S. E. Finer
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207900
- eISBN:
- 9780191677854
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207900.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from ...
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No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from the Sumerian city state to the modern European nation state, five themes emerge in this book: state-building, military formats, belief systems, social stratification, and timespan. The three volumes examine both representative and exceptional polities, and focus on political elites of different types. This text is the second volume and it analyses the ‘church’ politics of the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphate; the evolution of the T'ang and Ming Empires in China; the characteristics of feudal Europe, the ‘republican alternatives’ of Florence and Venice, and finally the growth of representative assemblies across Europe.Less
No one has hitherto had the breadth of imagination and intellectual boldness to describe and analyse government throughout recorded history and throughout the world. Ranging over 5,000 years, from the Sumerian city state to the modern European nation state, five themes emerge in this book: state-building, military formats, belief systems, social stratification, and timespan. The three volumes examine both representative and exceptional polities, and focus on political elites of different types. This text is the second volume and it analyses the ‘church’ politics of the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphate; the evolution of the T'ang and Ming Empires in China; the characteristics of feudal Europe, the ‘republican alternatives’ of Florence and Venice, and finally the growth of representative assemblies across Europe.
Elizabeth Minchin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280124
- eISBN:
- 9780191707070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280124.003.12
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the ...
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This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first area of discussion is memory and discourse: the stylized speech-formats and question and answer patterns that we observe in Homer have their origins in the pre-patterned forms of everyday speech. The second area of discussion is discourse and gender. Here the evidence is not uniform. There are areas of consistency and inconsistency in Homer's representation of men's and women's talk in the worlds he describes.Less
This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first area of discussion is memory and discourse: the stylized speech-formats and question and answer patterns that we observe in Homer have their origins in the pre-patterned forms of everyday speech. The second area of discussion is discourse and gender. Here the evidence is not uniform. There are areas of consistency and inconsistency in Homer's representation of men's and women's talk in the worlds he describes.
Michael Keane, Anthony Fung, and Albert Moran
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098206
- eISBN:
- 9789882207219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098206.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This chapter considers non-textual elements of television-format exchange. Although formats have been licensed for some decades, the turn toward formatting as a business model is a response to ...
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This chapter considers non-textual elements of television-format exchange. Although formats have been licensed for some decades, the turn toward formatting as a business model is a response to escalating cost structures. As multi-channelling creates a demand for more varieties of content, flexible and hybrid forms of programming attract the interest of television networks. The globalization of formats, along with interactive cross-media promotion and production techniques, illustrates “cultural technology transfer”: the television format is a package of technologies and services, delivering growth and profit opportunities for television networks, producers, and advertisers.Less
This chapter considers non-textual elements of television-format exchange. Although formats have been licensed for some decades, the turn toward formatting as a business model is a response to escalating cost structures. As multi-channelling creates a demand for more varieties of content, flexible and hybrid forms of programming attract the interest of television networks. The globalization of formats, along with interactive cross-media promotion and production techniques, illustrates “cultural technology transfer”: the television format is a package of technologies and services, delivering growth and profit opportunities for television networks, producers, and advertisers.
Sara Booth (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530756
- eISBN:
- 9780191730481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530756.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This is the fourth volume in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, ...
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This is the fourth volume in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, the editors bring together palliative care with oncological treatment for patients with advanced breast cancer. The book is presented in a user-friendly handbook format, with the use of tables and algorithms to ensure that it is portable, accessible, and can be read and referred to on, or before going to, the ward, or before a domiciliary visit. Specialists in palliative care and oncology settings, working in the acute sector and in hospices, will find the book useful. It will also appeal to consultants as well as specialist registrars, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse practitioners in palliative care and oncology. The Palliative Care Consultations series is primarily aimed at individuals working in an acute hospital cancer centre and/or tertiary referral centre. The books are designed to give the busy clinician advice on clinical problems, both those rarely encountered and those that are very common but difficult. The volumes are site-specific and each encompasses a review of oncological or haemato-oncological management of advanced disease with symptom-control advice.Less
This is the fourth volume in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, the editors bring together palliative care with oncological treatment for patients with advanced breast cancer. The book is presented in a user-friendly handbook format, with the use of tables and algorithms to ensure that it is portable, accessible, and can be read and referred to on, or before going to, the ward, or before a domiciliary visit. Specialists in palliative care and oncology settings, working in the acute sector and in hospices, will find the book useful. It will also appeal to consultants as well as specialist registrars, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse practitioners in palliative care and oncology. The Palliative Care Consultations series is primarily aimed at individuals working in an acute hospital cancer centre and/or tertiary referral centre. The books are designed to give the busy clinician advice on clinical problems, both those rarely encountered and those that are very common but difficult. The volumes are site-specific and each encompasses a review of oncological or haemato-oncological management of advanced disease with symptom-control advice.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Shortly after a family of traveling carnival workers bought a new trailer, they woke up one morning ill and vomiting and found their young son was unconscious. The hospital's diagnosis was carbon ...
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Shortly after a family of traveling carnival workers bought a new trailer, they woke up one morning ill and vomiting and found their young son was unconscious. The hospital's diagnosis was carbon monoxide poisoning, and this poisoning caused the son to have permanent brain damage. The family brought a product liability suit against the manufacturer of the trailer's generator. The linguistic analysis extensively compared the hazard statements put forth by the American National Institute (ANZI) with the owner's manual that came with their generator and also with a comparable owner's manual of a generator that they did not choose to purchase. The analysis included discourse topics and discourse sequencing on the topics of sleeping while the generator is running, the need to install a CO detector, the need for an exhaust fan, and the dangers of obstructing the generator's exhaust system.Other comparisons focused on the ambiguity of certain hazard statements, the speech act of warning, advice about how to avoid risks, and the relative clarity of style and format.Less
Shortly after a family of traveling carnival workers bought a new trailer, they woke up one morning ill and vomiting and found their young son was unconscious. The hospital's diagnosis was carbon monoxide poisoning, and this poisoning caused the son to have permanent brain damage. The family brought a product liability suit against the manufacturer of the trailer's generator. The linguistic analysis extensively compared the hazard statements put forth by the American National Institute (ANZI) with the owner's manual that came with their generator and also with a comparable owner's manual of a generator that they did not choose to purchase. The analysis included discourse topics and discourse sequencing on the topics of sleeping while the generator is running, the need to install a CO detector, the need for an exhaust fan, and the dangers of obstructing the generator's exhaust system.Other comparisons focused on the ambiguity of certain hazard statements, the speech act of warning, advice about how to avoid risks, and the relative clarity of style and format.
Michael Koß
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572755
- eISBN:
- 9780191595103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572755.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This chapter comparatively analyses the party systems of the countries examined in the book, using indicators related to vote-seeking (format, fragmentation, asymmetry, and volatility), ...
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This chapter comparatively analyses the party systems of the countries examined in the book, using indicators related to vote-seeking (format, fragmentation, asymmetry, and volatility), policy-seeking (ideological polarization), and office-seeking (segmentation) between 1949 and 2007. Whereas the indicators linked to vote-seeking show no correlation with the development of party funding regimes, this is the case both for polarization and segmentation: In all four countries, the ideological distance of political parties is generally narrower prior to the introduction or reforms of state funding to political parties. Furthermore, the party systems of those countries with substantial state funding (Germany and Sweden) are less segmented (i.e. parties have more coalition options) than those of the United Kingdom and France, where state funding for a long time played no significant role. This is first evidence of a link between policy- and office-seeking and state funding to political parties.Less
This chapter comparatively analyses the party systems of the countries examined in the book, using indicators related to vote-seeking (format, fragmentation, asymmetry, and volatility), policy-seeking (ideological polarization), and office-seeking (segmentation) between 1949 and 2007. Whereas the indicators linked to vote-seeking show no correlation with the development of party funding regimes, this is the case both for polarization and segmentation: In all four countries, the ideological distance of political parties is generally narrower prior to the introduction or reforms of state funding to political parties. Furthermore, the party systems of those countries with substantial state funding (Germany and Sweden) are less segmented (i.e. parties have more coalition options) than those of the United Kingdom and France, where state funding for a long time played no significant role. This is first evidence of a link between policy- and office-seeking and state funding to political parties.
Harriet P. Lefley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340495
- eISBN:
- 9780199863792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340495.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
Although studies of family psychoeducation (FPE) have shown impressive effects, questions remain as to appropriate format and content, optimal duration, manualization, and cultural adaptation. Should ...
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Although studies of family psychoeducation (FPE) have shown impressive effects, questions remain as to appropriate format and content, optimal duration, manualization, and cultural adaptation. Should content be adapted to patients' age, different kin relationships, the family life cycle, or stages in the illness trajectory? With assisted living community residence, should FPE be targeted to case managers or staff of residential facilities rather than to family caregivers? This chapter discusses the continuing salience of high express emotion (EE) as a basic feature of FPE is discussed, in light of research that demonstrates diagnostic differences in response to emotional overinvolvement. Research suggests that families place greater emphasis on issues that cannot be fully dealt with in FPE. These include patients' denial and nonadherence to medications, disruptive and problem behaviors, negative symptoms and moods, family relationships, and handling issues of dependence and independence. FPE is arguably just one element in an integrated system of care. It should be accompanied by a forum for advocacy that can insure public and legislative support for a high-level system of care.Less
Although studies of family psychoeducation (FPE) have shown impressive effects, questions remain as to appropriate format and content, optimal duration, manualization, and cultural adaptation. Should content be adapted to patients' age, different kin relationships, the family life cycle, or stages in the illness trajectory? With assisted living community residence, should FPE be targeted to case managers or staff of residential facilities rather than to family caregivers? This chapter discusses the continuing salience of high express emotion (EE) as a basic feature of FPE is discussed, in light of research that demonstrates diagnostic differences in response to emotional overinvolvement. Research suggests that families place greater emphasis on issues that cannot be fully dealt with in FPE. These include patients' denial and nonadherence to medications, disruptive and problem behaviors, negative symptoms and moods, family relationships, and handling issues of dependence and independence. FPE is arguably just one element in an integrated system of care. It should be accompanied by a forum for advocacy that can insure public and legislative support for a high-level system of care.
Jane A. Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195141085
- eISBN:
- 9780199871421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141085.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are ...
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This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are explored. Details are provided concerning editorial practices, typographical materials, paper, formats, title pages, type fonts, decorative initials, and printers' marks used by Venetian presses, giving us a sense of the operation of a 16th-century music print shop.Less
This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are explored. Details are provided concerning editorial practices, typographical materials, paper, formats, title pages, type fonts, decorative initials, and printers' marks used by Venetian presses, giving us a sense of the operation of a 16th-century music print shop.
Michael Keane, Anthony Fung, and Albert Moran
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098206
- eISBN:
- 9789882207219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098206.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This chapter examines the fascination with Idol formats, including industrial formats as well as generic variants and clones. It examines the evolution of Idol shows in China and Hong Kong, focusing ...
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This chapter examines the fascination with Idol formats, including industrial formats as well as generic variants and clones. It examines the evolution of Idol shows in China and Hong Kong, focusing on the Super Girl phenomenon within China. While talent formats sound familiar in the light of the global Idol franchise, they were a new phenomenon in mainland China, attracting the attention of cultural and industry critics who proclaimed a new stage of development in TV culture. Super Girl took south China by storm, with huge numbers of registered applicants.Less
This chapter examines the fascination with Idol formats, including industrial formats as well as generic variants and clones. It examines the evolution of Idol shows in China and Hong Kong, focusing on the Super Girl phenomenon within China. While talent formats sound familiar in the light of the global Idol franchise, they were a new phenomenon in mainland China, attracting the attention of cultural and industry critics who proclaimed a new stage of development in TV culture. Super Girl took south China by storm, with huge numbers of registered applicants.
Ronald N. Jacobs
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199797929
- eISBN:
- 9780199944170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797929.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
Chapter 9 places empirical findings about mediated deliberation in the context of research about the declining quality of mediated public communication. It suggests that larger questions about ...
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Chapter 9 places empirical findings about mediated deliberation in the context of research about the declining quality of mediated public communication. It suggests that larger questions about critical rationality are best posed to the space of opinion as a whole, rather than to specific opinion formats. True, a plethora of new opinion formats offer new definitions of autonomy and influence than those traditionally offered by objective journalism. These formats tend to be partisan and reductive, as they seek a new kind of influence in politics rather than autonomy from it. But it is important to understand that newer formats have emerged in a densely interconnected space of opinion which is characterized by increasingly intertextual processes of monitoring and criticism that occur across and between formats. In this context, it behooves those media intellectuals who seek to defend traditional journalistic virtues to provide meta-commentary to identify their own enemies in the world of punditry, and to clearly justify their own vision of what news and opinion should be. In the end, the degree of critical rationality in the opinion space depends not on the arguments that are made within a single forum, but rather on the ensemble of spaces, and on the nature of critical dialogue that takes place between them.Less
Chapter 9 places empirical findings about mediated deliberation in the context of research about the declining quality of mediated public communication. It suggests that larger questions about critical rationality are best posed to the space of opinion as a whole, rather than to specific opinion formats. True, a plethora of new opinion formats offer new definitions of autonomy and influence than those traditionally offered by objective journalism. These formats tend to be partisan and reductive, as they seek a new kind of influence in politics rather than autonomy from it. But it is important to understand that newer formats have emerged in a densely interconnected space of opinion which is characterized by increasingly intertextual processes of monitoring and criticism that occur across and between formats. In this context, it behooves those media intellectuals who seek to defend traditional journalistic virtues to provide meta-commentary to identify their own enemies in the world of punditry, and to clearly justify their own vision of what news and opinion should be. In the end, the degree of critical rationality in the opinion space depends not on the arguments that are made within a single forum, but rather on the ensemble of spaces, and on the nature of critical dialogue that takes place between them.
Filippo De Vivo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227068
- eISBN:
- 9780191711114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227068.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter analyses the interdict pamphlets, which historians regard as the Republic's propaganda. In fact only a minority, led by Paolo Sarpi, favoured the recourse to printing, advocating a ...
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This chapter analyses the interdict pamphlets, which historians regard as the Republic's propaganda. In fact only a minority, led by Paolo Sarpi, favoured the recourse to printing, advocating a policy of publicity as the best means of countering the Roman onslaught. The chapter reconstructs the regulation of print censorship and the initiative in pamphlet publication. It discusses evidence relating to book-licences, edition numbers, formats, and the different methods of distribution (for money or for free). It also explores the role of authors and of the businessmen of Venice's publishing industry, and offers an interpretation of the pamphlets' essentially double strategy: representing popular loyalty to Venice and encouraging criticism of the papacy. Finally, it considers the impact of the pamphlets through issues such as availability, price, and language. By situating print in the political communication analysed in the rest of the book, this chapter addresses the thorny issue of reception.Less
This chapter analyses the interdict pamphlets, which historians regard as the Republic's propaganda. In fact only a minority, led by Paolo Sarpi, favoured the recourse to printing, advocating a policy of publicity as the best means of countering the Roman onslaught. The chapter reconstructs the regulation of print censorship and the initiative in pamphlet publication. It discusses evidence relating to book-licences, edition numbers, formats, and the different methods of distribution (for money or for free). It also explores the role of authors and of the businessmen of Venice's publishing industry, and offers an interpretation of the pamphlets' essentially double strategy: representing popular loyalty to Venice and encouraging criticism of the papacy. Finally, it considers the impact of the pamphlets through issues such as availability, price, and language. By situating print in the political communication analysed in the rest of the book, this chapter addresses the thorny issue of reception.
Amanda Bittner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199595365
- eISBN:
- 9780191725593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595365.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter canvasses the information that has been collected about voters' perceptions of party leaders across over 100 election studies from nineteen countries. The chapter outlines the survey ...
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This chapter canvasses the information that has been collected about voters' perceptions of party leaders across over 100 election studies from nineteen countries. The chapter outlines the survey data collected, pointing to issues related to question formatting, and summarizes the major types of questions that have been asked across countries and over time. Some prominent questions include thermometers, open- and closed-ended questions about traits, as well as retrospective and prospective performance evaluations. Recommendations for moving forward with a comparative analysis of voters' perceptions of leaders' traits are made.Less
This chapter canvasses the information that has been collected about voters' perceptions of party leaders across over 100 election studies from nineteen countries. The chapter outlines the survey data collected, pointing to issues related to question formatting, and summarizes the major types of questions that have been asked across countries and over time. Some prominent questions include thermometers, open- and closed-ended questions about traits, as well as retrospective and prospective performance evaluations. Recommendations for moving forward with a comparative analysis of voters' perceptions of leaders' traits are made.
Bruce A. Thyer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195323375
- eISBN:
- 9780199864430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323375.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Most social science research journals employ the publication style developed by the American Psychological Association, and this chapter highlights some of the key features associated with this ...
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Most social science research journals employ the publication style developed by the American Psychological Association, and this chapter highlights some of the key features associated with this all-important formatting template. This chapter discusses each separate part of the research manuscript, along with the most common formatting errors associated with both. Preparing a suitable article title, title page, and abstract is described, along with the construction of clear and predictive research hypotheses. Attention is given to describing the study's dependent and independent variables and research design, along with the best means of presenting the results. The components of a proper discussion section are discussed, followed by a review of the proper formatting of the reference list. When to (and when not to) use tables and figures is highlighted. Suggestions are also given on how to productively revise draft papers.Less
Most social science research journals employ the publication style developed by the American Psychological Association, and this chapter highlights some of the key features associated with this all-important formatting template. This chapter discusses each separate part of the research manuscript, along with the most common formatting errors associated with both. Preparing a suitable article title, title page, and abstract is described, along with the construction of clear and predictive research hypotheses. Attention is given to describing the study's dependent and independent variables and research design, along with the best means of presenting the results. The components of a proper discussion section are discussed, followed by a review of the proper formatting of the reference list. When to (and when not to) use tables and figures is highlighted. Suggestions are also given on how to productively revise draft papers.
Joseph Kerman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520243583
- eISBN:
- 9780520941397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520243583.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The Art of Fugue was prepared for publication in open score, after having composed it on two staves, in the usual keyboard music format. The work is a staggering compendium of nearly twenty fugues ...
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The Art of Fugue was prepared for publication in open score, after having composed it on two staves, in the usual keyboard music format. The work is a staggering compendium of nearly twenty fugues and canons all based on a single theme, and open-score format, with each voice on its own stave, showed off the contrapuntal devices applied to this ur-theme as clearly as possible. In Contrapunctus 1 an invertible counterpoint itself is in very short supply. This elemental fugue never modulates beyond the obligatory dominant and subdominant keys. Contrapunctus 1 accords with his evident intention in The Art of Fugue to control counterpoint as a universal principle, rather than simply the genre of fugue. Made up of canons and fugues of various kinds all based on a single theme, the work encompasses more than one contrapuntal process.Less
The Art of Fugue was prepared for publication in open score, after having composed it on two staves, in the usual keyboard music format. The work is a staggering compendium of nearly twenty fugues and canons all based on a single theme, and open-score format, with each voice on its own stave, showed off the contrapuntal devices applied to this ur-theme as clearly as possible. In Contrapunctus 1 an invertible counterpoint itself is in very short supply. This elemental fugue never modulates beyond the obligatory dominant and subdominant keys. Contrapunctus 1 accords with his evident intention in The Art of Fugue to control counterpoint as a universal principle, rather than simply the genre of fugue. Made up of canons and fugues of various kinds all based on a single theme, the work encompasses more than one contrapuntal process.
Hrishikes Bhattacharya
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198074106
- eISBN:
- 9780199080861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074106.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on the lending system proposed by the Tandon Committee in 1975, which was later perfected by the Chore Group The greatest strength of this system lay in its simplicity and ...
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This chapter focuses on the lending system proposed by the Tandon Committee in 1975, which was later perfected by the Chore Group The greatest strength of this system lay in its simplicity and flexibility to adapt to changes in the economic environment without tilting its basic framework. By highlighting the necessity of developing industry-wise norms for holding inventories and receivables, the committee laid down the foundation of a lending discipline hitherto unheard of in the history of Indian banking. Later the Chore Group took pains in raising various issues around the prevalent cash credit system of financing working capital. It looked beyond, but stopped short of recommending gradual replacement of the cash credit system by the loan system.Less
This chapter focuses on the lending system proposed by the Tandon Committee in 1975, which was later perfected by the Chore Group The greatest strength of this system lay in its simplicity and flexibility to adapt to changes in the economic environment without tilting its basic framework. By highlighting the necessity of developing industry-wise norms for holding inventories and receivables, the committee laid down the foundation of a lending discipline hitherto unheard of in the history of Indian banking. Later the Chore Group took pains in raising various issues around the prevalent cash credit system of financing working capital. It looked beyond, but stopped short of recommending gradual replacement of the cash credit system by the loan system.
Ian J. Bateman, Ian H. Langford, and Jon Rasbash
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) or willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) question is the central focus of any contingent evaluation (CV) exercise, and is the point at which the valuation being sought is elicited. ...
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The willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) or willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) question is the central focus of any contingent evaluation (CV) exercise, and is the point at which the valuation being sought is elicited. However, a review of the literature reveals a variety of methods for asking such questions, and in this chapter results are presented from a study examining the impact of varying the elicitation method for WTP responses, and the results show that each is open to criticism. Five approaches are assessed: open‐ended, single‐bound dichotomous‐choice, double‐bound dichotomous‐choice, triple‐bound dichotomous‐choice, and iterative bidding. Particular attention is paid to the dichotomous‐choice approaches, which are dominant in recent literature.Less
The willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) or willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) question is the central focus of any contingent evaluation (CV) exercise, and is the point at which the valuation being sought is elicited. However, a review of the literature reveals a variety of methods for asking such questions, and in this chapter results are presented from a study examining the impact of varying the elicitation method for WTP responses, and the results show that each is open to criticism. Five approaches are assessed: open‐ended, single‐bound dichotomous‐choice, double‐bound dichotomous‐choice, triple‐bound dichotomous‐choice, and iterative bidding. Particular attention is paid to the dichotomous‐choice approaches, which are dominant in recent literature.
SARAH WOOD
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653768
- eISBN:
- 9780191741678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653768.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Poetry
This chapter argues that each of Conscience's new appearances in the C text is not only related to other contemporary texts and discourses (such as those discussed in the previous chapter), but also ...
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This chapter argues that each of Conscience's new appearances in the C text is not only related to other contemporary texts and discourses (such as those discussed in the previous chapter), but also to his compositionally earlier appearances in the B text. The changes to Conscience's role in C therefore make best sense if we simply read the versions of Piers Plowman attentively as a single compositional sequence, from end to end, rather than only in relation to the parallel passages in earlier versions. This chapter explores the wider implications of these observations about Conscience in the serial versions of the poem. The way the text of Piers Plowman has typically been presented in parallel-text format has hindered perceptions of the continuities between the versions which are most visible if they are read from end to end instead.Less
This chapter argues that each of Conscience's new appearances in the C text is not only related to other contemporary texts and discourses (such as those discussed in the previous chapter), but also to his compositionally earlier appearances in the B text. The changes to Conscience's role in C therefore make best sense if we simply read the versions of Piers Plowman attentively as a single compositional sequence, from end to end, rather than only in relation to the parallel passages in earlier versions. This chapter explores the wider implications of these observations about Conscience in the serial versions of the poem. The way the text of Piers Plowman has typically been presented in parallel-text format has hindered perceptions of the continuities between the versions which are most visible if they are read from end to end instead.
Steve Hart
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390755
- eISBN:
- 9789888390465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390755.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter focuses on using dates and selecting appropriate time phrases for particular situations. It covers general formatting, prepositional selection, and the relevant tense to use. It also ...
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This chapter focuses on using dates and selecting appropriate time phrases for particular situations. It covers general formatting, prepositional selection, and the relevant tense to use. It also explains how certain expressions can date events in sequence.Less
This chapter focuses on using dates and selecting appropriate time phrases for particular situations. It covers general formatting, prepositional selection, and the relevant tense to use. It also explains how certain expressions can date events in sequence.
Scott M. Duke-Sylvester and Louis J. Gross
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195143362
- eISBN:
- 9780197561812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195143362.003.0012
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Mathematical Theory of Computation
Agent-based or individual-based models allow for variation in the state and behavior of the basic objects that interact within the model. Modeling each individual as a ...
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Agent-based or individual-based models allow for variation in the state and behavior of the basic objects that interact within the model. Modeling each individual as a separate entity allows for spatially explicit components to be included so that the individuals can interact with a heterogeneous landscape and with each other. Realism is added to the models by incorporating spatially explicit data for the area of interest. Integrating spatial data into an agent-based system requires that a significant level of geographic information systems (GIS) functionality from traditional GIS be incorporated into the modeling system. This approach may seem redundant and costly, but current GIS systems do not offer a framework for building dynamic agent-based models. The across-trophic-level system simulation (ATLSS) is characterized by the integration of several distinct agent-based models and spatially explicit data into a single modeling system. One of the goals of the ATLSS (pronounced like “atlas”) project is to investigate the relative response of various interconnected trophic levels of the South Florida (SF) Everglades to different hydrologic scenarios over a thirty-year planning horizon. The ATLSS approach consists of several distinct component models, each of which represents different biotic components of the Everglades system, linked together as a multimodel. Currently, ATLSS includes component models for the Florida Panther, the Cape Sable Sea Side Sparrow, white tail deer, fresh water fish, wading birds, the Snail kite, and vegetation biomass. Additional models for alligators and various reptiles and amphibians are in development and will be added as they are completed. The list above by no means enumerates all of the species in SF. It reflects instead the initial attempt to include key components that biologists with many years of field experience in SF believed were critical to include. It also reflects the time and funding limitations to carry out empirical studies and develop both the theory and software needed to model each system component. The Florida Panther, the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow, the Snail Kite and several wading bird species of SF are all listed as endangered species. The fish, deer, and vegetation on the other hand are included since they are critical resources for the endangered species.
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Agent-based or individual-based models allow for variation in the state and behavior of the basic objects that interact within the model. Modeling each individual as a separate entity allows for spatially explicit components to be included so that the individuals can interact with a heterogeneous landscape and with each other. Realism is added to the models by incorporating spatially explicit data for the area of interest. Integrating spatial data into an agent-based system requires that a significant level of geographic information systems (GIS) functionality from traditional GIS be incorporated into the modeling system. This approach may seem redundant and costly, but current GIS systems do not offer a framework for building dynamic agent-based models. The across-trophic-level system simulation (ATLSS) is characterized by the integration of several distinct agent-based models and spatially explicit data into a single modeling system. One of the goals of the ATLSS (pronounced like “atlas”) project is to investigate the relative response of various interconnected trophic levels of the South Florida (SF) Everglades to different hydrologic scenarios over a thirty-year planning horizon. The ATLSS approach consists of several distinct component models, each of which represents different biotic components of the Everglades system, linked together as a multimodel. Currently, ATLSS includes component models for the Florida Panther, the Cape Sable Sea Side Sparrow, white tail deer, fresh water fish, wading birds, the Snail kite, and vegetation biomass. Additional models for alligators and various reptiles and amphibians are in development and will be added as they are completed. The list above by no means enumerates all of the species in SF. It reflects instead the initial attempt to include key components that biologists with many years of field experience in SF believed were critical to include. It also reflects the time and funding limitations to carry out empirical studies and develop both the theory and software needed to model each system component. The Florida Panther, the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow, the Snail Kite and several wading bird species of SF are all listed as endangered species. The fish, deer, and vegetation on the other hand are included since they are critical resources for the endangered species.
Michael Keane, Anthony Fung, and Albert Moran
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098206
- eISBN:
- 9789882207219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098206.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
TV-format adaptation process is a mechanism of flexible, leaner production and a response to evolving industry practices. In addition, the format generates greater traction for television producers ...
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TV-format adaptation process is a mechanism of flexible, leaner production and a response to evolving industry practices. In addition, the format generates greater traction for television producers by providing new ways of connecting with audiences. This chapter differentiates format from genre and shows how the television-format business has generated innovations that extend the product life-cycle of concepts. In this sense, the flexibility of the format is tailored to the rapidly shortened shelf-life of television programming—a consequence of evolving audience demand for new services.Less
TV-format adaptation process is a mechanism of flexible, leaner production and a response to evolving industry practices. In addition, the format generates greater traction for television producers by providing new ways of connecting with audiences. This chapter differentiates format from genre and shows how the television-format business has generated innovations that extend the product life-cycle of concepts. In this sense, the flexibility of the format is tailored to the rapidly shortened shelf-life of television programming—a consequence of evolving audience demand for new services.
