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Will the US Keep the Best and the Brightest (as Postdocs)?: Career and Location Preferences of Foreign STEM PhDs

Ina Ganguli and Patrick Gaulé

in The Roles of Immigrants and Foreign Students in US Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

We estimate the career and location preferences of students in U.S. doctoral programs in a major STEM field—chemistry. Our analysis is based on novel survey conducted in 2017 of 1,605 current ... More

We estimate the career and location preferences of students in U.S. doctoral programs in a major STEM field—chemistry. Our analysis is based on novel survey conducted in 2017 of 1,605 current Chemistry doctoral students enrolled in the top 54 U.S. research intensive universities. First, we estimate the career preferences of foreign and U.S. STEM students for different types of post-graduation jobs—postdocs, industry, or teaching positions—using both hypothetical choice methods and more standard Likert measures of preferences for different careers. We find that foreign students are generally more interested in academic careers than U.S. students, even when controlling for ability and comparing students from similar subfields and programs. Next, we estimate students’ location preferences using a hypothetical choice method: we ask respondents to choose between two postdoc job offers, where one offer is in the U.S. and one is abroad. We find that foreign students have a stronger preference for U.S. locations even after controlling for ability and career preferences. Our results suggest the U.S. is managing to retain talented foreign graduate students for postdoc positions.Less

Coming to America: Where Do International Doctorate Students Study and How Do US Universities Respond?

John Bound and Sarah Turner

in American Universities in a Global Market

There is no question that doctorate education at US universities has drawn an increasing number of students from around the world in recent decades. The growth of foreign students in US doctorate ... More

There is no question that doctorate education at US universities has drawn an increasing number of students from around the world in recent decades. The growth of foreign students in US doctorate education may produce a wide range of benefits and costs for universities. This chapter describes the trends in doctorate attainment among foreign students at US universities, and distinguishes significant trends by country of origin and type of US doctorate program. The analysis demonstrates substantial shifts in country of origin over the last three decades among doctorate students, with the growth in foreign students coming largely from Asian countries, including China and India. Evidence presented in the chapter suggests that the expansion of foreign doctorate attainment in the sciences—particularly outside of economics—at US universities has been largely aligned with the research function at universities. The availability of research funding has been significant in supporting the increased demand among foreign doctorate students.Less

Introduction

Ina Ganguli, Shulamit Kahn, and Megan MacGarvie

in The Roles of Immigrants and Foreign Students in US Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

Understanding labor markets for workers with specialized training in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is essential for learning about the drivers of innovation and economic ... More

Understanding labor markets for workers with specialized training in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is essential for learning about the drivers of innovation and economic growth, yet these labor markets are complex and their dynamics are not fully understood by economists. Recent decades have seen increasingly important roles for the foreign-born in the US STEM workforce and among recipients of advanced degrees at US universities. Given the potential for STEM workers to contribute to the economic growth and continued prosperity of the United States, and in the context of the current public debate about immigration, it is important to understand what affects the supply of these workers. This volume provides evidence on the economic impacts of immigration on the STEM workforce. The chapters examine the location choices of innovative workers and return migration; the relationship between immigration and innovation with regard to initial inflows of migrants; and the relationship between high-skilled immigration and entrepreneurship, with contributions related to immigrant entrepreneur networks and contrasting immigrant and native PhDs’ entrepreneurship.Less

A pathway of knowledge transfer from Korea to Asian countries: Korea’s policies on foreign-born students in science and engineering

Jungbu Kim and Seong Soo Oh

in After-Development Dynamics: South Korea's Contemporary Engagement with Asia

This chapter explores the possibility of knowledge transfer from South Korea to neighboring Asian countries through incoming Asian students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ... More

This chapter explores the possibility of knowledge transfer from South Korea to neighboring Asian countries through incoming Asian students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Korea is aggressively trying to attract foreign students and the share of foreign students in STEM fields is increasing. However, the majority of graduates tend to return home upon completion of their degrees. The Korean case discussed offers a series of interpretations and policy directions. First, the problem of brain drain does not exist since returnees transfer better technical skills and tap into networks built while studying in Korea. Second, the higher rate of return casts some doubt on the unfavorable living and studying environment in Korea for foreigners since the foreign student population is increasing. Third, to nurture professional–technical networking between Asian alumni and their connections in Korea, this chapter suggests more active efforts be made through cooperative research projects.Less

International Student Mobility and High-Skilled Migration:: The Evidence

Gabriel J. Felbermayr and Isabella Reczkowski

in The Mobility of Students and the Highly Skilled: Implications for Education Financing and Economic Policy

This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book by first documenting the upward trend in student mobility in developed countries. It then raises an important question: To what extent do ... More

This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book by first documenting the upward trend in student mobility in developed countries. It then raises an important question: To what extent do countries that attract foreign students benefit from an increased stock of educated foreign workers? To address this question, theory-founded gravity models are applied to two sets of international panel data which cover the years 1970-2000: a new database on bilateral student mobility and a database on bilateral stocks of immigrants of age 25 or higher by educational attainment. The empirical exercise reveals that doubling the student intake increases the stock of foreign high skilled workers by 5.7 percent, which corresponds to 71 percent of the increase in international students. That so called retention rate is however driven by Anglo-Saxon countries, while the rates for, say, continental European countries are much lower.Less

Intercultural perspectives and professional practice in the university: what’s new in Germany

Lena Inowlocki, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar, and Felicia Herrschaft

in Biographical methods and professional practice: An international perspective

This chapter draws on several years of intercultural university work by first tracing the shifts in policy regarding ‘foreign’ students in German schools and universities. Using a number of cameo ... More

This chapter draws on several years of intercultural university work by first tracing the shifts in policy regarding ‘foreign’ students in German schools and universities. Using a number of cameo situations, the chapter traces the growing use by minority ethnic students of their own experience, as well as the impact of their presence and views on other students, and how staff can encourage such reflective processes. In particular, the chapter highlights and challenges the homologising and pathologising of mainstream theoretical models on ethnicity and migration. Discussions include: education in immigration; foreignness and difference; observations on the processes of identity; difference versus ‘making strange’; and some observations on how students encounter discourse on migration.Less

Introduction

Chih-Ming Wang

in Transpacific Articulations: Student Migration and the Remaking of Asian America

This introductory chapter supplies the background context for the study, as well as its limitations. It largely concerns the history and culture of foreign students studying in the United States, ... More

This introductory chapter supplies the background context for the study, as well as its limitations. It largely concerns the history and culture of foreign students studying in the United States, with particular emphasis on the political activism of Chinese students in the United States and their writings about America from the late nineteenth century to the present. These provide important insights into the transnational making of Asian America. The chapter also defines the term “Asian American”—which will be used throughout the book—to hold together the multiple desires and contrapuntal positions that the foreign student embodies in the transpacific flows of knowledge, capital, identity, and politics. By foregrounding the foreign student as an instance of the Asian American subject, the chapter attempts to identify a transpacific coming together that is based on discrepant relations structured upon Western domination over Asia.Less

Gender gap among second-generation students in higher education: the Italian case

Alessandro Bozzetti

Glenda Tibe Bonifacio (ed.)

in Global Youth Migration and Gendered Modalities

Italy is experiencing a structural and multigenerational migratory presence in which new generations are increasingly obtaining access to the highest social and educational levels, including ... More

Italy is experiencing a structural and multigenerational migratory presence in which new generations are increasingly obtaining access to the highest social and educational levels, including university. The presence of foreign students in Italian secondary schools has been extensively covered by research (especially regarding their presence in technical and vocational institutes, which formally open up to a university career but often cause a sort of school marginalisation that frequently results in social disadvantage) but little is known about their presence at the university level. It would be simplistic to assume that those students who enrolled at university had never experienced any trouble in their pre-university or university career. In this chapter, the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant students will be quantitatively contextualised, with specific regard to foreign students in Italian universities, and with a descriptive analysis on the impact of gender on education. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the multifaceted educational paths of young people, those under 35 years old, born in Italy to foreign parents (or who moved to Italy later), their expectations and the real opportunities offered to them.Less

Loving Freedom in Susan Choi’s The Foreign Student

Josephine Nock-Hee Park

in Cold War Friendships: Korea, Vietnam, and Asian American Literature

Chapter 3 reads Susan Choi’s debut novel, The Foreign Student, a fictionalized account of her father’s wartime ordeal and experience as a foreign student in the American South. The foreign student is ... More

Chapter 3 reads Susan Choi’s debut novel, The Foreign Student, a fictionalized account of her father’s wartime ordeal and experience as a foreign student in the American South. The foreign student is a key yet understudied figure of Cold War integration, and Choi’s foreign student is a wartime friendly who makes his way to the US, where he conducts an American romance that trumps the damaging political alliances of the war. The chapter analyzes Choi’s literary attempts to revise the history of the war as a means of enlivening her protagonist within its frame. She recuperates this deeply wounded friendly and transports him to America, but his successful romantic union is paired with a revelation of wartime betrayal that marks the limits of his integration.Less

World War II and its Aftermath

Robert J. Kaczorowski

in Fordham University School of Law: A History

Chapter 5 discusses the impact of World War II on law students and legal education and the nation’s and state’s responses. Dean Wilkinson again played a leading role in shaping and achieving changes ... More

Chapter 5 discusses the impact of World War II on law students and legal education and the nation’s and state’s responses. Dean Wilkinson again played a leading role in shaping and achieving changes in national and state standards to accommodate law students who were drafted out of law school and returning veterans. It explains accelerated programs and the establishment of summer sessions with rolling enrollments and graduations during the war. The Law School admitted foreign educated lawyers who fled Nazi Germany and countries it occupied to practice law in the U.S. Law School graduates gained access to positions with the city’s elite law firms. After the war the Law School joined a select group of law schools in adopting a college degree requirement for admission. The G.I. Bill strengthened the Law School’s financial condition, but Fordham University continued to use the Law School to subsidize its other divisions. This prevented the Law School from adopting changes in its program that were occurring in the leading law schools. It also continued Dean Wilkinson’s practice-oriented conception of legal education, and the Law School lost its place as the second law school in New York City to New York University School of Law.Less

The Structure of European Higher Education in the Wake of the Bologna Reforms

Ofer Malamud

in American Universities in a Global Market

The United States remains the predominant destination for foreign students. There are growing concerns that American higher education is losing ground to other countries. At this juncture it is ... More

The United States remains the predominant destination for foreign students. There are growing concerns that American higher education is losing ground to other countries. At this juncture it is probably Europe that presents the main challenge to America's dominance in higher education. Europe is also in the process of instituting some far-reaching reforms to the structure of higher education. In 1999, ministers of education from twenty-nine European countries issued the Bologna Declaration in order to modernize and harmonize the European system of higher education. The ultimate aim of the Bologna process is the creation of a European Higher Education Area with academic degree and quality assurance standards comparable throughout Europe. The Bologna reforms also have the potential to encourage greater competition between universities in Europe. This chapter explores the main characteristics associated with the Bologna reforms and considers their possible consequences for higher education in the United States and Europe. The push to harmonize the disparate European systems of higher education under the Bologna process offers an important benefit from a research perspective.Less

The Recent History of Spain-Bound Immigration

Alejandro Portes, Rosa Aparicio, and William Haller

in Spanish Legacies: The Coming of Age of the Second Generation

In this chapter, we review the recent history of immigration to Spain—from its past as a labor-exporting country to its transformation into a recipient of major foreign flows. Reasons for this ... More

In this chapter, we review the recent history of immigration to Spain—from its past as a labor-exporting country to its transformation into a recipient of major foreign flows. Reasons for this transformation are discussed, and data illustrating the evolution of immigration in recent years are examined. Available information on the growth of foreign-origin students in the Spanish educational system and the early research literature focused on this phenomenon are also reviewed. The chapter closes with a review of the Spanish literature on the country’s model of integration of its immigrants and their offspring as well as its practical and theoretical implications.Less

Racial Trauma and Triangulation in Susan Choi’s The Foreign Student

Amy C. Tang

in Repetition and Race: Asian American Literature After Multiculturalism

This chapter explores the concept of trauma and the cultural work it performs in Asian American studies. It shows how multiculturalism’s demand for legible racial subjects inspires critics to resolve ... More

This chapter explores the concept of trauma and the cultural work it performs in Asian American studies. It shows how multiculturalism’s demand for legible racial subjects inspires critics to resolve Asian Americans’ racial “triangulation,” or their ambiguous positioning between African Americans and whites, by grounding contemporary Asian American identity in the historical trauma of nineteenth-century Asian exclusion. Although this secures the counterhegemonic status of Asian American identity, it obscures the profound demographic shifts inaugurated by the 1965 Hart-Cellar Act. By contrast, Susan Choi’s novel The Foreign Student forwards an understanding of trauma that foregrounds rupture rather than continuity, which enables a more complex portrait of Asian American history and politics, as well as new cross-racial alliances. Choi’s use of trauma thus shows how repetition exposes rather than resolves contemporary social predicaments and how the impasses of repetition yield possibilities, even if they do not generate progress.Less

Productive Estrangement: Racial-Sexual Continuums in Asian American as Southern Literature

Leslie Bow

in Partly Colored: Asian Americans and Racial Anomaly in the Segregated South

This chapter situates the Asian outsider as a figure of productive alienation and imperfect correspondence, one who questions the ways in which lines of affiliation and connection become drawn and ... More

This chapter situates the Asian outsider as a figure of productive alienation and imperfect correspondence, one who questions the ways in which lines of affiliation and connection become drawn and policed. In both Susan Choi's 1998 novel, The Foreign Student and Abraham Verghese's 1994 memoir, My Own Country: A Doctor's Story of a Town and Its People in the Age of AIDS, embracing “foreignness” from the position of postcolonial exile can be read as a means of suspending loyalty to stratified social structures, both racial and sexual. In both texts, sexual transgression precipitates a renewed understanding of not only the ways in which color lines are drawn, but how points of human division and intimacy, of home and belonging, might be reconfigured. In looking at these two narratives that center on the latency of racism “outed” by proximity to sexual “perversity,” the chapter suggests that Asian-American literature provides a conceptual frame for highlighting other lines that divide and connect.Less

Indian Higher Education

Devesh Kapur

in American Universities in a Global Market

This chapter, which outlines the principal characteristics of Indian higher education and its recent rapid growth, especially the number of students and institutions, the fields of study, and the ... More

This chapter, which outlines the principal characteristics of Indian higher education and its recent rapid growth, especially the number of students and institutions, the fields of study, and the sources of supply, focuses on the key challenges facing Indian higher education resulting from a massive increase in the demand for higher education. It then analyzes the reasons for the quality deterioration despite India's robust growth and a legacy of one of the better higher education systems in developing countries. There are numerous studies that detail both the need for better higher education in the country and the challenges in recruiting a scientifically competent workforce. Various indicators employed to study the quality of higher education in India, such as research output, infrastructure, and placement of graduates, point to the need for reform in the higher education, public, and private sectors. India's knowledge needs in areas with large public goods pay offs, in social sciences and a host of basic sciences, be it climate change, health economics, infectious diseases, or agricultural technologies, are woefully neglected. The future of India's higher education system will have considerable effects on the US higher education system given that students from India constitute the largest number of foreign students in the United States.Less

The Forgotten War: Korean America’s Conditions of Possibility

Jodi Kim

in Ends of Empire: Asian American Critique and the Cold War

This chapter begins with a discussion of “Fragments of the Forgotten War” and “Still Present Pasts,” which demonstrate how Korean American cultural producers suggest the link between America’s ... More

This chapter begins with a discussion of “Fragments of the Forgotten War” and “Still Present Pasts,” which demonstrate how Korean American cultural producers suggest the link between America’s imperial presence in Korea, and the gendered racial “return” of the Korean subject back to the imperial center. It cites Susan Choi’s novel The Foreign Student, Heinz Insu Fenkl’s autobiographical novel Memories of My Ghost Brother, and Deann Borshay Liem’s documentary First Person Plural—all of which offer a troubling interpretation of the Korean War. The Korean War indicates a wider problem of Cold War knowledge that affects both American nationalist discourse and Korean America’s public knowledge regarding the conditions of possibility for its formation in the post-1945 situation.Less

Conclusion

Chih-Ming Wang

in Transpacific Articulations: Student Migration and the Remaking of Asian America

This concluding chapter remarks on the unstable categorization of the “Asian American” due to its transnational and multidirectional linkages. The Asian American identity possesses multivalent and ... More

This concluding chapter remarks on the unstable categorization of the “Asian American” due to its transnational and multidirectional linkages. The Asian American identity possesses multivalent and discrepant articulations of the transpacific movement that bring together different subjects, identities, and desire that cohabit the transnational cultural political space that this book has called “Asia/America.” These traits create difficulties in theorizing the Asian American identity as a whole—difficulties further compounded by the dangers of diaspora giving way to divisive politics and ethnic absolutism. Yet the chapter argues that it is this diasporic etymology that enables us to better locate the foreign students and their overseas experiences in the Asian/American nexus, particularly in the site of the university, which is at once national and transnational.Less

Between Clinic and Laboratory: Students and Teaching at Midcentury

Thomas Neville Bonner

in Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945

Despite the gathering momentum for a single standard of medical education, the portals of access to medicine remained remarkably open at the middle of the nineteenth century. From this time ... More

Despite the gathering momentum for a single standard of medical education, the portals of access to medicine remained remarkably open at the middle of the nineteenth century. From this time forward, governments and professional associations—in the name of science and clinical knowledge and the protection of the public’s health—steadily limited further entrance to medicine to those with extensive preparatory education and the capacity to bear the financial and other burdens of ever longer periods of study. But in 1850, alternative (and cheaper) paths to medicine, such as training in a practical school or learning medicine with a preceptor, were still available in the transatlantic nations. Not only were the écoles secondaires (or écoles préparatoires) and the medical-surgical academies still widely open to those on the European continent without a university-preparatory education, but British and American training schools for general practitioners, offering schooling well below the university level, were also widely available to students and growing at a rapid pace. “The establishment of provincial medical schools,” for those of modest means, declared Joseph Jordan of Manchester in 1854, was an event “of national importance. . . . Indeed there has not been so great a movement [in Britain] since the College of Surgeons was established.” A decade before, probably unknown to Jordan, a New York professor, Martyn Paine, had voiced similar views about America’s rural colleges when he told students that “no institutions [are] more important than the country medical schools, since these are adapted to the means of a large class of students . . . [of] humble attainments.” In both Britain and America, according to Paine’s New York contemporary John Revere, the bulk of practitioners “are generally taken from the humbler conditions in society, and have few opportunities of intellectual improvement.” The social differences between those who followed the university and the practical routes to medicine were nearly as sharp as they had been a halfcentury before. Even when a medical degree was awarded after what was essentially a nonuniversity education, as it was in the United States, Paine distinguished between graduates of country schools, “where lectures and board are low,” and “the aristocrats of our profession, made so through the difference of a few dollars.” Less

The Spread of Laboratory Teaching, 1850-1870

Thomas Neville Bonner

in Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945

“I still see the narrow, long hallway in the university building,” reminisced Albert von Kölliker, . . . where Henle, for lack of another room for demonstrations, showed us and explained the ... More

“I still see the narrow, long hallway in the university building,” reminisced Albert von Kölliker, . . . where Henle, for lack of another room for demonstrations, showed us and explained the simplest things, so awe inspiring in their novelty, with scarcely five or six microscopes: epithelia, skin scales, cilia cells, blood corpuscles, pus cells, semen, then teased-out preparations from muscles, ligaments, nerves, sections from cartilage, cuts of bones, etc. . . . Something of the excitement and sense of adventure conveyed to students by the early use of the microscope in teaching is reflectedin Kölliker’s words and those of other students of the 1830s and 1840s. But at that time, few students anywhere had had direct, personal experience in the use of the microscope or other laboratory instruments, and indeed not many teachers believed that such experience was important to the education of the average student of medicine. New improvements in the microscope in the late 1830s had made it feasible to consider using the instrument for teaching purposes, but what were its pedagogical advantages? Of what value was it at the bedside if a physician were skillful in using the microscope and could do simple chemical tests? No one questioned the advantages afforded by the new chemistry and physics to those who used them in research in a special workplace, now called the laboratory, but the “belief that practical experience [in a laboratory] was important for all students, not merely for a small elite” constituted the real pedagogical revolution in the teaching of medicine. Like the earlier shift to clinical teaching, the transition to laboratory teaching, including the use of the microscope, came slowly and sporadically, had roots in the immediate past, was justified by its practical uses, and was shaped by a variety of educational and political circumstances in each country. Just as some contemporaries as well as later admirers reified the French achievement in clinical teaching because of the simultaneous scientific advances and superb opportunities opened to students in the Paris hospitals, so the remarkable pedagogical opening and research achievements of the German laboratory were extravagantly admired by visitors and later writers alike. Less