Anthony F. Heath, Roger M. Jowell, and John K. Curtice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245116
- eISBN:
- 9780191599453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245118.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of ...
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The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of the economists, which can be applied for understanding election outcomes. The idea is that the voter weights the utility of a given policy by the probability of its being implemented, sums this across the different policies, and then votes for whichever party gives the greatest expected utility. However, Heath, Jowell, and Curtice emphasize the fact that the rational choice model needs to be expanded to include some of the ‘non‐rational’ processes observed in their research such as the possibility that voters’ preferences may be shaped by the political parties and should not to be treated only as independent factors. The model should also be modified to take account of other sorts of processes such as social interaction, social conformity and what the authors have termed the ‘forked‐tail’ effect related to the generalization of the disillusionment from a specific party policy into a general disillusion with the party's competence.Less
The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of the economists, which can be applied for understanding election outcomes. The idea is that the voter weights the utility of a given policy by the probability of its being implemented, sums this across the different policies, and then votes for whichever party gives the greatest expected utility. However, Heath, Jowell, and Curtice emphasize the fact that the rational choice model needs to be expanded to include some of the ‘non‐rational’ processes observed in their research such as the possibility that voters’ preferences may be shaped by the political parties and should not to be treated only as independent factors. The model should also be modified to take account of other sorts of processes such as social interaction, social conformity and what the authors have termed the ‘forked‐tail’ effect related to the generalization of the disillusionment from a specific party policy into a general disillusion with the party's competence.
Roger Parker and Susan Rutherford (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226670188
- eISBN:
- 9780226670218
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226670218.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Samuel Leigh’s New Picture of London (1839) promised its readers a way of making sense of the English capital at a time when it was, through expansion and diversification, becoming ever more ...
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Samuel Leigh’s New Picture of London (1839) promised its readers a way of making sense of the English capital at a time when it was, through expansion and diversification, becoming ever more bewildering to its inhabitants. We argue that one important way of coming to terms with the implications of that diversity is to consider London through the medium of voice: the speaking, shouting, singing, preaching, groaning, sighing, even sobbing voices—singly, or in concert, or in imagined representations—that sounded through the city during two tumultuous decades in the first half of the nineteenth century. Our volume begins on London’s street with itinerant balladeers and organ boys and ends with scientific experiments on acoustics, including en route essays on domestic singing, amateur choral societies, elite opera houses, popular performers, religious orators, and on the perception of voice in some key literary works of the period.Less
Samuel Leigh’s New Picture of London (1839) promised its readers a way of making sense of the English capital at a time when it was, through expansion and diversification, becoming ever more bewildering to its inhabitants. We argue that one important way of coming to terms with the implications of that diversity is to consider London through the medium of voice: the speaking, shouting, singing, preaching, groaning, sighing, even sobbing voices—singly, or in concert, or in imagined representations—that sounded through the city during two tumultuous decades in the first half of the nineteenth century. Our volume begins on London’s street with itinerant balladeers and organ boys and ends with scientific experiments on acoustics, including en route essays on domestic singing, amateur choral societies, elite opera houses, popular performers, religious orators, and on the perception of voice in some key literary works of the period.
Ben Brice
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199290253
- eISBN:
- 9780191710483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290253.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter discusses some aspects of Coleridge's published prose works written between 1815 and 1825, including The Statesman's Manual (1816), Biographia Literaria (1817), The Friend (1818), and ...
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This chapter discusses some aspects of Coleridge's published prose works written between 1815 and 1825, including The Statesman's Manual (1816), Biographia Literaria (1817), The Friend (1818), and Aids to Reflection (1825). It argues that while Coleridge remained trapped within Hume's ‘fork’ of anthropomorphism and agnosticism, and cannot be said to have discovered an original solution to the philosophical and religious questions he encountered, his writings on religion, and particularly his pained acknowledgement of uncertainty and doubt, were authentic responses to the profound intellectual problems he had inherited from his precursors.Less
This chapter discusses some aspects of Coleridge's published prose works written between 1815 and 1825, including The Statesman's Manual (1816), Biographia Literaria (1817), The Friend (1818), and Aids to Reflection (1825). It argues that while Coleridge remained trapped within Hume's ‘fork’ of anthropomorphism and agnosticism, and cannot be said to have discovered an original solution to the philosophical and religious questions he encountered, his writings on religion, and particularly his pained acknowledgement of uncertainty and doubt, were authentic responses to the profound intellectual problems he had inherited from his precursors.
Henry E. Allison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532889
- eISBN:
- 9780191714450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532889.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter provides an outline of the structure of Hume's epistemology, as presented in the first two sections of Part III of the first book of the Treatise. Whereas in the more familiar discussion ...
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This chapter provides an outline of the structure of Hume's epistemology, as presented in the first two sections of Part III of the first book of the Treatise. Whereas in the more familiar discussion in the Enquiry, Hume divides the epistemological terrain into two domains: ‘relations of ideas’, in which either intuitive or demonstrative knowledge is attainable; and ‘matters of fact’, in which it is not (often termed ‘Hume's Fork’), the present discussion focuses on the basically equivalent but more complex formulation in the Treatise in terms of two species of ‘philosophical relations’. The aim is to show how Hume's analysis is best seen as a modification of Locke's and is intimately connected with the perceptual model of cognition. In view of the latter, it is also argued that a priori knowledge for Hume is neither analytic nor synthetic in the Kantian sense.Less
This chapter provides an outline of the structure of Hume's epistemology, as presented in the first two sections of Part III of the first book of the Treatise. Whereas in the more familiar discussion in the Enquiry, Hume divides the epistemological terrain into two domains: ‘relations of ideas’, in which either intuitive or demonstrative knowledge is attainable; and ‘matters of fact’, in which it is not (often termed ‘Hume's Fork’), the present discussion focuses on the basically equivalent but more complex formulation in the Treatise in terms of two species of ‘philosophical relations’. The aim is to show how Hume's analysis is best seen as a modification of Locke's and is intimately connected with the perceptual model of cognition. In view of the latter, it is also argued that a priori knowledge for Hume is neither analytic nor synthetic in the Kantian sense.
Wesley C. Salmon
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195108644
- eISBN:
- 9780199833627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195108647.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Attempts to provide the general outlines of a causal theory of scientific explanation that can incorporate the virtues of both the standard inferential view and previous causal accounts. The new ...
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Attempts to provide the general outlines of a causal theory of scientific explanation that can incorporate the virtues of both the standard inferential view and previous causal accounts. The new theory relies heavily upon a distinction between causal processes and causal interactions, and upon the principle of the common cause. Two types of causal forks, conjunctive and interactive, are distinguished; each is seen to have a distinct function in the account of scientific explanation. The common cause principle is invoked to show how unobservable entities play a fundamental explanatory role, thereby clarifying the explanatory power of theories.Less
Attempts to provide the general outlines of a causal theory of scientific explanation that can incorporate the virtues of both the standard inferential view and previous causal accounts. The new theory relies heavily upon a distinction between causal processes and causal interactions, and upon the principle of the common cause. Two types of causal forks, conjunctive and interactive, are distinguished; each is seen to have a distinct function in the account of scientific explanation. The common cause principle is invoked to show how unobservable entities play a fundamental explanatory role, thereby clarifying the explanatory power of theories.
Wolfgang Spohn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697502
- eISBN:
- 9780191739323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697502.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This is by far the longest chapter of the book. It deals with the most important and mysterious natural modality: causation. It proceeds from the basic idea underlying all deterministic and ...
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This is by far the longest chapter of the book. It deals with the most important and mysterious natural modality: causation. It proceeds from the basic idea underlying all deterministic and probabilistic theories of causation that a cause raises the metaphysical or epistemic status of the effect given the obtaining circumstances. For direct causes the circumstances can be explained in a non-circular way. Thus, the basic idea immediately yields a precise explication of deterministic direct causes in ranking-theoretic terms. The explication is extended to direct causal dependence between variables and allows proving all basic principles such as the common cause principle and the causal Markov condition. Hence, causal theorizing in terms of Bayesian nets works here equally well. These definitions of causal relations are frame-relative, but they allow inferring what causation is in absolute terms. Moreover, a way is shown of how not to deny, but to accommodate so-called interactive forks, which prima facie violate the common cause principle. Finally, the analysis is extended to indirect causation by a detailed argument for the transitivity of causation, which, however, entails the transitivity of causal dependence between variables only under additional assumptions. All this is done with a continuous look at many examples and many other accounts of causation. An appendix briefly extends the analysis to causal explanation. And a final appendix argues that inference to the best explanation is basically the ranking analogue of Bayes’ theorem and, moreover, that there is no problem of the catch-all hypothesis within the ranking-theoretic framework.Less
This is by far the longest chapter of the book. It deals with the most important and mysterious natural modality: causation. It proceeds from the basic idea underlying all deterministic and probabilistic theories of causation that a cause raises the metaphysical or epistemic status of the effect given the obtaining circumstances. For direct causes the circumstances can be explained in a non-circular way. Thus, the basic idea immediately yields a precise explication of deterministic direct causes in ranking-theoretic terms. The explication is extended to direct causal dependence between variables and allows proving all basic principles such as the common cause principle and the causal Markov condition. Hence, causal theorizing in terms of Bayesian nets works here equally well. These definitions of causal relations are frame-relative, but they allow inferring what causation is in absolute terms. Moreover, a way is shown of how not to deny, but to accommodate so-called interactive forks, which prima facie violate the common cause principle. Finally, the analysis is extended to indirect causation by a detailed argument for the transitivity of causation, which, however, entails the transitivity of causal dependence between variables only under additional assumptions. All this is done with a continuous look at many examples and many other accounts of causation. An appendix briefly extends the analysis to causal explanation. And a final appendix argues that inference to the best explanation is basically the ranking analogue of Bayes’ theorem and, moreover, that there is no problem of the catch-all hypothesis within the ranking-theoretic framework.
James H. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596997
- eISBN:
- 9780191723520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596997.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The 1820s and 1830s were years of ferment and experiment in fiction in Ireland. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna wrote religious novels while Harriet Martineau wrote improvement fiction. Lady Blessington ...
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The 1820s and 1830s were years of ferment and experiment in fiction in Ireland. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna wrote religious novels while Harriet Martineau wrote improvement fiction. Lady Blessington specialized in the fashionable novel, but on two occasions mixed it with an Irish setting that drew respectively on the works of William Carleton and W. H. Maxwell. The latter was the originator of the military novel, which imagined a world where Irishmen from different backgrounds could operate together on the basis of at least a temporary equality. Military life was seen as a refuge not so much for the irresponsible male as for the bereft romantic male. In addition, it is within the darker context of military life that ‘rollicking’, the enacting of humorous Irish stereotypes, can been seen as a reasonable strategy designed to elude harsh treatment, rather than merely as a pandering to British views of the Irish.Less
The 1820s and 1830s were years of ferment and experiment in fiction in Ireland. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna wrote religious novels while Harriet Martineau wrote improvement fiction. Lady Blessington specialized in the fashionable novel, but on two occasions mixed it with an Irish setting that drew respectively on the works of William Carleton and W. H. Maxwell. The latter was the originator of the military novel, which imagined a world where Irishmen from different backgrounds could operate together on the basis of at least a temporary equality. Military life was seen as a refuge not so much for the irresponsible male as for the bereft romantic male. In addition, it is within the darker context of military life that ‘rollicking’, the enacting of humorous Irish stereotypes, can been seen as a reasonable strategy designed to elude harsh treatment, rather than merely as a pandering to British views of the Irish.
Markus Eberl
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813056555
- eISBN:
- 9780813053486
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056555.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Innovation causes change. Indeed, modern Western societies see it as a crucial asset to advance. But can it also explain change in ancient societies? This book approaches material change as a crucial ...
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Innovation causes change. Indeed, modern Western societies see it as a crucial asset to advance. But can it also explain change in ancient societies? This book approaches material change as a crucial component of innovation; that is, the materialization of ideas that become widely adopted. Individuals exercise their agency not only to maintain society but also to cause change through inventions. Here, a symbolic approach is developed to conceptualize their creativity. Metonyms and metaphors link knowledge domains in novel but incomplete ways that imply a meta-discourse on knowledge. Their awareness allows individuals to imagine alternative worlds and trace a coherent path of action through this Garden of Forking Paths. The material nature of inventions exhibits interaction and adoption publicly. Individual decision-making interweaves and the resulting interferences map structural changes in society. The often-long course of existence of ancient societies allows us to trace where and when inventions emerged and how individuals adopted them. Nonetheless, evolutionary approaches to innovation often privilege Western technology and streamline past material diversity into a discourse on modernity. They ignore how inventions serve culture-specific needs and follow cultural logic. Therefore, this book focuses on Central America’s Classic Maya (A.D. 250–900). It discusses innovation for a diverse society—ranging from divine rulers to farmers—that continually changed over centuries.Less
Innovation causes change. Indeed, modern Western societies see it as a crucial asset to advance. But can it also explain change in ancient societies? This book approaches material change as a crucial component of innovation; that is, the materialization of ideas that become widely adopted. Individuals exercise their agency not only to maintain society but also to cause change through inventions. Here, a symbolic approach is developed to conceptualize their creativity. Metonyms and metaphors link knowledge domains in novel but incomplete ways that imply a meta-discourse on knowledge. Their awareness allows individuals to imagine alternative worlds and trace a coherent path of action through this Garden of Forking Paths. The material nature of inventions exhibits interaction and adoption publicly. Individual decision-making interweaves and the resulting interferences map structural changes in society. The often-long course of existence of ancient societies allows us to trace where and when inventions emerged and how individuals adopted them. Nonetheless, evolutionary approaches to innovation often privilege Western technology and streamline past material diversity into a discourse on modernity. They ignore how inventions serve culture-specific needs and follow cultural logic. Therefore, this book focuses on Central America’s Classic Maya (A.D. 250–900). It discusses innovation for a diverse society—ranging from divine rulers to farmers—that continually changed over centuries.
Byunghan Kim
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198567387
- eISBN:
- 9780191746512
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567387.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This book is about simple first-order theories. The class of simple theories was introduced by S. Shelah in the early 1980s. Then several specific algebraic structures having simple theories have ...
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This book is about simple first-order theories. The class of simple theories was introduced by S. Shelah in the early 1980s. Then several specific algebraic structures having simple theories have been studied by leading researchers, notably by E. Hrushovski. In the mid-1990s the author established in his thesis the symmetry and transitivity of non-forking for simple theories and, with A. Pillay, type-amalgamation for Lascar strong types. Since then a great deal of research work on simplicity theory, the study of simple theories and structures has been produced. This book starts with the introduction of the fundamental notions of dividing and forking, and covers up to the hyperdefinable group configuration theorem for simple theories.Less
This book is about simple first-order theories. The class of simple theories was introduced by S. Shelah in the early 1980s. Then several specific algebraic structures having simple theories have been studied by leading researchers, notably by E. Hrushovski. In the mid-1990s the author established in his thesis the symmetry and transitivity of non-forking for simple theories and, with A. Pillay, type-amalgamation for Lascar strong types. Since then a great deal of research work on simplicity theory, the study of simple theories and structures has been produced. This book starts with the introduction of the fundamental notions of dividing and forking, and covers up to the hyperdefinable group configuration theorem for simple theories.
Yuval Shany
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199211791
- eISBN:
- 9780191706035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211791.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the application of forum-selection and multiple proceeding regulating norms to interactions between national and international courts. It begins with a review of forum ...
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This chapter discusses the application of forum-selection and multiple proceeding regulating norms to interactions between national and international courts. It begins with a review of forum selection agreements and other treaty clauses governing choice of forum (such as exclusive jurisdiction provisions). It concludes that in the absence of such specific norms forum shopping is generally permissible. The next part of the Chapter examines the application of the electa una via (fork in the road), lis alibi pendens, and res judicata rules to the parallel or consecutive invocation of multiple proceedings as reflected in the practice of NAFTA, ICSID, ITLOS, and other national and international courts. The chapter concludes that the conceptual difficulties identified in earlier chapters complicate any attempt to identify clear and consistent practice on the matter.Less
This chapter discusses the application of forum-selection and multiple proceeding regulating norms to interactions between national and international courts. It begins with a review of forum selection agreements and other treaty clauses governing choice of forum (such as exclusive jurisdiction provisions). It concludes that in the absence of such specific norms forum shopping is generally permissible. The next part of the Chapter examines the application of the electa una via (fork in the road), lis alibi pendens, and res judicata rules to the parallel or consecutive invocation of multiple proceedings as reflected in the practice of NAFTA, ICSID, ITLOS, and other national and international courts. The chapter concludes that the conceptual difficulties identified in earlier chapters complicate any attempt to identify clear and consistent practice on the matter.
Loretana de Libero
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter deals with the moment of surrender between the Romans and their enemies in the last two centuries B.C. It raises the question of why and when they stopped fighting, and how surrender was ...
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This chapter deals with the moment of surrender between the Romans and their enemies in the last two centuries B.C. It raises the question of why and when they stopped fighting, and how surrender was brought about. Moreover, it will work out motivations, expectations, and emotions of the individual soldiers as well as of their commanders, which finally led to their giving in — or not giving in. Based on case studies like the famous ‘Mancinus affair’ not only the fates of defeated generals, towns or peoples are to be analysed but also Roman values and legal procedures, especially, the practice and consequences of deditio, an act of surrender, which in itself is unconditional.Less
This chapter deals with the moment of surrender between the Romans and their enemies in the last two centuries B.C. It raises the question of why and when they stopped fighting, and how surrender was brought about. Moreover, it will work out motivations, expectations, and emotions of the individual soldiers as well as of their commanders, which finally led to their giving in — or not giving in. Based on case studies like the famous ‘Mancinus affair’ not only the fates of defeated generals, towns or peoples are to be analysed but also Roman values and legal procedures, especially, the practice and consequences of deditio, an act of surrender, which in itself is unconditional.
James K. Agee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520251250
- eISBN:
- 9780520933798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520251250.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many ...
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Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many forks of a river, this book represents the steward's fork as different pathways toward sustainable future for these landscapes. It focuses on the Klamath Mountains and emphasizes that the stewardship of their ecosystems requires special attention. The book proposes the involvement of individuals and communities in the protection and management of natural resources, and the need to make intelligent decisions for the sustainable future of the Klamath Mountains.Less
Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many forks of a river, this book represents the steward's fork as different pathways toward sustainable future for these landscapes. It focuses on the Klamath Mountains and emphasizes that the stewardship of their ecosystems requires special attention. The book proposes the involvement of individuals and communities in the protection and management of natural resources, and the need to make intelligent decisions for the sustainable future of the Klamath Mountains.
Wesley C. Salmon
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195108644
- eISBN:
- 9780199833627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195108647.003.0019
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
The original version of this chapter was published long before the author's conversion to a conserved or invariant theory of causality as presented in “Causality and Counterfactuals” (Chapter 16); ...
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The original version of this chapter was published long before the author's conversion to a conserved or invariant theory of causality as presented in “Causality and Counterfactuals” (Chapter 16); nevertheless, its fundamental approach is still sound. The basic facts about causal processes and causal forks, about their interrelationships, and about the various types of forks are presented here in some detail. The only difference is that a new criterion for causal processes and interactive forks has subsequently been adopted. The same processes and intersections will be classified as causal under either criterion. This chapter presents a concise but comprehensive picture of the causal structure of the world along the same lines as the author's account in his Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (1984). Less
The original version of this chapter was published long before the author's conversion to a conserved or invariant theory of causality as presented in “Causality and Counterfactuals” (Chapter 16); nevertheless, its fundamental approach is still sound. The basic facts about causal processes and causal forks, about their interrelationships, and about the various types of forks are presented here in some detail. The only difference is that a new criterion for causal processes and interactive forks has subsequently been adopted. The same processes and intersections will be classified as causal under either criterion. This chapter presents a concise but comprehensive picture of the causal structure of the world along the same lines as the author's account in his Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (1984).
Jonathan Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199258871
- eISBN:
- 9780191597046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258872.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Unless something to the contrary is explicitly said in a given subjunctive conditional, the closest antecedent worlds are ones that are exactly like the actual world until shortly before the time of ...
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Unless something to the contrary is explicitly said in a given subjunctive conditional, the closest antecedent worlds are ones that are exactly like the actual world until shortly before the time of the antecedent and then fork away from such likeness in some inconspicuous manner. The alternatives are: the closest world is unlike the actual world through all pre‐antecedent time; at the closest world, the antecedent comes to be true with a ‘bump’. This chapter discusses what goes on at a fork and the temporal locations of forks.Less
Unless something to the contrary is explicitly said in a given subjunctive conditional, the closest antecedent worlds are ones that are exactly like the actual world until shortly before the time of the antecedent and then fork away from such likeness in some inconspicuous manner. The alternatives are: the closest world is unlike the actual world through all pre‐antecedent time; at the closest world, the antecedent comes to be true with a ‘bump’. This chapter discusses what goes on at a fork and the temporal locations of forks.
Jonathan Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199258871
- eISBN:
- 9780191597046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258872.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The primacy of causal laws in subjunctive conditionals is explained. Discussion of miracles at forks, and of counter‐legal conditionals: ones about what would have been the case if some actual causal ...
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The primacy of causal laws in subjunctive conditionals is explained. Discussion of miracles at forks, and of counter‐legal conditionals: ones about what would have been the case if some actual causal law had been false. Subjunctives are ‘impossibility‐intolerant’; comparison of this with the zero intolerance of indicatives.Less
The primacy of causal laws in subjunctive conditionals is explained. Discussion of miracles at forks, and of counter‐legal conditionals: ones about what would have been the case if some actual causal law had been false. Subjunctives are ‘impossibility‐intolerant’; comparison of this with the zero intolerance of indicatives.
Cormac Newark
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226670188
- eISBN:
- 9780226670218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226670218.003.0013
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Voice as a metaphor for national self-determination was a familiar element in commentary on opera, critical and literary, in the nineteenth century. The subject was often Italy: natural birthplace of ...
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Voice as a metaphor for national self-determination was a familiar element in commentary on opera, critical and literary, in the nineteenth century. The subject was often Italy: natural birthplace of the art form and, during almost the entire period, a state in a continual process of becoming. But the “silver fork” novel The Opera (1832) by Mrs. Gore offers a thoughtful exploration of that metaphor set not in Italy but in England, where the state was undergoing a somewhat different process. This essay discusses representations of singing in a variety of media—ranging from textual reports to domestic and theatrical performances—embedded in Gore’s narrative. It does so with the aim of mapping out her implicit interpretative framework, which is firmly predicated on various other meanings of “voice,” but artfully constructed around a principal character, La Silvestra, who is a fashionable prima donna. It shows how the novel exposes to illuminating scrutiny the questions of class, artistic patronage, gender, and representative democracy that were particularly pressing in England at the time Gore was writing, during the debating of the Reform Bill (1831–1832) and the beginnings of the female suffrage movement.Less
Voice as a metaphor for national self-determination was a familiar element in commentary on opera, critical and literary, in the nineteenth century. The subject was often Italy: natural birthplace of the art form and, during almost the entire period, a state in a continual process of becoming. But the “silver fork” novel The Opera (1832) by Mrs. Gore offers a thoughtful exploration of that metaphor set not in Italy but in England, where the state was undergoing a somewhat different process. This essay discusses representations of singing in a variety of media—ranging from textual reports to domestic and theatrical performances—embedded in Gore’s narrative. It does so with the aim of mapping out her implicit interpretative framework, which is firmly predicated on various other meanings of “voice,” but artfully constructed around a principal character, La Silvestra, who is a fashionable prima donna. It shows how the novel exposes to illuminating scrutiny the questions of class, artistic patronage, gender, and representative democracy that were particularly pressing in England at the time Gore was writing, during the debating of the Reform Bill (1831–1832) and the beginnings of the female suffrage movement.
Susan T. Falck
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781496824400
- eISBN:
- 9781496824448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496824400.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The epilogue explores recent expressions of historical memory in Natchez. The efforts of the National Park Service, the Historic Natchez Foundation and the Natchez Courthouse Records Project have set ...
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The epilogue explores recent expressions of historical memory in Natchez. The efforts of the National Park Service, the Historic Natchez Foundation and the Natchez Courthouse Records Project have set in motion progressive changes hardly imaginable a few decades ago. These include a growing number of Pilgrimage home tours that acknowledge the contributions of enslaved laborers, funding to interpret the Forks of the Road slave market site, and the Natchez Trails project that depicts a more racially inclusive history throughout downtown streets and neighborhoods. But even as these developments signal important steps forward, some efforts falter amid contestation. For most of its lifespan, Natchez’s white victors wrote its history. Today that history is beginning to be re-imagined and rewritten by a small group of liberal whites and vocal black agents pushing for long overdue change. Hopefully, Natchez’s example will prompt other southern communities to examine, re-imagine and more accurately share their own local histories.Less
The epilogue explores recent expressions of historical memory in Natchez. The efforts of the National Park Service, the Historic Natchez Foundation and the Natchez Courthouse Records Project have set in motion progressive changes hardly imaginable a few decades ago. These include a growing number of Pilgrimage home tours that acknowledge the contributions of enslaved laborers, funding to interpret the Forks of the Road slave market site, and the Natchez Trails project that depicts a more racially inclusive history throughout downtown streets and neighborhoods. But even as these developments signal important steps forward, some efforts falter amid contestation. For most of its lifespan, Natchez’s white victors wrote its history. Today that history is beginning to be re-imagined and rewritten by a small group of liberal whites and vocal black agents pushing for long overdue change. Hopefully, Natchez’s example will prompt other southern communities to examine, re-imagine and more accurately share their own local histories.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
Chris Goertzen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496814272
- eISBN:
- 9781496814319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496814272.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This epilogue focuses on “Forked Deer.” It is one of very few fiddle tunes that now flourish in southern fiddle styles ranging from straightforward to quite fancy, and throughout the United States—in ...
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This epilogue focuses on “Forked Deer.” It is one of very few fiddle tunes that now flourish in southern fiddle styles ranging from straightforward to quite fancy, and throughout the United States—in old-time fiddling in the Upper South, in exuberant West Virginia styles, and in the melodic improvisations of the modern contest fiddling originating in Texas. Both the title and the melody of “Forked Deer” enter the historical record in George P. Knauff's Virginia Reels. Like most southern fiddle tunes, however, “Forked Deer” did not make it into the nineteenth-century mainstream of instrumental anthologies. In fact, this tune found its way into just one publication later in that century. The chapter then considers the title “Forked Deer.” The multivalence of the title “Forked Deer” plus the particular retitling of the tune touch most of the normal categories for fiddle tune titles in the American South.Less
This epilogue focuses on “Forked Deer.” It is one of very few fiddle tunes that now flourish in southern fiddle styles ranging from straightforward to quite fancy, and throughout the United States—in old-time fiddling in the Upper South, in exuberant West Virginia styles, and in the melodic improvisations of the modern contest fiddling originating in Texas. Both the title and the melody of “Forked Deer” enter the historical record in George P. Knauff's Virginia Reels. Like most southern fiddle tunes, however, “Forked Deer” did not make it into the nineteenth-century mainstream of instrumental anthologies. In fact, this tune found its way into just one publication later in that century. The chapter then considers the title “Forked Deer.” The multivalence of the title “Forked Deer” plus the particular retitling of the tune touch most of the normal categories for fiddle tune titles in the American South.
Dariusz Jemielniak
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804789448
- eISBN:
- 9780804791205
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789448.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians’ perception of ...
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This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians’ perception of inequality in practice and how hierarchy is enacted through community elections. Although Wikipedia is sometimes portrayed as collaborative and peaceful, it often breaks into conflicts and disputes. The book describes how the gradual increase in editing participation determines its attractiveness, addictiveness, and, ultimately, its level of conflict. The seemingly chaotic organization of cooperation on Wikipedia is actually susceptible to tight control through observation of all behaviors, the participants’ structured discourse, and procedures. Nonetheless, organizational control, so strict in other aspects, is more lenient on Wikipedia than in other types of organizations in terms of credential checks, as a result of a transformation of interpersonal trust and of trust in procedures. The lack of recognition of real-world credentials and formal authority helps sustain the Wikipedia community, by both allowing for alternative authority-building patterns and negating the real-world knowledge structures. The book studies the internal composition of the Wikimedia movement and describes how it is influenced by increasing professionalization. Finally, it reviews the evolution of Jimmy Wales's leadership of Wikipedia and explains how open-collaboration communities require congruence in terms of their organizational leadership model (authoritative or egalitarian) and the exercise of leadership power (direct and interventionist or general and visionary).Less
This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians’ perception of inequality in practice and how hierarchy is enacted through community elections. Although Wikipedia is sometimes portrayed as collaborative and peaceful, it often breaks into conflicts and disputes. The book describes how the gradual increase in editing participation determines its attractiveness, addictiveness, and, ultimately, its level of conflict. The seemingly chaotic organization of cooperation on Wikipedia is actually susceptible to tight control through observation of all behaviors, the participants’ structured discourse, and procedures. Nonetheless, organizational control, so strict in other aspects, is more lenient on Wikipedia than in other types of organizations in terms of credential checks, as a result of a transformation of interpersonal trust and of trust in procedures. The lack of recognition of real-world credentials and formal authority helps sustain the Wikipedia community, by both allowing for alternative authority-building patterns and negating the real-world knowledge structures. The book studies the internal composition of the Wikimedia movement and describes how it is influenced by increasing professionalization. Finally, it reviews the evolution of Jimmy Wales's leadership of Wikipedia and explains how open-collaboration communities require congruence in terms of their organizational leadership model (authoritative or egalitarian) and the exercise of leadership power (direct and interventionist or general and visionary).
