Eisenhower also differed from his predecessors in his refusal to woo religious organizations. He instead found allies like the American Legion and the Ad Council that existed outside of the institutional categories of church and state and which he hoped could bridge the two spheres in ways the established institutions could not. When they did not fully serve his purposes, he helped create the Foundation for Religious Action in the Social and Civil Order (FRASCO), an organization that explicitly existed to work in the space between religion and politics and beyond the limitations of the institutions that controlled them. By identifying issues such as national defense, free market economics, and anticommunism as social rather than political or religious issues, FRASCO, the American Legion, and the Ad Council were able to normalize much of the period's religious propaganda, while still claiming to uphold the nation's traditional separation of church and state.
