Matthew Clayton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199268948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199268940.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter addresses issues of justice with respect to the end of childhood. Should there be an age at which certain legal rights become available to individuals and, if so, how should the ...
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This chapter addresses issues of justice with respect to the end of childhood. Should there be an age at which certain legal rights become available to individuals and, if so, how should the appropriate age be determined? The chapter defends age-based discrimination against objections that it is unjust or undemocratic. It then considers the issue of the voting age and defends certain criteria for its determination.Less
This chapter addresses issues of justice with respect to the end of childhood. Should there be an age at which certain legal rights become available to individuals and, if so, how should the appropriate age be determined? The chapter defends age-based discrimination against objections that it is unjust or undemocratic. It then considers the issue of the voting age and defends certain criteria for its determination.
Marc Brodie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199270552
- eISBN:
- 9780191710254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270552.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book is about the political views of the ‘classic’ poor of London's East End in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. The residents of this area have been historically characterized as ...
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This book is about the political views of the ‘classic’ poor of London's East End in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. The residents of this area have been historically characterized as abjectly poor, casually employed, slum dwellers with a poverty-induced apathy toward political solutions interspersed with occasional violent displays of support for populist calls for protectionism, imperialism, or anti-alien agitation. These factors, in combination, have been thought to have allowed the Conservative Party to politically dominate the East End in this period. This study demonstrates that many of these images are wrong. Economic conditions in the East End were not as uniformly bleak as often portrayed. The workings of the franchise laws also meant that those who possessed the vote in the East End were generally the most prosperous and regularly employed of their occupational group. Conservative electoral victories in the East End were not the result of poverty. Political attitudes in the East End were determined to a far greater extent by issues concerning the ‘personal’ in a number of senses. The importance given to individual character in the political judgements of the East End working class was greatly increased by a number of specific local factors. These included the prevalence of particular forms of workplace structure, and the generally somewhat shorter length of time on the electoral register of voters in the area. Also important was a continuing attachment to the Church of England amongst a number of the more prosperous working class. In the place of many ‘myths’ about the people of the East End and their politics, this study provides a model that does not seek to explain the politics of the area in full, but suggests the point strongly that we can understand politics, and the formation of political attitudes, in the East End or any other area, only through a detailed examination of very specific localized community and workplace structures. This book challenges the idea that a ‘Conservatism of the slums’ existed in London's East End in the Victorian and Edwardian period. It argues that images of abjectly poor residents who supported Conservative appeals about protectionism, imperialism, and anti-immigration are largely wrong. Instead, it was the support of better-off workers, combined with a general importance in the area of the ‘personal’ in politics emphasized by local social and workplace structures, which delivered the limited successes that the Conservatives did enjoy.Less
This book is about the political views of the ‘classic’ poor of London's East End in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. The residents of this area have been historically characterized as abjectly poor, casually employed, slum dwellers with a poverty-induced apathy toward political solutions interspersed with occasional violent displays of support for populist calls for protectionism, imperialism, or anti-alien agitation. These factors, in combination, have been thought to have allowed the Conservative Party to politically dominate the East End in this period. This study demonstrates that many of these images are wrong. Economic conditions in the East End were not as uniformly bleak as often portrayed. The workings of the franchise laws also meant that those who possessed the vote in the East End were generally the most prosperous and regularly employed of their occupational group. Conservative electoral victories in the East End were not the result of poverty. Political attitudes in the East End were determined to a far greater extent by issues concerning the ‘personal’ in a number of senses. The importance given to individual character in the political judgements of the East End working class was greatly increased by a number of specific local factors. These included the prevalence of particular forms of workplace structure, and the generally somewhat shorter length of time on the electoral register of voters in the area. Also important was a continuing attachment to the Church of England amongst a number of the more prosperous working class. In the place of many ‘myths’ about the people of the East End and their politics, this study provides a model that does not seek to explain the politics of the area in full, but suggests the point strongly that we can understand politics, and the formation of political attitudes, in the East End or any other area, only through a detailed examination of very specific localized community and workplace structures. This book challenges the idea that a ‘Conservatism of the slums’ existed in London's East End in the Victorian and Edwardian period. It argues that images of abjectly poor residents who supported Conservative appeals about protectionism, imperialism, and anti-immigration are largely wrong. Instead, it was the support of better-off workers, combined with a general importance in the area of the ‘personal’ in politics emphasized by local social and workplace structures, which delivered the limited successes that the Conservatives did enjoy.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199547944
- eISBN:
- 9780191720116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Constituting the demos — deciding who gets a say, or a vote — is the first task of any democracy, but it is a topic on which democratic theory has surprisingly little to offer. ‘Enfranchising all ...
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Constituting the demos — deciding who gets a say, or a vote — is the first task of any democracy, but it is a topic on which democratic theory has surprisingly little to offer. ‘Enfranchising all affected interests’ is a good start. When unpacked, however, it turns out that the most defensible version of that rule requires us to extend membership in the demos to every interest that would probably be affected by any possible decision arising out of any possible agenda. Given the broad scope of the ‘possible’, that means we ought, in principle, include just about everyone worldwide in the same demos.Less
Constituting the demos — deciding who gets a say, or a vote — is the first task of any democracy, but it is a topic on which democratic theory has surprisingly little to offer. ‘Enfranchising all affected interests’ is a good start. When unpacked, however, it turns out that the most defensible version of that rule requires us to extend membership in the demos to every interest that would probably be affected by any possible decision arising out of any possible agenda. Given the broad scope of the ‘possible’, that means we ought, in principle, include just about everyone worldwide in the same demos.
Iain McLean
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295297
- eISBN:
- 9780191599873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295294.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
A case study of the great Victorian electoral realignment. Corrects existing claims about landslide elections, and tabulates the bias and responsiveness of the UK electoral system from 1868 to 1918. ...
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A case study of the great Victorian electoral realignment. Corrects existing claims about landslide elections, and tabulates the bias and responsiveness of the UK electoral system from 1868 to 1918. Examines the opportunities and problems for politicians in two‐dimensional space. A new account of the reasons for Gladstone's failure to achieve Home Rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893 is offered, as is a solution to the puzzle of why politicians whose interest lay in widening the franchise after 1900, especially by introducing women's suffrage, failed to do so.Less
A case study of the great Victorian electoral realignment. Corrects existing claims about landslide elections, and tabulates the bias and responsiveness of the UK electoral system from 1868 to 1918. Examines the opportunities and problems for politicians in two‐dimensional space. A new account of the reasons for Gladstone's failure to achieve Home Rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893 is offered, as is a solution to the puzzle of why politicians whose interest lay in widening the franchise after 1900, especially by introducing women's suffrage, failed to do so.
Rex Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292937
- eISBN:
- 9780191599811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292937.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would ...
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It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would be apt to produce and enforce rights. It could plausibly be argued that democratic institutions—universal franchise (on a one‐person, one‐vote basis), regular and contested voting operating at two distinct levels (the level of parliament and the level of general elections), and majority rule—can effectively perform this job and thus provide the setting required by civil rights. Democratic procedures are a stable and relatively reliable way of identifying, and then implementing, laws and policies that serve interests common to the voters or to a large number of them, presumably, at least a majority.This key argument is deeply ambiguous; it covers several disparate options. We do not want to eliminate any of them from the list altogether; the best solution, then, would be to try to rank these options in some definite order. The chapter concludes by laying out the idea of a ranking procedure that would be acceptable to all the voters: the theme advanced here is that we should go to the basic practice itself (as outlined in the three democratic institutions and their various rationales, as found in Condorcet and Duncan Black and others) to try to establish an internal ground, one that can be located in the practice itself, for deciding on a ranking; the resultant ranking of options, if it could successfully be achieved, would thereby become part of the very justification for having and relying on democratic institutions.Less
It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would be apt to produce and enforce rights. It could plausibly be argued that democratic institutions—universal franchise (on a one‐person, one‐vote basis), regular and contested voting operating at two distinct levels (the level of parliament and the level of general elections), and majority rule—can effectively perform this job and thus provide the setting required by civil rights. Democratic procedures are a stable and relatively reliable way of identifying, and then implementing, laws and policies that serve interests common to the voters or to a large number of them, presumably, at least a majority.
This key argument is deeply ambiguous; it covers several disparate options. We do not want to eliminate any of them from the list altogether; the best solution, then, would be to try to rank these options in some definite order. The chapter concludes by laying out the idea of a ranking procedure that would be acceptable to all the voters: the theme advanced here is that we should go to the basic practice itself (as outlined in the three democratic institutions and their various rationales, as found in Condorcet and Duncan Black and others) to try to establish an internal ground, one that can be located in the practice itself, for deciding on a ranking; the resultant ranking of options, if it could successfully be achieved, would thereby become part of the very justification for having and relying on democratic institutions.
Martin Shapiro
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The two papers in Ch. 5 examine how lawyers and law professors, operating in private arenas, successfully revived a pre-modern legal system, the Lex Mercatoria – the international body of trade law ...
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The two papers in Ch. 5 examine how lawyers and law professors, operating in private arenas, successfully revived a pre-modern legal system, the Lex Mercatoria – the international body of trade law derived from merchant practice. Shapiro’s paper, which was originally published in The State and Freedom of Contract (ed. Harry Scheiber, Stanford University Press) in 1998) first introduces the Lex Mercatoria (the law of merchants) in relation to freedom of contract and contract law, and then discusses globalizing tendencies in contract law, doctrine, and jurisprudence, before moving on to globalizing tendencies in contract practice, using the legal doctrine of conflict of laws as a baseline for measurement of globalization tendencies. Here, Lex Mercatoria (or general principles of law) often play a substantial part in the resolution of contract disputes, particularly where arbitration is involved. Shapiro goes on to deal with the unification of private law in the United States in the 1920s (the trans-state harmonization of contract law), which he uses as a benchmark to assess the massive post-Second World War movement to a global law of contract. Aspects addressed include the globalization of contracting practice and law, the American-style contract (in relation to franchising law and mineral (non-oil) development contracts), and developments in business organization and law institutions.Less
The two papers in Ch. 5 examine how lawyers and law professors, operating in private arenas, successfully revived a pre-modern legal system, the Lex Mercatoria – the international body of trade law derived from merchant practice. Shapiro’s paper, which was originally published in The State and Freedom of Contract (ed. Harry Scheiber, Stanford University Press) in 1998) first introduces the Lex Mercatoria (the law of merchants) in relation to freedom of contract and contract law, and then discusses globalizing tendencies in contract law, doctrine, and jurisprudence, before moving on to globalizing tendencies in contract practice, using the legal doctrine of conflict of laws as a baseline for measurement of globalization tendencies. Here, Lex Mercatoria (or general principles of law) often play a substantial part in the resolution of contract disputes, particularly where arbitration is involved. Shapiro goes on to deal with the unification of private law in the United States in the 1920s (the trans-state harmonization of contract law), which he uses as a benchmark to assess the massive post-Second World War movement to a global law of contract. Aspects addressed include the globalization of contracting practice and law, the American-style contract (in relation to franchising law and mineral (non-oil) development contracts), and developments in business organization and law institutions.
Larry E. Ribstein and Erin O'Hara
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312898
- eISBN:
- 9780199871025
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312898.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Cheaper transportation, faster communication, and lowered trade barriers have made people, firms, and their assets much more mobile. This increasing mobility has strained traditional notions that ...
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Cheaper transportation, faster communication, and lowered trade barriers have made people, firms, and their assets much more mobile. This increasing mobility has strained traditional notions that laws operate within geographic borders. Instead, some nations find their laws powerless to control or regulate behavior, while others pass laws that have profound effects on assets and activities worldwide. Today, states increasingly act as hawkers of legal rules in a market for law where people and firms often can shop for those regimes that they find most desirable. A California resident can incorporate her shipping business in Delaware, register her ships in Panama, hire her employees from Hong Kong, place her earnings in an asset-protection trust formed in the Cayman Islands, and enter into a same-sex marriage in Massachusetts or Canada, and in doing so, she can enjoy the California sunshine while at least potentially avoiding many facets of the state's laws. The law market carries the promise of improving our lives as well as the quality of the laws that govern us because it helps to discipline interest group attempts to pass laws that impose costs on society. But the law market also threatens governments' ability to protect its citizens from harmful private conduct. Given this trade-off, the book argues that simple contractual choice-of-law rules can help maximize the beneficial effects of the law market while tempering its costs. This approach often is superior to attempts to federalize legal rules in the United States or to harmonize legal rules across nations. Moreover, lawmakers have powerful incentives to enforce parties' bargains regarding the applicable law in order to attract or retain mobile firms and residents. The book shows how their insights and recommendations apply across a wide variety of legal problems, including corporate governance, securities, franchise, trust, property, marriage, living will, surrogacy, and general contract regulations. This book therefore provides a useful template for analyzing the role of law in an increasingly mobile world.Less
Cheaper transportation, faster communication, and lowered trade barriers have made people, firms, and their assets much more mobile. This increasing mobility has strained traditional notions that laws operate within geographic borders. Instead, some nations find their laws powerless to control or regulate behavior, while others pass laws that have profound effects on assets and activities worldwide. Today, states increasingly act as hawkers of legal rules in a market for law where people and firms often can shop for those regimes that they find most desirable. A California resident can incorporate her shipping business in Delaware, register her ships in Panama, hire her employees from Hong Kong, place her earnings in an asset-protection trust formed in the Cayman Islands, and enter into a same-sex marriage in Massachusetts or Canada, and in doing so, she can enjoy the California sunshine while at least potentially avoiding many facets of the state's laws.
The law market carries the promise of improving our lives as well as the quality of the laws that govern us because it helps to discipline interest group attempts to pass laws that impose costs on society. But the law market also threatens governments' ability to protect its citizens from harmful private conduct. Given this trade-off, the book argues that simple contractual choice-of-law rules can help maximize the beneficial effects of the law market while tempering its costs. This approach often is superior to attempts to federalize legal rules in the United States or to harmonize legal rules across nations. Moreover, lawmakers have powerful incentives to enforce parties' bargains regarding the applicable law in order to attract or retain mobile firms and residents.
The book shows how their insights and recommendations apply across a wide variety of legal problems, including corporate governance, securities, franchise, trust, property, marriage, living will, surrogacy, and general contract regulations. This book therefore provides a useful template for analyzing the role of law in an increasingly mobile world.
Derek Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814743478
- eISBN:
- 9780814743492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814743478.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. ...
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While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. In each case, the initial success of a single product led to a long-term embrace of media franchising—a dynamic process in which media workers from different industrial positions shared in and reproduced familiar culture across television, film, comics, games, and merchandising. This book examines the corporate culture behind these production practices, as well as the collaborative and creative efforts involved in conceiving, sustaining, and sharing intellectual properties in media work worlds. Challenging connotations of homogeneity, the book shows how the cultural and industrial logic of franchising has encouraged media industries to reimagine creativity as an opportunity for exchange among producers, licensees, and even consumers. Drawing on case studies and interviews with media producers, it reveals the meaningful identities, cultural hierarchies, and struggles for distinction that accompany collaboration within these production networks. The book provides a nuanced portrait of the collaborative cultural production embedded in both the media industries and our own daily lives.Less
While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. In each case, the initial success of a single product led to a long-term embrace of media franchising—a dynamic process in which media workers from different industrial positions shared in and reproduced familiar culture across television, film, comics, games, and merchandising. This book examines the corporate culture behind these production practices, as well as the collaborative and creative efforts involved in conceiving, sustaining, and sharing intellectual properties in media work worlds. Challenging connotations of homogeneity, the book shows how the cultural and industrial logic of franchising has encouraged media industries to reimagine creativity as an opportunity for exchange among producers, licensees, and even consumers. Drawing on case studies and interviews with media producers, it reveals the meaningful identities, cultural hierarchies, and struggles for distinction that accompany collaboration within these production networks. The book provides a nuanced portrait of the collaborative cultural production embedded in both the media industries and our own daily lives.
Peter M. Birkeland
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226051901
- eISBN:
- 9780226051925
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226051925.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Organizations
McDonald's, Blockbuster Video, Jiffy Lube, and Subway: franchising has become an ever-present feature of the American landscape. One-third of the U.S. gross domestic product flows through franchises, ...
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McDonald's, Blockbuster Video, Jiffy Lube, and Subway: franchising has become an ever-present feature of the American landscape. One-third of the U.S. gross domestic product flows through franchises, and one out of every sixteen workers is employed by one. But how did franchising come to play such a dominant role in the American economy? What are the day-to-day experiences of franchisees and franchisers in the workplace? What challenges and pitfalls await them as they stake their claim to prosperity? These are just a few of the questions explored in this book, a documentary-like look into the frustrations and uncertainties that entrepreneurs face in their pursuit of the American dream. The author worked for three years in the front-line operations of franchise units for three companies, met with CEOs and executives, and attended countless trade shows, seminars, and expositions. All this firsthand experience gave him unprecedented access to the hopes and aspirations of franchisees. His book closely traces different franchisees and follows them as their dreams of wealth and independence buckle beneath the weight of frustrating logistics and contractual technicalities. Through extensive interviews and research, the author not only discovers what makes franchisees succeed or fail, he uncovers the difficulties in running a business according to someone else's system and values. Bearing witness to a market flooded with fierce competitors and dependent on the inscrutable whims of consumers, he uncovers the numerous challenges that franchisees face in making their businesses succeed.Less
McDonald's, Blockbuster Video, Jiffy Lube, and Subway: franchising has become an ever-present feature of the American landscape. One-third of the U.S. gross domestic product flows through franchises, and one out of every sixteen workers is employed by one. But how did franchising come to play such a dominant role in the American economy? What are the day-to-day experiences of franchisees and franchisers in the workplace? What challenges and pitfalls await them as they stake their claim to prosperity? These are just a few of the questions explored in this book, a documentary-like look into the frustrations and uncertainties that entrepreneurs face in their pursuit of the American dream. The author worked for three years in the front-line operations of franchise units for three companies, met with CEOs and executives, and attended countless trade shows, seminars, and expositions. All this firsthand experience gave him unprecedented access to the hopes and aspirations of franchisees. His book closely traces different franchisees and follows them as their dreams of wealth and independence buckle beneath the weight of frustrating logistics and contractual technicalities. Through extensive interviews and research, the author not only discovers what makes franchisees succeed or fail, he uncovers the difficulties in running a business according to someone else's system and values. Bearing witness to a market flooded with fierce competitors and dependent on the inscrutable whims of consumers, he uncovers the numerous challenges that franchisees face in making their businesses succeed.
Michael Keane, Anthony Fung, and Albert Moran
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098206
- eISBN:
- 9789882207219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098206.003.0003
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This chapter examines the strategies for export growth and the role of TV franchises and formats in extending audio-visual markets. It begins with a discussion on some of the inherent problems within ...
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This chapter examines the strategies for export growth and the role of TV franchises and formats in extending audio-visual markets. It begins with a discussion on some of the inherent problems within the political economy of media tradition when it is applied to East Asia, and offers new ways of thinking through processes of cultural translation and exchange. This leads to the five-stage model of export growth: clusters, niche, franchising, cloning, and de-territorialization.Less
This chapter examines the strategies for export growth and the role of TV franchises and formats in extending audio-visual markets. It begins with a discussion on some of the inherent problems within the political economy of media tradition when it is applied to East Asia, and offers new ways of thinking through processes of cultural translation and exchange. This leads to the five-stage model of export growth: clusters, niche, franchising, cloning, and de-territorialization.
Bob Rehak
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479813155
- eISBN:
- 9781479897070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479813155.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Today’s franchises of fantastic media depend on visual effects for their existence, not just in their local textual homes (a feature film, a TV episode, a videogame) but across multiple screens and ...
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Today’s franchises of fantastic media depend on visual effects for their existence, not just in their local textual homes (a feature film, a TV episode, a videogame) but across multiple screens and platforms, working transmedially to build ongoing storyworlds, imbue bodies with evidence of life, and ultimately to travel freely as spectacular subgenres in themselves. In this book’s four case studies, major fantastic franchises of the last half century—Star Trek, Star Wars, the Middle Earth films, and The Matrix—reveal themselves as busy sites of negotiation between the late analog era of the 1960s and 1970s and the digital blockbuster era that followed. Arguing that this colonization took place largely in and through the visual effects design and engineering of high-profile media properties, the chapters explore television series art direction and its relationship to an amateur “blueprint culture,” documenting the contents of media’s imaginary worlds; the previsualization practices through which visual effects rebrand complex webs of creative contributions under the sign of the techno-auteur; the animation traditions that bring special-effects-assisted performances to life; and the role of special effects in larger circuits of visual culture. Approaching special effects both as specific technological practices and discursive performances of behind-the-scenes labor, More Than Meets the Eye plumbs the analog roots of contemporary transmedia franchises to find the unexpected behaviors and impacts of special effects that hide in plain sight, constructing perceptions of narrative worlds and characters as on another level they construct our collective ways of imagining franchise cinema, digital media, and technological change.Less
Today’s franchises of fantastic media depend on visual effects for their existence, not just in their local textual homes (a feature film, a TV episode, a videogame) but across multiple screens and platforms, working transmedially to build ongoing storyworlds, imbue bodies with evidence of life, and ultimately to travel freely as spectacular subgenres in themselves. In this book’s four case studies, major fantastic franchises of the last half century—Star Trek, Star Wars, the Middle Earth films, and The Matrix—reveal themselves as busy sites of negotiation between the late analog era of the 1960s and 1970s and the digital blockbuster era that followed. Arguing that this colonization took place largely in and through the visual effects design and engineering of high-profile media properties, the chapters explore television series art direction and its relationship to an amateur “blueprint culture,” documenting the contents of media’s imaginary worlds; the previsualization practices through which visual effects rebrand complex webs of creative contributions under the sign of the techno-auteur; the animation traditions that bring special-effects-assisted performances to life; and the role of special effects in larger circuits of visual culture. Approaching special effects both as specific technological practices and discursive performances of behind-the-scenes labor, More Than Meets the Eye plumbs the analog roots of contemporary transmedia franchises to find the unexpected behaviors and impacts of special effects that hide in plain sight, constructing perceptions of narrative worlds and characters as on another level they construct our collective ways of imagining franchise cinema, digital media, and technological change.
John Miller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199288397
- eISBN:
- 9780191710902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288397.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
James was determined to repeal the penal laws and test acts, to allow religious freedom and full political rights to Catholics and Dissenters. To achieve this he needed a compliant Parliament. As the ...
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James was determined to repeal the penal laws and test acts, to allow religious freedom and full political rights to Catholics and Dissenters. To achieve this he needed a compliant Parliament. As the great majority of MPs sat for boroughs, his attempts to secure a suitable Parliament focused on towns. The more urban rulers showed their opposition to his plans, the more blatantly he interfered in the towns' internal affairs. He used the powers given him in the charters of the early 1680s to remove members of corporation, but he also nominated their replacements, for which the charters made no provision. In 1688 he issued new charters to many towns confining the franchise to the corporation — which he nominated. These measures were backed up by threats and intimidation, some of them involving the army. When he fled in December 1688 many towns showed their hostility to his measures with riots and other disorders.Less
James was determined to repeal the penal laws and test acts, to allow religious freedom and full political rights to Catholics and Dissenters. To achieve this he needed a compliant Parliament. As the great majority of MPs sat for boroughs, his attempts to secure a suitable Parliament focused on towns. The more urban rulers showed their opposition to his plans, the more blatantly he interfered in the towns' internal affairs. He used the powers given him in the charters of the early 1680s to remove members of corporation, but he also nominated their replacements, for which the charters made no provision. In 1688 he issued new charters to many towns confining the franchise to the corporation — which he nominated. These measures were backed up by threats and intimidation, some of them involving the army. When he fled in December 1688 many towns showed their hostility to his measures with riots and other disorders.
Linda Argote and Eric Darr
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248544
- eISBN:
- 9780191596155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248540.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Where is knowledge embedded in organizations? The chapter describes results on the persistence and transfer of knowledge in fast food franchises, and presents the results on the productivity of the ...
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Where is knowledge embedded in organizations? The chapter describes results on the persistence and transfer of knowledge in fast food franchises, and presents the results on the productivity of the franchises and on the timeliness of their service. It is shown that the qualitative evidence about where knowledge was embedded in the franchises suggests that knowledge gained from experience at the franchises was embedded in individual workers and in the organizations’ routines, structures, and technologies. It is argued that the fast food franchises were able to realize significant productivity gains in the face of extraordinarily high turnover because a significant component of the knowledge was embedded in the organization's structure and technology rather than in individual employees. Further, embedding knowledge in structure and technology appeared to facilitate the transfer of knowledge across organizations.Less
Where is knowledge embedded in organizations? The chapter describes results on the persistence and transfer of knowledge in fast food franchises, and presents the results on the productivity of the franchises and on the timeliness of their service. It is shown that the qualitative evidence about where knowledge was embedded in the franchises suggests that knowledge gained from experience at the franchises was embedded in individual workers and in the organizations’ routines, structures, and technologies. It is argued that the fast food franchises were able to realize significant productivity gains in the face of extraordinarily high turnover because a significant component of the knowledge was embedded in the organization's structure and technology rather than in individual employees. Further, embedding knowledge in structure and technology appeared to facilitate the transfer of knowledge across organizations.
John Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199253456
- eISBN:
- 9780191698149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253456.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter highlights Colin Matthew's first published article as one of his most influential pieces. In his celebrated 1976 essay on the role of franchise extension in the rise of the Labour Party, ...
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This chapter highlights Colin Matthew's first published article as one of his most influential pieces. In his celebrated 1976 essay on the role of franchise extension in the rise of the Labour Party, Colin, writing with Ross McKibbin and John Kay, argued that the then little studied fourth Reform Act of 1918 had, by enfranchising the 30 per cent or so of adult men previously beyond the political pale, provided the impetus for the growth of Labour and the replacement of the Liberals as the party of the left. The authors argued that the bulk of the missing 30 per cent before 1918 were working class. They showed that in the pre-1918 system urban, industrial boroughs had the lowest proportion of their male population registered to vote, and prosperous county towns the highest. The ‘Franchise Factor’ article looked forward into the twentieth-century. Colin Matthew, at least, was much influenced in writing it by the then prevalent view of the steady emergence of class as the basis of political allegiance during the course of the twentieth-century.Less
This chapter highlights Colin Matthew's first published article as one of his most influential pieces. In his celebrated 1976 essay on the role of franchise extension in the rise of the Labour Party, Colin, writing with Ross McKibbin and John Kay, argued that the then little studied fourth Reform Act of 1918 had, by enfranchising the 30 per cent or so of adult men previously beyond the political pale, provided the impetus for the growth of Labour and the replacement of the Liberals as the party of the left. The authors argued that the bulk of the missing 30 per cent before 1918 were working class. They showed that in the pre-1918 system urban, industrial boroughs had the lowest proportion of their male population registered to vote, and prosperous county towns the highest. The ‘Franchise Factor’ article looked forward into the twentieth-century. Colin Matthew, at least, was much influenced in writing it by the then prevalent view of the steady emergence of class as the basis of political allegiance during the course of the twentieth-century.
Peter M. Birkeland
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226051901
- eISBN:
- 9780226051925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226051925.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Organizations
This chapter presents an account of the experiences working with franchisees in three franchise systems. Franchise systems are aimed to repress the creativity and uniqueness of regional businesses so ...
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This chapter presents an account of the experiences working with franchisees in three franchise systems. Franchise systems are aimed to repress the creativity and uniqueness of regional businesses so that small towns as well as urban areas are much the same. The diversity among franchisees in background, aspirations, expectations, and values does not cause the problem of control but can contribute to it through the equally pressing problem of organizational alignment. The fundamental features and dispersion offer the motive and opportunity, respectively, for franchisees to operate their unit outside of the trademark. Franchisors employ every tool in their power to bring franchisees in line. But despite an exhaustive agreement in their favor, it is not enough precisely because profiles of franchisees are not absolutes, interests of franchisors and franchisees are not as tightly aligned as they could be, and the direct supervision of franchisees is not obtainable.Less
This chapter presents an account of the experiences working with franchisees in three franchise systems. Franchise systems are aimed to repress the creativity and uniqueness of regional businesses so that small towns as well as urban areas are much the same. The diversity among franchisees in background, aspirations, expectations, and values does not cause the problem of control but can contribute to it through the equally pressing problem of organizational alignment. The fundamental features and dispersion offer the motive and opportunity, respectively, for franchisees to operate their unit outside of the trademark. Franchisors employ every tool in their power to bring franchisees in line. But despite an exhaustive agreement in their favor, it is not enough precisely because profiles of franchisees are not absolutes, interests of franchisors and franchisees are not as tightly aligned as they could be, and the direct supervision of franchisees is not obtainable.
Jonathan Sachs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376128
- eISBN:
- 9780199871643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376128.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Framed by questions of popular participation in politics and the problem of public opinion, this chapter considers Roman themes on the London stage after Waterloo and Kemble's retirement. ...
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Framed by questions of popular participation in politics and the problem of public opinion, this chapter considers Roman themes on the London stage after Waterloo and Kemble's retirement. Post‐Waterloo Roman plays show how the theatre functions as a public space for debate on problems of scarcity, conspiracy, revolt, and the use of violence to achieve political ends. Payne's Brutus and Knowles's Caius Gracchus clearly align themselves with Reform politics, while Croly's Catiline uses an episode from Roman republican history to link popular sovereignty to domestic misrule and corrupt imperial governance. All three plays, however, are critical of the Roman populace, which they depict as a mob not a “people,” one incapable of articulating its interests coherently. Given increasing demands for franchise reform, this depiction of the Roman populace demonstrates republican Rome's role shaping British responses to the most contemporary of events.Less
Framed by questions of popular participation in politics and the problem of public opinion, this chapter considers Roman themes on the London stage after Waterloo and Kemble's retirement. Post‐Waterloo Roman plays show how the theatre functions as a public space for debate on problems of scarcity, conspiracy, revolt, and the use of violence to achieve political ends. Payne's Brutus and Knowles's Caius Gracchus clearly align themselves with Reform politics, while Croly's Catiline uses an episode from Roman republican history to link popular sovereignty to domestic misrule and corrupt imperial governance. All three plays, however, are critical of the Roman populace, which they depict as a mob not a “people,” one incapable of articulating its interests coherently. Given increasing demands for franchise reform, this depiction of the Roman populace demonstrates republican Rome's role shaping British responses to the most contemporary of events.
ROGER B. MANNING
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198203247
- eISBN:
- 9780191675805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203247.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the structure of poaching and illegal deer hunting in medieval England. It explains the leadership of the gentry in poaching gangs and discusses the factionalism in unlawful ...
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This chapter examines the structure of poaching and illegal deer hunting in medieval England. It explains the leadership of the gentry in poaching gangs and discusses the factionalism in unlawful hunting that flourished in Tudor and early Stuart England because of conflicts in overlapping hunting franchises and jurisdictions, and competition for forest and game offices among the aristocracy and the gentry. The chapter suggests that the violence perpetrated by deer stealers and poaching gangs can be explained by the extent to which martial values permeated the deer-hunting culture of the aristocracy and the gentry.Less
This chapter examines the structure of poaching and illegal deer hunting in medieval England. It explains the leadership of the gentry in poaching gangs and discusses the factionalism in unlawful hunting that flourished in Tudor and early Stuart England because of conflicts in overlapping hunting franchises and jurisdictions, and competition for forest and game offices among the aristocracy and the gentry. The chapter suggests that the violence perpetrated by deer stealers and poaching gangs can be explained by the extent to which martial values permeated the deer-hunting culture of the aristocracy and the gentry.
Janice Carlisle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165098
- eISBN:
- 9780199787685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165098.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This afterword comments briefly on Eliot's Middlemarch to indicate the political conclusion to which the argument of this study leads. Although the preceding chapters analyze the plots of the fiction ...
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This afterword comments briefly on Eliot's Middlemarch to indicate the political conclusion to which the argument of this study leads. Although the preceding chapters analyze the plots of the fiction of the 1860s by treating the politics of class in relation to the practices of everyday life, Middlemarch, a novel begun in the last years of that decade, suggests the extent to which such texts also open themselves to more institutionally specific political readings. The debates surrounding the 1866 and 1867 franchise reform bills involved on a national scale the kind of exchange that Victorian novels enact on the level of relations between individuals, and the argument with which this study concludes, like those in the previous chapters, is based on the olfactory data provided by the many novels surveyed earlier and the perspectives on materiality that they offer. The evocative smells of Middlemarch exemplify the relationship between matter and spirit in high-Victorian fiction, and the case of one of its characters connects olfactory experience to the larger, presumably inodorate arena of institutional politics.Less
This afterword comments briefly on Eliot's Middlemarch to indicate the political conclusion to which the argument of this study leads. Although the preceding chapters analyze the plots of the fiction of the 1860s by treating the politics of class in relation to the practices of everyday life, Middlemarch, a novel begun in the last years of that decade, suggests the extent to which such texts also open themselves to more institutionally specific political readings. The debates surrounding the 1866 and 1867 franchise reform bills involved on a national scale the kind of exchange that Victorian novels enact on the level of relations between individuals, and the argument with which this study concludes, like those in the previous chapters, is based on the olfactory data provided by the many novels surveyed earlier and the perspectives on materiality that they offer. The evocative smells of Middlemarch exemplify the relationship between matter and spirit in high-Victorian fiction, and the case of one of its characters connects olfactory experience to the larger, presumably inodorate arena of institutional politics.
Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199236602
- eISBN:
- 9780191696701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236602.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter begins by exploring the great impact caused by the Hatfield accident on the strategic rail authority (SRA) and its frustrated strategies and franchising. It then discusses the general ...
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This chapter begins by exploring the great impact caused by the Hatfield accident on the strategic rail authority (SRA) and its frustrated strategies and franchising. It then discusses the general election on 7 June 2001 and the reorganization of the transportation department by the new government. It also talks about Stephen Bryers, the then newly appointed Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, and John Spellar as Transport Minister. Subsequently, this chapter explains that the decision of taking Railtrack into administration and rejecting the alternative of another review of the company's requirements by the Regulator may have been Bryer's and the Government's, though it is clear that the company itself played a part in its own demise. Lastly, it also discusses Morton's reactions on Bryer's decisions for the company.Less
This chapter begins by exploring the great impact caused by the Hatfield accident on the strategic rail authority (SRA) and its frustrated strategies and franchising. It then discusses the general election on 7 June 2001 and the reorganization of the transportation department by the new government. It also talks about Stephen Bryers, the then newly appointed Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, and John Spellar as Transport Minister. Subsequently, this chapter explains that the decision of taking Railtrack into administration and rejecting the alternative of another review of the company's requirements by the Regulator may have been Bryer's and the Government's, though it is clear that the company itself played a part in its own demise. Lastly, it also discusses Morton's reactions on Bryer's decisions for the company.
Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199236602
- eISBN:
- 9780191696701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236602.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter begins by discussing the search for a successor to Morton and the appointment of Richard Bowker. It then examines several complicating factors in the relationship between Bowker, the new ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the search for a successor to Morton and the appointment of Richard Bowker. It then examines several complicating factors in the relationship between Bowker, the new chairman, and his Board. Subsequently, it talks about the reshaping of the SRA as well as the industry's new strategic plans. It then discusses the resignation of Stephen Bryers as Transport Secretary and the appointment of Alistair Darling for the said position. It also illustrates the franchise development made by the SRA from the year 2002 to 2004. It then presents TOC's operating costs, its pre-tax profits, and government subsidy received per passenger per kilometer. In addition, the rail industry's performance from 2000 to 2007 is evaluated. Lastly, it discusses the industry's aspirations to get involved in freight transport.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the search for a successor to Morton and the appointment of Richard Bowker. It then examines several complicating factors in the relationship between Bowker, the new chairman, and his Board. Subsequently, it talks about the reshaping of the SRA as well as the industry's new strategic plans. It then discusses the resignation of Stephen Bryers as Transport Secretary and the appointment of Alistair Darling for the said position. It also illustrates the franchise development made by the SRA from the year 2002 to 2004. It then presents TOC's operating costs, its pre-tax profits, and government subsidy received per passenger per kilometer. In addition, the rail industry's performance from 2000 to 2007 is evaluated. Lastly, it discusses the industry's aspirations to get involved in freight transport.
