Zvi Gitelman
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195103311
- eISBN:
- 9780199854585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195103311.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
The fall of communism in 1991 radically changed the political dimension of Jewish life in the former Soviet Union. The most obvious transformation, of course, was that which resulted from the ...
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The fall of communism in 1991 radically changed the political dimension of Jewish life in the former Soviet Union. The most obvious transformation, of course, was that which resulted from the shattering of the Soviet Union into fifteen or sixteen independent states. No longer is there a single policy toward Jews on the territory of the former Soviet Union. In the Ukraine, the Baltic, and other states, prominent political leaders have explicitly renounced antisemitism and have pledged that the new states will not discriminate against Jews and will guarantee their civil and cultural rights. This has brought about a major change in the Jewish situation and the one on which this chapter will concentrate: the opportunity to rebuild Jewish institutions and communities, which, except for some synagogues, had been destroyed by the Soviet regime back in the 1920s.Less
The fall of communism in 1991 radically changed the political dimension of Jewish life in the former Soviet Union. The most obvious transformation, of course, was that which resulted from the shattering of the Soviet Union into fifteen or sixteen independent states. No longer is there a single policy toward Jews on the territory of the former Soviet Union. In the Ukraine, the Baltic, and other states, prominent political leaders have explicitly renounced antisemitism and have pledged that the new states will not discriminate against Jews and will guarantee their civil and cultural rights. This has brought about a major change in the Jewish situation and the one on which this chapter will concentrate: the opportunity to rebuild Jewish institutions and communities, which, except for some synagogues, had been destroyed by the Soviet regime back in the 1920s.
Martin McKee
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199236626
- eISBN:
- 9780191724053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236626.003.005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses public health in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Topics covered include patterns of health, patterns of mortality, higher death rates in men than in ...
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This chapter discusses public health in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Topics covered include patterns of health, patterns of mortality, higher death rates in men than in women, effective health-care interventions, and public health training initiatives.Less
This chapter discusses public health in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Topics covered include patterns of health, patterns of mortality, higher death rates in men than in women, effective health-care interventions, and public health training initiatives.
Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines the health profile of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union within the context of an emerging HIV epidemic. Unlike the epidemics in most of the ...
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This chapter examines the health profile of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union within the context of an emerging HIV epidemic. Unlike the epidemics in most of the developing world, the HIV epidemics in the transition economies of Europe are apparently fueled by drug use and commercial sex work. The emphasis on the behavioral conditions, however, masks the important role played by economic crises in the collapse of public health services and the increase in human trafficking. This chapter broadens the analysis of declining health in the former socialist economies and situates the study of HIV epidemics within a biomedical analysis of disease vulnerability, rather than the reigning behavioral model.Less
This chapter examines the health profile of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union within the context of an emerging HIV epidemic. Unlike the epidemics in most of the developing world, the HIV epidemics in the transition economies of Europe are apparently fueled by drug use and commercial sex work. The emphasis on the behavioral conditions, however, masks the important role played by economic crises in the collapse of public health services and the increase in human trafficking. This chapter broadens the analysis of declining health in the former socialist economies and situates the study of HIV epidemics within a biomedical analysis of disease vulnerability, rather than the reigning behavioral model.
Valentine M. Moghadam
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290230
- eISBN:
- 9780191684807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290230.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Contrary to what several observers expected, the dissolution of communism that resulted in a shift to a market economy had adverse effects on the status of women in terms of employment and ...
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Contrary to what several observers expected, the dissolution of communism that resulted in a shift to a market economy had adverse effects on the status of women in terms of employment and participation in political affairs. Such was evident not only through the increasing unemployment of women and the decline in female parliamentary participation, but also through the media and through the migration of sexual workers for hard currency. Post-communist Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union evidently experienced the recurrence of patriarchal structures, ideologies, and policies since the ‘over-emancipated, masculinized women’ were being attributed to the decline of economies. This chapter attempts to examine how the gender roles have evolved and the implications of such for women particularly at the end of communism.Less
Contrary to what several observers expected, the dissolution of communism that resulted in a shift to a market economy had adverse effects on the status of women in terms of employment and participation in political affairs. Such was evident not only through the increasing unemployment of women and the decline in female parliamentary participation, but also through the media and through the migration of sexual workers for hard currency. Post-communist Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union evidently experienced the recurrence of patriarchal structures, ideologies, and policies since the ‘over-emancipated, masculinized women’ were being attributed to the decline of economies. This chapter attempts to examine how the gender roles have evolved and the implications of such for women particularly at the end of communism.
Alexia Bloch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713149
- eISBN:
- 9781501709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713149.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter provides an overview of the ethnographic research and theoretical foundations informing this study of women’s labor migration from the former Soviet Union into Turkey. Tracing three ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the ethnographic research and theoretical foundations informing this study of women’s labor migration from the former Soviet Union into Turkey. Tracing three intertwined themes that animate the book—postsocialism, transnational mobility, and intimacy—the chapter highlights gendered aspiration for mobility and intimate practices like emotional labor forged within forces of global capitalism. The chapter also critically discusses global concerns with trafficking in women, showing how post-Soviet women migrants’ accounts complicate assumptions of oppression. The chapter also presents the context and methods of the research, with an analysis of “mobile” methods and field work with an infant along. The chapter closes with the book’s organizational thread, namely accounts of five key women and their families.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the ethnographic research and theoretical foundations informing this study of women’s labor migration from the former Soviet Union into Turkey. Tracing three intertwined themes that animate the book—postsocialism, transnational mobility, and intimacy—the chapter highlights gendered aspiration for mobility and intimate practices like emotional labor forged within forces of global capitalism. The chapter also critically discusses global concerns with trafficking in women, showing how post-Soviet women migrants’ accounts complicate assumptions of oppression. The chapter also presents the context and methods of the research, with an analysis of “mobile” methods and field work with an infant along. The chapter closes with the book’s organizational thread, namely accounts of five key women and their families.
Katharina Müller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263853
- eISBN:
- 9780191734281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The dramatic political and economic changes witnessed by Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) since the late 1980s did not leave the area of old-age security unaffected. ...
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The dramatic political and economic changes witnessed by Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) since the late 1980s did not leave the area of old-age security unaffected. While the inherited pension systems were rather uniform, the past seventeen years have brought diversity to the region's retirement schemes. Most transition countries have opted for parametric reforms, thus changing key characteristics of their pre-existing pay-as-you-go schemes. A number of countries in the region have embarked on partial or full pension privatization, thereby following the much advertised Latin American role models. Moreover, some countries have introduced national defined-contribution plans, similar to the schemes of Sweden and Italy. Overall, contributory approaches to old-age security — whether publicly or privately organized — dominate the post-socialist pension reform agenda. This chapter outlines the pre-1989 legacy in old-age security and the impact of transformation on the existing retirement schemes. It reviews pension reforms in CEE and the FSU and evaluates the state of pension reform in the post-socialist world.Less
The dramatic political and economic changes witnessed by Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) since the late 1980s did not leave the area of old-age security unaffected. While the inherited pension systems were rather uniform, the past seventeen years have brought diversity to the region's retirement schemes. Most transition countries have opted for parametric reforms, thus changing key characteristics of their pre-existing pay-as-you-go schemes. A number of countries in the region have embarked on partial or full pension privatization, thereby following the much advertised Latin American role models. Moreover, some countries have introduced national defined-contribution plans, similar to the schemes of Sweden and Italy. Overall, contributory approaches to old-age security — whether publicly or privately organized — dominate the post-socialist pension reform agenda. This chapter outlines the pre-1989 legacy in old-age security and the impact of transformation on the existing retirement schemes. It reviews pension reforms in CEE and the FSU and evaluates the state of pension reform in the post-socialist world.
Leslie Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244096
- eISBN:
- 9780191600371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924409X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Examines the internationalization of crime and corruption in post‐communist states and its serious implications for both established democracies and democratizing countries. The main hypothesis is ...
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Examines the internationalization of crime and corruption in post‐communist states and its serious implications for both established democracies and democratizing countries. The main hypothesis is that the post‐communist regimes have experienced legitimacy problems because of popular perceptions that the new putatively democratizing systems are often too tolerant of the new criminality, and in some cases directly involved with benefiting from it. The section of the chapter provides a brief overview of the crime situation in the region, highlighting changes in the incidence of crime. The second and third parts of the chapter are concerned with the rise of crime in terms of the interplay of domestic and international/transnational factors. In the fourth section, the implications of the rise of crime for the whole democratization and transition project are assessed. The fifth section provides an overview of international responses to crime in Central Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union states. The conclusions to the chapter locate the criminalization issue in the broader context of the problems besetting post‐communist transition and democratic consolidation.Less
Examines the internationalization of crime and corruption in post‐communist states and its serious implications for both established democracies and democratizing countries. The main hypothesis is that the post‐communist regimes have experienced legitimacy problems because of popular perceptions that the new putatively democratizing systems are often too tolerant of the new criminality, and in some cases directly involved with benefiting from it. The section of the chapter provides a brief overview of the crime situation in the region, highlighting changes in the incidence of crime. The second and third parts of the chapter are concerned with the rise of crime in terms of the interplay of domestic and international/transnational factors. In the fourth section, the implications of the rise of crime for the whole democratization and transition project are assessed. The fifth section provides an overview of international responses to crime in Central Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union states. The conclusions to the chapter locate the criminalization issue in the broader context of the problems besetting post‐communist transition and democratic consolidation.
BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO SINISCALCO
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199249343
- eISBN:
- 9780191600845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249342.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter provides a description of privatization processes in the main areas of the world. Particularly, the main aspects analyzed are the following: the extent of privatization, measured by the ...
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This chapter provides a description of privatization processes in the main areas of the world. Particularly, the main aspects analyzed are the following: the extent of privatization, measured by the number of transactions and their revenues; the time frames; the choice of privatization methods (public offering or direct placement); the main sectors involved; the stake sold; the opening of capital to foreigners; and the existence of golden share mechanisms (that is the special rights retained by governments after privatization). Finally, within each area, the most interesting national experiences are highlighted.Less
This chapter provides a description of privatization processes in the main areas of the world. Particularly, the main aspects analyzed are the following: the extent of privatization, measured by the number of transactions and their revenues; the time frames; the choice of privatization methods (public offering or direct placement); the main sectors involved; the stake sold; the opening of capital to foreigners; and the existence of golden share mechanisms (that is the special rights retained by governments after privatization). Finally, within each area, the most interesting national experiences are highlighted.
Johan F. M. Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288915
- eISBN:
- 9780191603518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288917.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews the main changes in the agricultural economy and policies that took place after the first decade of transition. It discusses the main developments in Central and Eastern Europe, ...
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This chapter reviews the main changes in the agricultural economy and policies that took place after the first decade of transition. It discusses the main developments in Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and in China.Less
This chapter reviews the main changes in the agricultural economy and policies that took place after the first decade of transition. It discusses the main developments in Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and in China.
Alexia Bloch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713149
- eISBN:
- 9781501709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713149.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter traces encounters between Turks and people from the former Soviet Union, starting with a blockbuster telenovela featuring Hürrem, a passionate 16th century “Russian” woman who was in ...
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This chapter traces encounters between Turks and people from the former Soviet Union, starting with a blockbuster telenovela featuring Hürrem, a passionate 16th century “Russian” woman who was in Süleyman the Magnificent’s harem, later becoming his wife. Emphasizing two periods, the 1920s “Islamic jazz age”, when hundreds of thousands of Russian speakers arrived in Istanbul as they fled the Russian Revolution, and a post-Soviet era when “Russians” are again highly visible as tourists and labor migrants, the chapter depicts a history of trade, mobility, and desire linking the former Soviet Union and Turkey. The chapter also analyzes politics of gender in a neoliberal Turkey defined by decades of secularism, a vibrant feminist movement, and a growing prevalence of Islamist ideals.Less
This chapter traces encounters between Turks and people from the former Soviet Union, starting with a blockbuster telenovela featuring Hürrem, a passionate 16th century “Russian” woman who was in Süleyman the Magnificent’s harem, later becoming his wife. Emphasizing two periods, the 1920s “Islamic jazz age”, when hundreds of thousands of Russian speakers arrived in Istanbul as they fled the Russian Revolution, and a post-Soviet era when “Russians” are again highly visible as tourists and labor migrants, the chapter depicts a history of trade, mobility, and desire linking the former Soviet Union and Turkey. The chapter also analyzes politics of gender in a neoliberal Turkey defined by decades of secularism, a vibrant feminist movement, and a growing prevalence of Islamist ideals.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242184
- eISBN:
- 9780191697043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242184.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The transition to the market economy has brought about a large and abrupt recession and significant increases in unemployment in most countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This ...
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The transition to the market economy has brought about a large and abrupt recession and significant increases in unemployment in most countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This chapter discusses the factors which caused this transformational recession. These include the variations in initial structural and institutional conditions, decline of institutional capabilities, and changes in the property rights regime and microeconomic incentives. It also discusses the key elements for an institutions-focused transition strategy.Less
The transition to the market economy has brought about a large and abrupt recession and significant increases in unemployment in most countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This chapter discusses the factors which caused this transformational recession. These include the variations in initial structural and institutional conditions, decline of institutional capabilities, and changes in the property rights regime and microeconomic incentives. It also discusses the key elements for an institutions-focused transition strategy.
Tony Addison
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261031
- eISBN:
- 9780191698712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This concluding chapter focuses on rebuilding communities, emphasizing the importance of resettlement and access to natural capital. It argues that although a revitalized private sector is essential ...
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This concluding chapter focuses on rebuilding communities, emphasizing the importance of resettlement and access to natural capital. It argues that although a revitalized private sector is essential for growth, its relationship to the state can be problematic in new multi-party political systems. It also emphasizes some important differences between historical experiences of post-war reconstruction and those in contemporary Africa, and discusses the lessons for Africa from the economic and political transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EE-FSU).Less
This concluding chapter focuses on rebuilding communities, emphasizing the importance of resettlement and access to natural capital. It argues that although a revitalized private sector is essential for growth, its relationship to the state can be problematic in new multi-party political systems. It also emphasizes some important differences between historical experiences of post-war reconstruction and those in contemporary Africa, and discusses the lessons for Africa from the economic and political transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EE-FSU).
Anika Walke
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199335534
- eISBN:
- 9780190251581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199335534.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book, focusing on the survival of Soviet Jews under conditions of genocide and how is it remembered. Considering narrators’ reflections on their postwar ...
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The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book, focusing on the survival of Soviet Jews under conditions of genocide and how is it remembered. Considering narrators’ reflections on their postwar struggles against Stalinist antisemitism and isolationist postwar politics of memory, the themes of age, gender, and nationality remained relevant after the end of the war. The chapter provides important insights into the functioning of postwar Soviet society and how individuals dealt with the aftermath of war and genocide.Less
The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book, focusing on the survival of Soviet Jews under conditions of genocide and how is it remembered. Considering narrators’ reflections on their postwar struggles against Stalinist antisemitism and isolationist postwar politics of memory, the themes of age, gender, and nationality remained relevant after the end of the war. The chapter provides important insights into the functioning of postwar Soviet society and how individuals dealt with the aftermath of war and genocide.
Carlos Castel-Branco, Christopher Cramer, and Degol Hailu
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261031
- eISBN:
- 9780191698712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter assesses Mozambique's privatization programme. It begins by outlining why the state intervened in the economy, highlighting both ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ motives. It then examines the ...
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This chapter assesses Mozambique's privatization programme. It begins by outlining why the state intervened in the economy, highlighting both ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ motives. It then examines the first phase of privatization in the 1980s and describes the difficulties of the implementation and the gradual erosion of the state's strategic vision of privatization into a process by which assets were sold off almost indiscriminately. It also discusses the interaction of domestic and donor pressures to accelerate privatization in the 1990s. The impact of privatization and the role of economic strategy are also examined. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the relevance of the Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union (EE-FSU) transition experiences and the crucial need to invest in regulatory capacity to protect the public interest and to reintegrate privatization into a strategic vision of the economy's future.Less
This chapter assesses Mozambique's privatization programme. It begins by outlining why the state intervened in the economy, highlighting both ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ motives. It then examines the first phase of privatization in the 1980s and describes the difficulties of the implementation and the gradual erosion of the state's strategic vision of privatization into a process by which assets were sold off almost indiscriminately. It also discusses the interaction of domestic and donor pressures to accelerate privatization in the 1990s. The impact of privatization and the role of economic strategy are also examined. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the relevance of the Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union (EE-FSU) transition experiences and the crucial need to invest in regulatory capacity to protect the public interest and to reintegrate privatization into a strategic vision of the economy's future.
Denis J. Galligan and Marina Kurkchiyan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199259366
- eISBN:
- 9780191698606
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259366.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This book is a work in socio-legal studies, examining the functions and effectiveness of law in the countries of the former Soviet Union. As the transition away from communism enters its second ...
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This book is a work in socio-legal studies, examining the functions and effectiveness of law in the countries of the former Soviet Union. As the transition away from communism enters its second decade, the countries involved are confronted by an apparent failure of law. Understanding the newly formed social order in which law is powerless is a challenge to the assumptions of western jurisprudence. The contributors to this book take up that challenge. Using the framework of contemporary theory, ten specialists in different aspects of social science analyse the status of post-communist law from a variety of perspectives. Their emphasis is on the interplay between law and social norms, informal practices, and human values. Their work contributes to several of the wider ongoing debates in socio-legal studies: on the rule of law and its role in maintaining social order; on the interaction between law and social norms, the relation between legitimacy and legality; and on the relative merits of solving problems by informal means such as networking or the use of intermediaries rather than by formal, institutionalised processes. At the same time, the book is intended to meet the needs of those interested not just in law but in the post-communist region. Blending theory with case studies, each contributor focuses on a single sector, such as the political system, worker-management relations, human rights, the machinery by which law is made and implemented, or the cultural and historical background of the societies under consideration. The majority of the chapters draw directly upon the authors' own experience and empirical research.Less
This book is a work in socio-legal studies, examining the functions and effectiveness of law in the countries of the former Soviet Union. As the transition away from communism enters its second decade, the countries involved are confronted by an apparent failure of law. Understanding the newly formed social order in which law is powerless is a challenge to the assumptions of western jurisprudence. The contributors to this book take up that challenge. Using the framework of contemporary theory, ten specialists in different aspects of social science analyse the status of post-communist law from a variety of perspectives. Their emphasis is on the interplay between law and social norms, informal practices, and human values. Their work contributes to several of the wider ongoing debates in socio-legal studies: on the rule of law and its role in maintaining social order; on the interaction between law and social norms, the relation between legitimacy and legality; and on the relative merits of solving problems by informal means such as networking or the use of intermediaries rather than by formal, institutionalised processes. At the same time, the book is intended to meet the needs of those interested not just in law but in the post-communist region. Blending theory with case studies, each contributor focuses on a single sector, such as the political system, worker-management relations, human rights, the machinery by which law is made and implemented, or the cultural and historical background of the societies under consideration. The majority of the chapters draw directly upon the authors' own experience and empirical research.
Julian Agyeman and Yelena Ogneva-Himmelberger (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012669
- eISBN:
- 9780262255493
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012669.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
The legacy of environmental catastrophe in the states of the former Soviet Union includes desertification, pollution, and the toxic aftermath of industrial accidents, the most notorious of which was ...
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The legacy of environmental catastrophe in the states of the former Soviet Union includes desertification, pollution, and the toxic aftermath of industrial accidents, the most notorious of which was the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. This book examines the development of environmental activism in Russia and the former Soviet republics in response to these problems, and its effect on policy and planning. It also shows that because of increasing economic, ethnic, and social inequality in the former Soviet states, debates over environmental justice are beginning to come to the fore. The book explores the varying environmental, social, political, and economic circumstances of these countries—which range from the Western-style democracies of the Baltic states to the totalitarian regimes of Central Asia—and how they affect the ecological and environmental situation and public health. Among the topics covered are environmentalism in Russia (including the progressive nature of its laws on environmental protection, which are undermined by overburdened and underpaid law enforcement); the effect of oil wealth on Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan; the role of nationalism in Latvian environmentalism; the struggle of Russia’s indigenous peoples for environmental justice; public participation in Estonia’s environmental movement; and lack of access to natural capital in Tajikistan. The book makes clear that although fragile transition economies, varying degrees of democratization, and a focus on national security can stymie progress toward “just sustainability,” the diverse states of the former Soviet Union are making some progress toward “green” and environmental justice issues separately.Less
The legacy of environmental catastrophe in the states of the former Soviet Union includes desertification, pollution, and the toxic aftermath of industrial accidents, the most notorious of which was the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. This book examines the development of environmental activism in Russia and the former Soviet republics in response to these problems, and its effect on policy and planning. It also shows that because of increasing economic, ethnic, and social inequality in the former Soviet states, debates over environmental justice are beginning to come to the fore. The book explores the varying environmental, social, political, and economic circumstances of these countries—which range from the Western-style democracies of the Baltic states to the totalitarian regimes of Central Asia—and how they affect the ecological and environmental situation and public health. Among the topics covered are environmentalism in Russia (including the progressive nature of its laws on environmental protection, which are undermined by overburdened and underpaid law enforcement); the effect of oil wealth on Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan; the role of nationalism in Latvian environmentalism; the struggle of Russia’s indigenous peoples for environmental justice; public participation in Estonia’s environmental movement; and lack of access to natural capital in Tajikistan. The book makes clear that although fragile transition economies, varying degrees of democratization, and a focus on national security can stymie progress toward “just sustainability,” the diverse states of the former Soviet Union are making some progress toward “green” and environmental justice issues separately.
Mark Bassin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801445941
- eISBN:
- 9781501703393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801445941.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the legacy of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912–1992) has attracted extraordinary interest in Russia and beyond. The son of two of modern Russia's greatest poets, ...
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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the legacy of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912–1992) has attracted extraordinary interest in Russia and beyond. The son of two of modern Russia's greatest poets, Nikolai Gumilev and Anna Akhmatova, Gumilev spent thirteen years in Stalinist prison camps, and after his release in 1956 remained officially outcast and professionally shunned. Out of the tumult of perestroika, however, his writings began to attract attention and he became a well-known and popular figure. Despite his highly controversial (and often contradictory) views about the meaning of Russian history, the nature of ethnicity, and the dynamics of interethnic relations, Gumilev now enjoys a degree of admiration and adulation matched by few if any other public intellectual figures in the former Soviet Union. Leading politicians, President Vladimir Putin included, are unstinting in their deep appreciation for his legacy, and one of the most important foreign-policy projects of the Russian government today is inspired by his particular vision of how the Eurasian peoples formed a historical community. This book presents an analysis of this phenomenon. It investigates the complex structure of Gumilev's theories, revealing how they reflected and helped shape a variety of academic as well as political and social discourses in the USSR, and traces how his authority has grown yet greater across the former Soviet Union. The themes highlighted are critical to understanding the political, intellectual, and ethno-national dynamics of Russian society from the age of Stalin to the present day.Less
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the legacy of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912–1992) has attracted extraordinary interest in Russia and beyond. The son of two of modern Russia's greatest poets, Nikolai Gumilev and Anna Akhmatova, Gumilev spent thirteen years in Stalinist prison camps, and after his release in 1956 remained officially outcast and professionally shunned. Out of the tumult of perestroika, however, his writings began to attract attention and he became a well-known and popular figure. Despite his highly controversial (and often contradictory) views about the meaning of Russian history, the nature of ethnicity, and the dynamics of interethnic relations, Gumilev now enjoys a degree of admiration and adulation matched by few if any other public intellectual figures in the former Soviet Union. Leading politicians, President Vladimir Putin included, are unstinting in their deep appreciation for his legacy, and one of the most important foreign-policy projects of the Russian government today is inspired by his particular vision of how the Eurasian peoples formed a historical community. This book presents an analysis of this phenomenon. It investigates the complex structure of Gumilev's theories, revealing how they reflected and helped shape a variety of academic as well as political and social discourses in the USSR, and traces how his authority has grown yet greater across the former Soviet Union. The themes highlighted are critical to understanding the political, intellectual, and ethno-national dynamics of Russian society from the age of Stalin to the present day.
Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199228478
- eISBN:
- 9780191696329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228478.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet ...
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This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet Union, and South and Central America. It suggests that most countries appear to support abolition because in this respect they see themselves as heirs of the European Enlightenment and share many of the human rights values of Western Europe. Moreover, the positive influence of Catholicism is felt across the region in the sense of a respect for the sanctity of human life. However, abolition has not proved in the past to be permanent in all parts of this region due largely to political instability. Revolutionary struggles and military coups have both brought with them a time for extreme punitive responses, but the long-term commitment to the ideal of abolition has survived.Less
This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet Union, and South and Central America. It suggests that most countries appear to support abolition because in this respect they see themselves as heirs of the European Enlightenment and share many of the human rights values of Western Europe. Moreover, the positive influence of Catholicism is felt across the region in the sense of a respect for the sanctity of human life. However, abolition has not proved in the past to be permanent in all parts of this region due largely to political instability. Revolutionary struggles and military coups have both brought with them a time for extreme punitive responses, but the long-term commitment to the ideal of abolition has survived.
Mark Bassin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801445941
- eISBN:
- 9781501703393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801445941.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter considers the development of Gumilev's influence in three Turkic regions: Kazakhstan, Tatarstan, and the Republic of Sakha. Since 1992, Gumilev's popularity among non-Russians has ...
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This chapter considers the development of Gumilev's influence in three Turkic regions: Kazakhstan, Tatarstan, and the Republic of Sakha. Since 1992, Gumilev's popularity among non-Russians has expanded exponentially. The factors underlying his appeal relate directly to the political and social exigencies that confronted post-Soviet regimes at the moment of their formation and indeed continue to do so. One of these is the complex process of establishing and managing bilateral relations with the power center in Moscow, either on a federal level within the Russian Federation or internationally between now-independent states. For this purpose, non-Russian versions of Eurasianism inspired by Gumilev proved very useful. No less important are the needs associated with “nation-building” within the numerous post-Soviet polities themselves: their self-representation (or invention) as coherent communities and their demand for external acknowledgement as legitimate national-political entities.Less
This chapter considers the development of Gumilev's influence in three Turkic regions: Kazakhstan, Tatarstan, and the Republic of Sakha. Since 1992, Gumilev's popularity among non-Russians has expanded exponentially. The factors underlying his appeal relate directly to the political and social exigencies that confronted post-Soviet regimes at the moment of their formation and indeed continue to do so. One of these is the complex process of establishing and managing bilateral relations with the power center in Moscow, either on a federal level within the Russian Federation or internationally between now-independent states. For this purpose, non-Russian versions of Eurasianism inspired by Gumilev proved very useful. No less important are the needs associated with “nation-building” within the numerous post-Soviet polities themselves: their self-representation (or invention) as coherent communities and their demand for external acknowledgement as legitimate national-political entities.
Tamara Steger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012669
- eISBN:
- 9780262255493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012669.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the role of cultural elements and nationalism in the environmental movement in Latvia and its implications for environmental justice. It discusses how nationalism and cultural ...
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This chapter examines the role of cultural elements and nationalism in the environmental movement in Latvia and its implications for environmental justice. It discusses how nationalism and cultural heritage inspired Latvian environmental activists to work towards independence from the former Soviet Union and suggests that Latvian environmental movement for independence was actually a call for environmental justice. This chapter also mentions that during this time the Soviet communist system was linked to environmental degradation.Less
This chapter examines the role of cultural elements and nationalism in the environmental movement in Latvia and its implications for environmental justice. It discusses how nationalism and cultural heritage inspired Latvian environmental activists to work towards independence from the former Soviet Union and suggests that Latvian environmental movement for independence was actually a call for environmental justice. This chapter also mentions that during this time the Soviet communist system was linked to environmental degradation.
