Darrell Duffie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279234
- eISBN:
- 9780191728419
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279234.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book addresses the empirical estimation of corporate default risk. The book addresses the measurement of corporate default risk based on the empirical estimation of default intensity processes, ...
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This book addresses the empirical estimation of corporate default risk. The book addresses the measurement of corporate default risk based on the empirical estimation of default intensity processes, and their correlation. The default intensity of a borrower is the mean rate of arrival of default, conditional on the available information. For example, a default intensity of 0.1 means an expected arrival rate of one default per ten years, given all current information. Default intensities change with the arrival of new information about the borrower and its economic environment. The main focus here is on methodologies for estimating default intensities and on some key empirical properties of corporate default risk. The book pays special attention to the correlation of default risk across firms, and unobserved “frailty” factors that increase this correlation.Less
This book addresses the empirical estimation of corporate default risk. The book addresses the measurement of corporate default risk based on the empirical estimation of default intensity processes, and their correlation. The default intensity of a borrower is the mean rate of arrival of default, conditional on the available information. For example, a default intensity of 0.1 means an expected arrival rate of one default per ten years, given all current information. Default intensities change with the arrival of new information about the borrower and its economic environment. The main focus here is on methodologies for estimating default intensities and on some key empirical properties of corporate default risk. The book pays special attention to the correlation of default risk across firms, and unobserved “frailty” factors that increase this correlation.
Caroline Nicholson and Jo Hockley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599295
- eISBN:
- 9780191731532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599295.003.0031
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter first considers the challenges of end of life care in late old age. It then introduces the concept of ‘frailty’ in older people and the importance of acknowledging dying in old age as a ...
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This chapter first considers the challenges of end of life care in late old age. It then introduces the concept of ‘frailty’ in older people and the importance of acknowledging dying in old age as a more natural event than dying from cancer or other diseases earlier in the life course. It explores the concept of ‘natural dying’ in the Fourth Age as both an opportunity and a challenge: an opportunity to maximize and learn from the capacity of those living and dying in late old age; a challenge to the current professionalization of death and dying within the developed world, where the focus is on medicalized and ‘abnormal’ death in the very frail older people. Finally, the chapter looks at care homes as a place where older people live and die. It sets out the important role care homes now have in framing end of life care, the demands that beset them, and the aspiration that care homes could be significant in challenging society's taboo of death.Less
This chapter first considers the challenges of end of life care in late old age. It then introduces the concept of ‘frailty’ in older people and the importance of acknowledging dying in old age as a more natural event than dying from cancer or other diseases earlier in the life course. It explores the concept of ‘natural dying’ in the Fourth Age as both an opportunity and a challenge: an opportunity to maximize and learn from the capacity of those living and dying in late old age; a challenge to the current professionalization of death and dying within the developed world, where the focus is on medicalized and ‘abnormal’ death in the very frail older people. Finally, the chapter looks at care homes as a place where older people live and die. It sets out the important role care homes now have in framing end of life care, the demands that beset them, and the aspiration that care homes could be significant in challenging society's taboo of death.
Darrell Duffie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279234
- eISBN:
- 9780191728419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279234.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter provides strong evidence of missing common or correlated default risk factors, some of which may not even have been contemporaneously available. Based on this idea, it provides estimates ...
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This chapter provides strong evidence of missing common or correlated default risk factors, some of which may not even have been contemporaneously available. Based on this idea, it provides estimates of a frailty-based model of joint default arrivals, in which default correlation can arise from variables that might have been available to the econometrician but were not included in the model, and also from additional unobservable sources of correlation. The results show substantial dependence of default intensities on common unobservable (or at least un-included) factors whose effects are condensed for modeling purposes into a single multiplicative dynamic factor, parameterized as an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck frailty process. The estimated parameters governing the mean reversion and volatility of this frailty process, as well as the posterior (filtered) probability distribution of the frailty process, indicate substantial persistence and time variation in hidden common default risk.Less
This chapter provides strong evidence of missing common or correlated default risk factors, some of which may not even have been contemporaneously available. Based on this idea, it provides estimates of a frailty-based model of joint default arrivals, in which default correlation can arise from variables that might have been available to the econometrician but were not included in the model, and also from additional unobservable sources of correlation. The results show substantial dependence of default intensities on common unobservable (or at least un-included) factors whose effects are condensed for modeling purposes into a single multiplicative dynamic factor, parameterized as an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck frailty process. The estimated parameters governing the mean reversion and volatility of this frailty process, as well as the posterior (filtered) probability distribution of the frailty process, indicate substantial persistence and time variation in hidden common default risk.
Paul Higgs and Chris Gilleard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447319054
- eISBN:
- 9781447319085
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447319054.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
How do we sustain agency and identity amidst the frailty of advanced old age? What role does care play in this process? Pushing forward new sociological theory, this book explores the theoretical and ...
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How do we sustain agency and identity amidst the frailty of advanced old age? What role does care play in this process? Pushing forward new sociological theory, this book explores the theoretical and practical issues raised by age and infirmity. It begins with a theoretical examination of the fourth age, interrogating notions of agency, identity and personhood, as well as the impact of frailty, abjection and ‘othering’. It then applies this analysis to issues of care. Exploring our collective hopes and fears concerning old age and the ends of people’s lives, this is essential reading on one of the biggest social issues of our time.Less
How do we sustain agency and identity amidst the frailty of advanced old age? What role does care play in this process? Pushing forward new sociological theory, this book explores the theoretical and practical issues raised by age and infirmity. It begins with a theoretical examination of the fourth age, interrogating notions of agency, identity and personhood, as well as the impact of frailty, abjection and ‘othering’. It then applies this analysis to issues of care. Exploring our collective hopes and fears concerning old age and the ends of people’s lives, this is essential reading on one of the biggest social issues of our time.
Lina Johansoon and Edwina A Brown
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0016
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses old people who have ESRD. It defines the term ‘old’ as a person who has lived a long time and is no longer young. The chapter states that before the 1970s, dialysis treatment ...
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This chapter discusses old people who have ESRD. It defines the term ‘old’ as a person who has lived a long time and is no longer young. The chapter states that before the 1970s, dialysis treatment was only available to patients who were no older than fifty, but due to the increase in the number of older people who needed dialysis, this treatment was soon made available to those people as well. It discusses a number of factors, such as nutrition, frailty, depression, and cognitive function.Less
This chapter discusses old people who have ESRD. It defines the term ‘old’ as a person who has lived a long time and is no longer young. The chapter states that before the 1970s, dialysis treatment was only available to patients who were no older than fifty, but due to the increase in the number of older people who needed dialysis, this treatment was soon made available to those people as well. It discusses a number of factors, such as nutrition, frailty, depression, and cognitive function.
Julia Addington-Hall and Katherine Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599400
- eISBN:
- 9780191739170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599400.003.0066
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more ...
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This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more aged population and the forecasted increases in long-term conditions, the numbers of people following frailty and dementia illness trajectories is growing rapidly. However, one of the hardest tasks in the management of chronic disease is to understand the transition from actively seeking remission of disease to positively accepting approaching death. Until there are considerable advancements in prognostication in other conditions, it will remain a public health challenge to be able to justify end-of-life care for individual non-cancer patients.Less
This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more aged population and the forecasted increases in long-term conditions, the numbers of people following frailty and dementia illness trajectories is growing rapidly. However, one of the hardest tasks in the management of chronic disease is to understand the transition from actively seeking remission of disease to positively accepting approaching death. Until there are considerable advancements in prognostication in other conditions, it will remain a public health challenge to be able to justify end-of-life care for individual non-cancer patients.
Mari Lloyd-Williams (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198806677
- eISBN:
- 9780191844249
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198806677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine and Older People
Patients with life-limiting illness and their families require the skills of many professionals, but also the support of their community. Psychosocial issues for people with life-limiting and ...
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Patients with life-limiting illness and their families require the skills of many professionals, but also the support of their community. Psychosocial issues for people with life-limiting and terminal illness are complex and require excellent team work and the ability to look beyond the obvious. Whilst most professionals are comfortable in assessing and supporting even the most intimate of physical problems, assessing and supporting the emotional, social, and spiritual sequelae of terminal illness is challenging. More attention has been given to the psychosocial needs of adults with cancer than for any other group. This new edition of a successful text examines current practice and provision of psychosocial care across the lifespan and includes neonatal palliative care, care of the frail elderly, those with dementia and the marginalized. It is a highly practical text, comprehensively reviewing the current literature and evidence in order to demonstrate good, and better, research-based practice in psychosocial care.Less
Patients with life-limiting illness and their families require the skills of many professionals, but also the support of their community. Psychosocial issues for people with life-limiting and terminal illness are complex and require excellent team work and the ability to look beyond the obvious. Whilst most professionals are comfortable in assessing and supporting even the most intimate of physical problems, assessing and supporting the emotional, social, and spiritual sequelae of terminal illness is challenging. More attention has been given to the psychosocial needs of adults with cancer than for any other group. This new edition of a successful text examines current practice and provision of psychosocial care across the lifespan and includes neonatal palliative care, care of the frail elderly, those with dementia and the marginalized. It is a highly practical text, comprehensively reviewing the current literature and evidence in order to demonstrate good, and better, research-based practice in psychosocial care.
Darrell Duffie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279234
- eISBN:
- 9780191728419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279234.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter summarizes the scope and objectives of the book, and provides an historical background on the development of the related research corporate default risk literature.
This chapter summarizes the scope and objectives of the book, and provides an historical background on the development of the related research corporate default risk literature.
Darrell Duffie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279234
- eISBN:
- 9780191728419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279234.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter presents the foundations for frailty modeling of correlated default in a setting of stochastic intensities. The approach is to assume that default times are jointly doubly stochastic ...
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This chapter presents the foundations for frailty modeling of correlated default in a setting of stochastic intensities. The approach is to assume that default times are jointly doubly stochastic given extra information unavailable to the econometrician. This “hidden” information includes covariates that, although not directly observable, have conditional probability distributions that can be filtered from histories of default times and observable covariates. The dependence of default timing on unobservable covariates allows for sources of default correlation beyond those present in the observed covariates. The methodology relies on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, provided in appendices, for evaluating likelihood functions and for filtering or smoothing hidden (frailty) state information.Less
This chapter presents the foundations for frailty modeling of correlated default in a setting of stochastic intensities. The approach is to assume that default times are jointly doubly stochastic given extra information unavailable to the econometrician. This “hidden” information includes covariates that, although not directly observable, have conditional probability distributions that can be filtered from histories of default times and observable covariates. The dependence of default timing on unobservable covariates allows for sources of default correlation beyond those present in the observed covariates. The methodology relies on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, provided in appendices, for evaluating likelihood functions and for filtering or smoothing hidden (frailty) state information.
Carmen Martin-Ruiz and Thomas von Zglinicki
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The challenge of devising a set of biomarkers capable of measuring the ageing rate in humans was articulated long ago. Despite major concerted efforts, progress so far has been limited. In recent ...
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The challenge of devising a set of biomarkers capable of measuring the ageing rate in humans was articulated long ago. Despite major concerted efforts, progress so far has been limited. In recent years, developments in the basic biology of ageing reveal the possibility of pharmacological or gene therapeutic extension of healthy lifespan in mammals, as well as the increasing importance of frailty as a clinically relevant syndrome. This approach enhances the need for sensitive and specific biomarkers of ageing that are validated in both experimental animals and, importantly, in humans over the whole age range. This chapter discusses challenges in biomarker validation over the human life course, and compares the validity of cellular and physiological measures.Less
The challenge of devising a set of biomarkers capable of measuring the ageing rate in humans was articulated long ago. Despite major concerted efforts, progress so far has been limited. In recent years, developments in the basic biology of ageing reveal the possibility of pharmacological or gene therapeutic extension of healthy lifespan in mammals, as well as the increasing importance of frailty as a clinically relevant syndrome. This approach enhances the need for sensitive and specific biomarkers of ageing that are validated in both experimental animals and, importantly, in humans over the whole age range. This chapter discusses challenges in biomarker validation over the human life course, and compares the validity of cellular and physiological measures.
Martin J. Vernon
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198802136
- eISBN:
- 9780191840548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Population ageing is driven by declining fertility and improved life expectancy. As people survive to later life with multiple long-term conditions, advance care planning ACP) is of increasing ...
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Population ageing is driven by declining fertility and improved life expectancy. As people survive to later life with multiple long-term conditions, advance care planning ACP) is of increasing importance to those wishing to retain control over their end-of-life care. Understanding disability trajectories for people can assist with advance care planning, mindful that older people living with frailty have increased risk of acute and unexpected health decline. Routine frailty identification by severity in older people can prompt care planning in anticipation of health decline and imminent lost capacity to make important decisions. Recognizing potential professional and organizational barriers to advance carer planning for older people could also improve its uptake. Guided serious illness conversations could assist this process over time for older people and those important to them. In care homes and among people with dementia ACP is also likely to be beneficial.Less
Population ageing is driven by declining fertility and improved life expectancy. As people survive to later life with multiple long-term conditions, advance care planning ACP) is of increasing importance to those wishing to retain control over their end-of-life care. Understanding disability trajectories for people can assist with advance care planning, mindful that older people living with frailty have increased risk of acute and unexpected health decline. Routine frailty identification by severity in older people can prompt care planning in anticipation of health decline and imminent lost capacity to make important decisions. Recognizing potential professional and organizational barriers to advance carer planning for older people could also improve its uptake. Guided serious illness conversations could assist this process over time for older people and those important to them. In care homes and among people with dementia ACP is also likely to be beneficial.
J.D. Trout
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199385072
- eISBN:
- 9780199385102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199385072.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, General
Some true explanations are too complicated for humans to cultivate understanding. This statement may seem unforgiving of human frailty and normal limitation, but it certainly isn’t unfamiliar. We ...
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Some true explanations are too complicated for humans to cultivate understanding. This statement may seem unforgiving of human frailty and normal limitation, but it certainly isn’t unfamiliar. We think nothing of making the same claim about “lesser” species. Bees can’t appreciate the true explanation for their nectar-locating abilities. Spiders can’t explain the strength of their own silk, and they can’t understand the true explanation even if you took the time to explain it. The limitations are utterly analogous in the case of humans. Only the most extreme species exceptionalist would invite someone to conclude that humans are without such limitations. A good explanation is an accurate one, whether there is ever a moment when we understand it. But by following its causal deliverances, we may push science along the right track, even without a sense of understanding.Less
Some true explanations are too complicated for humans to cultivate understanding. This statement may seem unforgiving of human frailty and normal limitation, but it certainly isn’t unfamiliar. We think nothing of making the same claim about “lesser” species. Bees can’t appreciate the true explanation for their nectar-locating abilities. Spiders can’t explain the strength of their own silk, and they can’t understand the true explanation even if you took the time to explain it. The limitations are utterly analogous in the case of humans. Only the most extreme species exceptionalist would invite someone to conclude that humans are without such limitations. A good explanation is an accurate one, whether there is ever a moment when we understand it. But by following its causal deliverances, we may push science along the right track, even without a sense of understanding.
Bill Bytheway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426185
- eISBN:
- 9781447304128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426185.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
Often, the concept of being ‘very old’ is always linked to ‘frailty’. This association raises the issue of what constitutes the latter. All too often, the oldest generation are being looked after in ...
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Often, the concept of being ‘very old’ is always linked to ‘frailty’. This association raises the issue of what constitutes the latter. All too often, the oldest generation are being looked after in the security of care homes: out of sight and out of mind. In this chapter, two detailed case studies of people living to a great age are presented. The first case study is based on the published diaries and biography of the celebrated writer, Frances Partridge. It is then followed by a case study drawn from the TOG project, and a diary detailing the twelve months leading up to a 100th birthday.Less
Often, the concept of being ‘very old’ is always linked to ‘frailty’. This association raises the issue of what constitutes the latter. All too often, the oldest generation are being looked after in the security of care homes: out of sight and out of mind. In this chapter, two detailed case studies of people living to a great age are presented. The first case study is based on the published diaries and biography of the celebrated writer, Frances Partridge. It is then followed by a case study drawn from the TOG project, and a diary detailing the twelve months leading up to a 100th birthday.
Don Baker and Franklin Rausch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824866266
- eISBN:
- 9780824875633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824866266.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explains the traditional philosophical and religious tradition of Korea in order to elucidate what a radical challenge Christianity posed when it entered Korea at the end of the 18th ...
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This chapter explains the traditional philosophical and religious tradition of Korea in order to elucidate what a radical challenge Christianity posed when it entered Korea at the end of the 18th century. It also discusses the traditional social structure and legal system of Chosŏn Korea as well as the factionalism that was characteristic of its politics.Less
This chapter explains the traditional philosophical and religious tradition of Korea in order to elucidate what a radical challenge Christianity posed when it entered Korea at the end of the 18th century. It also discusses the traditional social structure and legal system of Chosŏn Korea as well as the factionalism that was characteristic of its politics.
An-Sofie Smetcoren, Liesbeth De Donder, Daan Duppen, Nico De Witte, Olivia Vanmechelen, and Dominique Verté
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447331315
- eISBN:
- 9781447331339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447331315.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
Chapter 6 addresses the question of how an age-friendly urban environment can support frail older people to ‘age in place’. To address this issue, the chapter presents findings from a study which ...
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Chapter 6 addresses the question of how an age-friendly urban environment can support frail older people to ‘age in place’. To address this issue, the chapter presents findings from a study which assessed the value of an ‘Active Caring Community’ project in supporting frail older adults living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Brussels, Belgium. The project was aimed at creating a community which supports the process of ageing in place; where residents of the community know and help each other; where meeting opportunities are developed; and where individuals and their informal caregivers receive care and support from motivated professionals. The authors highlight the importance of the social dimension of the environment, and discuss a range of related opportunities and constraints which may affect older people’s frailty.Less
Chapter 6 addresses the question of how an age-friendly urban environment can support frail older people to ‘age in place’. To address this issue, the chapter presents findings from a study which assessed the value of an ‘Active Caring Community’ project in supporting frail older adults living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Brussels, Belgium. The project was aimed at creating a community which supports the process of ageing in place; where residents of the community know and help each other; where meeting opportunities are developed; and where individuals and their informal caregivers receive care and support from motivated professionals. The authors highlight the importance of the social dimension of the environment, and discuss a range of related opportunities and constraints which may affect older people’s frailty.
Paul Higgs and Chris Gilleard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447319054
- eISBN:
- 9781447319085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447319054.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
Frailty or infirmity is seen as a central element in the construction of the social imaginary of the fourth age. While the term is widely employed as a bio-medical condition that is capable of being ...
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Frailty or infirmity is seen as a central element in the construction of the social imaginary of the fourth age. While the term is widely employed as a bio-medical condition that is capable of being defined and measured, this chapter argues that frailty serves as a marker – a signifier – of an almost intangible loss of capabilities, autonomy and status. The frail older person is represented as the older person who is at risk. While much research has been conducted to define that risk, little has emerged that demonstrates how such risks can be reliably reduced or eliminated. Whatever else frailty means, it serves to define the frail (or ‘frailed’) older person as ontologically at risk and thereby the object of other’s discourse – in short the inescapable subject of third person accounts.Less
Frailty or infirmity is seen as a central element in the construction of the social imaginary of the fourth age. While the term is widely employed as a bio-medical condition that is capable of being defined and measured, this chapter argues that frailty serves as a marker – a signifier – of an almost intangible loss of capabilities, autonomy and status. The frail older person is represented as the older person who is at risk. While much research has been conducted to define that risk, little has emerged that demonstrates how such risks can be reliably reduced or eliminated. Whatever else frailty means, it serves to define the frail (or ‘frailed’) older person as ontologically at risk and thereby the object of other’s discourse – in short the inescapable subject of third person accounts.
Karen Harrison Dening
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198806677
- eISBN:
- 9780191844249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0006
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine and Older People
Increasing age is the strongest risk factor for developing dementia, frailty, and other co-morbid conditions. Dementia is not a disease in itself but a syndrome; a collection of symptoms: such as a ...
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Increasing age is the strongest risk factor for developing dementia, frailty, and other co-morbid conditions. Dementia is not a disease in itself but a syndrome; a collection of symptoms: such as a decline in memory, reasoning, and communication skills, and a gradual loss of skills needed to carry out daily living activities. Whereas frailty is a distinctive health state in which multiple body systems gradually lose their in-built reserves. However, often ‘layered’ on these two may also be several other conditions that coexist within an individual. There is a growing body of evidence to support the psychosocial care for people with dementia as the disease advances but little of the effect and outcomes where there is a combination of these conditions. This chapter explores some of the issues for families affected by these conditions and the care and support that may be of benefit through case management.Less
Increasing age is the strongest risk factor for developing dementia, frailty, and other co-morbid conditions. Dementia is not a disease in itself but a syndrome; a collection of symptoms: such as a decline in memory, reasoning, and communication skills, and a gradual loss of skills needed to carry out daily living activities. Whereas frailty is a distinctive health state in which multiple body systems gradually lose their in-built reserves. However, often ‘layered’ on these two may also be several other conditions that coexist within an individual. There is a growing body of evidence to support the psychosocial care for people with dementia as the disease advances but little of the effect and outcomes where there is a combination of these conditions. This chapter explores some of the issues for families affected by these conditions and the care and support that may be of benefit through case management.
Michael Sherris and Qiming Zhou
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198719243
- eISBN:
- 9780191788505
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198719243.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Mortality models used to assess longevity risk and retirement funding have been extended to stochastic models with trends and systematic risk. Systematic risk cannot be readily diversified in an ...
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Mortality models used to assess longevity risk and retirement funding have been extended to stochastic models with trends and systematic risk. Systematic risk cannot be readily diversified in an insurance pool or pension fund. It is an important factor in assessing solvency and highlighting the tail risk in longevity insurance and pension products. Idiosyncratic risk can be diversified in typical pool sizes, although less effectively at older ages. Mortality heterogeneity is not usually taken into account in stochastic mortality models, though it reduces the effectiveness of idiosyncratic mortality risk pooling. Heterogeneity has been modeled with frailty models and more recently with Markov multiple-state ageing models. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in models for mortality heterogeneity, using a model calibrated to both population mortality and health condition data to consider the impact of model risk and heterogeneity in assessing solvency and tail risk for longevity risk products.Less
Mortality models used to assess longevity risk and retirement funding have been extended to stochastic models with trends and systematic risk. Systematic risk cannot be readily diversified in an insurance pool or pension fund. It is an important factor in assessing solvency and highlighting the tail risk in longevity insurance and pension products. Idiosyncratic risk can be diversified in typical pool sizes, although less effectively at older ages. Mortality heterogeneity is not usually taken into account in stochastic mortality models, though it reduces the effectiveness of idiosyncratic mortality risk pooling. Heterogeneity has been modeled with frailty models and more recently with Markov multiple-state ageing models. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in models for mortality heterogeneity, using a model calibrated to both population mortality and health condition data to consider the impact of model risk and heterogeneity in assessing solvency and tail risk for longevity risk products.
Kathleen A. Cagney
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190915858
- eISBN:
- 9780190915889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Perhaps the two most important demographic shifts in the world today are urbanization and population aging. More than half the world’s population is now living in cities, and there are more people ...
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Perhaps the two most important demographic shifts in the world today are urbanization and population aging. More than half the world’s population is now living in cities, and there are more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 5 worldwide. This is an enormous demographic shift and will lead to a world greatly changed from that of a mere 50 years ago. Aging populations in cities represent a tremendous opportunity to harness human capital on a previously unimaginable scale, but, conversely, may lead to challenges to ensure that services are available to meet the needs and wants of these populations. The health of aging populations is rapidly emerging as one of the central urban health issues of the coming decades. This chapter discusses changing age demographics in cities worldwide and accompanying challenges and opportunities for urban health.Less
Perhaps the two most important demographic shifts in the world today are urbanization and population aging. More than half the world’s population is now living in cities, and there are more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 5 worldwide. This is an enormous demographic shift and will lead to a world greatly changed from that of a mere 50 years ago. Aging populations in cities represent a tremendous opportunity to harness human capital on a previously unimaginable scale, but, conversely, may lead to challenges to ensure that services are available to meet the needs and wants of these populations. The health of aging populations is rapidly emerging as one of the central urban health issues of the coming decades. This chapter discusses changing age demographics in cities worldwide and accompanying challenges and opportunities for urban health.
Laura Papish
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190692100
- eISBN:
- 9780190692131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190692100.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter asks what it means to say, as Kant does in the Religion, that evil consists in the “subordination” of the moral law to self-love. In other words, it is asked what kinds of formal ...
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This chapter asks what it means to say, as Kant does in the Religion, that evil consists in the “subordination” of the moral law to self-love. In other words, it is asked what kinds of formal arrangements between the incentives of practical reason—self-love and respect for the law—are possible in an evil will. While evil can consist in the “prioritization” of self-love over respect for the law, such prioritization is not, it is argued, the only way the incentives of practical reason can be wrongfully arranged. There is good reason to think that, for Kant, evil can result from “overdetermination” or the attempt to incorporate the incentives of both respect and self-love alongside one another in the same fundamental maxim. This proposal is defended throughout the chapter, with care taken to explain its philosophical value and the textual evidence directly or indirectly in its favor.Less
This chapter asks what it means to say, as Kant does in the Religion, that evil consists in the “subordination” of the moral law to self-love. In other words, it is asked what kinds of formal arrangements between the incentives of practical reason—self-love and respect for the law—are possible in an evil will. While evil can consist in the “prioritization” of self-love over respect for the law, such prioritization is not, it is argued, the only way the incentives of practical reason can be wrongfully arranged. There is good reason to think that, for Kant, evil can result from “overdetermination” or the attempt to incorporate the incentives of both respect and self-love alongside one another in the same fundamental maxim. This proposal is defended throughout the chapter, with care taken to explain its philosophical value and the textual evidence directly or indirectly in its favor.
