Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter introduces the measures of working conditions and labor rights that are the focus of the book and shows how labor conditions changed in the late 20th century. The key working conditions ...
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This chapter introduces the measures of working conditions and labor rights that are the focus of the book and shows how labor conditions changed in the late 20th century. The key working conditions are pay, hours of work, and workplace health and safety. The four key labor rights (emphasized in policy discussions by international organizations) are freedom of association, nondiscrimination, abolition of forced labor, and reduction of child labor. Evidence presented in this chapter shows that measures of these working conditions and labor rights improved during the late 20th century, a period of increased international economic integration. The data also show that countries that are open to international trade have superior labor conditions.Less
This chapter introduces the measures of working conditions and labor rights that are the focus of the book and shows how labor conditions changed in the late 20th century. The key working conditions are pay, hours of work, and workplace health and safety. The four key labor rights (emphasized in policy discussions by international organizations) are freedom of association, nondiscrimination, abolition of forced labor, and reduction of child labor. Evidence presented in this chapter shows that measures of these working conditions and labor rights improved during the late 20th century, a period of increased international economic integration. The data also show that countries that are open to international trade have superior labor conditions.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor ...
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This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor conditions. Broadly speaking, the evidence indicates that international trade, international migration, and the activities of multinational companies generally advance working conditions and labor rights around the world. In contrast, some policy proposals, such as the use of trade sanctions against countries that do not adopt international labor standards, are likely to worsen rather than improve labor conditions. A very useful guide to policy choice is to favor policies that expand, rather than contract, opportunities for target groups. The chapter reviews a number of targeted incentive policies that satisfy this principle in general and in particular areas such as child labor and forced labor.Less
This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor conditions. Broadly speaking, the evidence indicates that international trade, international migration, and the activities of multinational companies generally advance working conditions and labor rights around the world. In contrast, some policy proposals, such as the use of trade sanctions against countries that do not adopt international labor standards, are likely to worsen rather than improve labor conditions. A very useful guide to policy choice is to favor policies that expand, rather than contract, opportunities for target groups. The chapter reviews a number of targeted incentive policies that satisfy this principle in general and in particular areas such as child labor and forced labor.
MICHEL CAHEN
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a ...
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Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a stigmatising tool, this chapter argues, through a careful analysis of colonial law and practice, that the production of ‘nativeness’ was related to clear consciousness of Africans living outside the capitalist economy and social sphere. This helps us to understand that emerging forced labour represented not a smooth transition from slavery, but a rupture between two colonial ages and modes of production. Therefore, if colonial racism obviously used skin colour to construct a social bar, above all it used the definition of otherness as external to the capitalist sphere. Petty whites and natives could live side by side in suburban neighbourhoods, but in two impermeable spheres. Racism was pervasively present, but it was more social than racial.Less
Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a stigmatising tool, this chapter argues, through a careful analysis of colonial law and practice, that the production of ‘nativeness’ was related to clear consciousness of Africans living outside the capitalist economy and social sphere. This helps us to understand that emerging forced labour represented not a smooth transition from slavery, but a rupture between two colonial ages and modes of production. Therefore, if colonial racism obviously used skin colour to construct a social bar, above all it used the definition of otherness as external to the capitalist sphere. Petty whites and natives could live side by side in suburban neighbourhoods, but in two impermeable spheres. Racism was pervasively present, but it was more social than racial.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents employment statistics on OECD countries. It features tables on labour force, employment by sectors, armed forces, producers of government services, government employment, ...
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This section presents employment statistics on OECD countries. It features tables on labour force, employment by sectors, armed forces, producers of government services, government employment, unemployment, and industrial disputes.Less
This section presents employment statistics on OECD countries. It features tables on labour force, employment by sectors, armed forces, producers of government services, government employment, unemployment, and industrial disputes.
Elise Dermine
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447340010
- eISBN:
- 9781447340164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Welfare-to-work programmes imply a legal duty to perform work, often accompanied by sanctions which can be questioned from the angle of human rights and the freedom of work. The chapter examines the ...
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Welfare-to-work programmes imply a legal duty to perform work, often accompanied by sanctions which can be questioned from the angle of human rights and the freedom of work. The chapter examines the conformity of those programmes with the prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work proclaimed in international human rights instruments. It shows that the mandatory character of those programmes does not violate per se the prohibition of forced labour, neither the right to freely chosen work. However, those fundamental rights set limits and frames the development of welfare to work measures. Through a rigorous analysis of the emerging international case law, the chapter identifies six criteria for assessing the conformity of welfare-to-work programmes with those rights.Less
Welfare-to-work programmes imply a legal duty to perform work, often accompanied by sanctions which can be questioned from the angle of human rights and the freedom of work. The chapter examines the conformity of those programmes with the prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work proclaimed in international human rights instruments. It shows that the mandatory character of those programmes does not violate per se the prohibition of forced labour, neither the right to freely chosen work. However, those fundamental rights set limits and frames the development of welfare to work measures. Through a rigorous analysis of the emerging international case law, the chapter identifies six criteria for assessing the conformity of welfare-to-work programmes with those rights.
MIGUEL BANDEIRA JERÓNIMO
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. ...
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This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. Addressing the major transformations of the political and moral economy of the ‘new Brazil’, it demonstrates how longstanding racial ideologies were crucial to the formulation of the country's doctrine of a civilising mission and to the development of the successive native policies that governed colonial populations – especially the native labour policy that legalised forced labour until the 1960s.Less
This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. Addressing the major transformations of the political and moral economy of the ‘new Brazil’, it demonstrates how longstanding racial ideologies were crucial to the formulation of the country's doctrine of a civilising mission and to the development of the successive native policies that governed colonial populations – especially the native labour policy that legalised forced labour until the 1960s.
R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling‐Smee
- Published in print:
- 1982
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284536
- eISBN:
- 9780191596629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284535.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Labour input (measured in man‐hours) reached its all‐time high in 1913, before falling steeply in 1913–24. The post‐war period was unique among peacetime phases in having a decline in labour input, ...
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Labour input (measured in man‐hours) reached its all‐time high in 1913, before falling steeply in 1913–24. The post‐war period was unique among peacetime phases in having a decline in labour input, all of which occurred after 1964. Demographic causes and changes in hours of work were much the most important sources of difference in the rate of growth of labour input between periods. The annual rate of growth of population underwent a stepwise decline from about 0.9% before 1914 to about 0.5% thereafter, but the main decline in the rate of growth of the labour force did not occur until WWII, because of changes in age composition. Hours worked by full‐timers declined in a few large steps ‐ in the early 1870s, in 1919, and in 1947–48 – and then more steadily from 1955 onwards. The timing of these steps can be related to high demand and consequent strengthening of the bargaining power of labour – a perverse response of labour input to demand, not later reversed.Less
Labour input (measured in man‐hours) reached its all‐time high in 1913, before falling steeply in 1913–24. The post‐war period was unique among peacetime phases in having a decline in labour input, all of which occurred after 1964. Demographic causes and changes in hours of work were much the most important sources of difference in the rate of growth of labour input between periods. The annual rate of growth of population underwent a stepwise decline from about 0.9% before 1914 to about 0.5% thereafter, but the main decline in the rate of growth of the labour force did not occur until WWII, because of changes in age composition. Hours worked by full‐timers declined in a few large steps ‐ in the early 1870s, in 1919, and in 1947–48 – and then more steadily from 1955 onwards. The timing of these steps can be related to high demand and consequent strengthening of the bargaining power of labour – a perverse response of labour input to demand, not later reversed.
Sarah Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264973
- eISBN:
- 9780191754128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter aims to improve our understanding of political modernization and state formation in Porfirian Chiapas ‘from below’, explaining specifically how the regime consolidated power within the ...
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This chapter aims to improve our understanding of political modernization and state formation in Porfirian Chiapas ‘from below’, explaining specifically how the regime consolidated power within the Indian communities in order to carry out policies aimed at strengthening the national state and developing the export economy. The first section looks at the role of schoolteachers in secular state-building and the development of commercial agriculture from around 1855 until 1910. The second section examines the relationship between the jefaturas políticas, caciquismo, and forced labour, particularly in the export sector. The final section analyzes the impact of centralization and the role of coercion and consent in political and economic relationships in central and northern Chiapas. It argues that the Porfirian state achieved considerable hegemony by penetrating and manipulating ‘traditional’ structures of power in the countryside in order to consolidate the regime and modernize the economy.Less
This chapter aims to improve our understanding of political modernization and state formation in Porfirian Chiapas ‘from below’, explaining specifically how the regime consolidated power within the Indian communities in order to carry out policies aimed at strengthening the national state and developing the export economy. The first section looks at the role of schoolteachers in secular state-building and the development of commercial agriculture from around 1855 until 1910. The second section examines the relationship between the jefaturas políticas, caciquismo, and forced labour, particularly in the export sector. The final section analyzes the impact of centralization and the role of coercion and consent in political and economic relationships in central and northern Chiapas. It argues that the Porfirian state achieved considerable hegemony by penetrating and manipulating ‘traditional’ structures of power in the countryside in order to consolidate the regime and modernize the economy.
Amir Paz-Fuchs
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447340010
- eISBN:
- 9781447340164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter addresses four persistent legal and philosophical issues that imbue workfare, albeit usually not explicitly. First, forced labour is a relatively common charge against workfare. If ...
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This chapter addresses four persistent legal and philosophical issues that imbue workfare, albeit usually not explicitly. First, forced labour is a relatively common charge against workfare. If workfare is tantamount to forced labour, it cannot be justified, legally or morally. But to what extent do we truly object to forcing people to work? Second, the chapter asks what is unique about requiring people to work? Third, we address reciprocity, probably the most persuasive, most common, and most controversial argument in justifying workfare. And finally, the chapter addresses Basic Income Guarantee, which is the mirror image of forced labour: If forced labour is the epitome of the ills of capitalism, basic income is the tool to save capitalism from itself. If forced labour is the charge, basic income is the (perceived) solution. But it also addresses the problems of conditionality. For if Basic Income is not only plausible, but morally justified, it offers a strong argument against conditioning benefits on work.Less
This chapter addresses four persistent legal and philosophical issues that imbue workfare, albeit usually not explicitly. First, forced labour is a relatively common charge against workfare. If workfare is tantamount to forced labour, it cannot be justified, legally or morally. But to what extent do we truly object to forcing people to work? Second, the chapter asks what is unique about requiring people to work? Third, we address reciprocity, probably the most persuasive, most common, and most controversial argument in justifying workfare. And finally, the chapter addresses Basic Income Guarantee, which is the mirror image of forced labour: If forced labour is the epitome of the ills of capitalism, basic income is the tool to save capitalism from itself. If forced labour is the charge, basic income is the (perceived) solution. But it also addresses the problems of conditionality. For if Basic Income is not only plausible, but morally justified, it offers a strong argument against conditioning benefits on work.
Neil Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195140743
- eISBN:
- 9780199834921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140745.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In the first part of the chapter, views are discussed on the changing arrangements for social protection that have occurred in the last decade of the twentieth century in many, if not all, of the ...
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In the first part of the chapter, views are discussed on the changing arrangements for social protection that have occurred in the last decade of the twentieth century in many, if not all, of the industrialized nations. Some see these changes as a marginal adjustment in the borders of the welfare state, while others perceive the changing landscape of industrialized welfare states as the embodiment of major revisions in the principles and philosophy of social protection. Most welfare state analysts acknowledge that the reforms are spurred by the need for greater labour force adaptability and productivity in a global economy, by concerns on the erosion of individual responsibility, and by new institutional arrangements for social protection involving market competition. The last part of the chapter addresses the two main theories on how welfare states evolve – convergence under the pressures of broad impersonal structural forces, or divergence into distinct regimes responding to human interventions shaped by socio‐political factors.Less
In the first part of the chapter, views are discussed on the changing arrangements for social protection that have occurred in the last decade of the twentieth century in many, if not all, of the industrialized nations. Some see these changes as a marginal adjustment in the borders of the welfare state, while others perceive the changing landscape of industrialized welfare states as the embodiment of major revisions in the principles and philosophy of social protection. Most welfare state analysts acknowledge that the reforms are spurred by the need for greater labour force adaptability and productivity in a global economy, by concerns on the erosion of individual responsibility, and by new institutional arrangements for social protection involving market competition. The last part of the chapter addresses the two main theories on how welfare states evolve – convergence under the pressures of broad impersonal structural forces, or divergence into distinct regimes responding to human interventions shaped by socio‐political factors.
Sewin Chan and Ann Huff Stevens
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549108
- eISBN:
- 9780191720734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549108.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter investigates non-traditional work and retirement patterns among older individuals in the Health and Retirement Study. It first reviews the evidence on retirements that initially involve ...
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This chapter investigates non-traditional work and retirement patterns among older individuals in the Health and Retirement Study. It first reviews the evidence on retirements that initially involve bridge jobs or some form of partial retirement. It then looks at analysis on retirement reversals in which individuals resume or increase work activity following a period of retirement. Almost one third of the individuals in the sample who are ever partially or fully retired make at least one transition from more to less retired during the period of observation. The chapter also explores the characteristics of individuals making such transitions.Less
This chapter investigates non-traditional work and retirement patterns among older individuals in the Health and Retirement Study. It first reviews the evidence on retirements that initially involve bridge jobs or some form of partial retirement. It then looks at analysis on retirement reversals in which individuals resume or increase work activity following a period of retirement. Almost one third of the individuals in the sample who are ever partially or fully retired make at least one transition from more to less retired during the period of observation. The chapter also explores the characteristics of individuals making such transitions.
Brigitte Madrian, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Beth J. Soldo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199230778
- eISBN:
- 9780191710971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230778.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby ...
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This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby Boomers currently in their late fifties. The Boomers appear more strongly attached to the labor force as they enter their retirement years than were earlier cohorts at the same age. Compared to the preceding birth cohort, they expect to retire nearly one year later, they are 14% more likely to expect to be working full-time at age 65, and they are 21% more likely to expect to work in the future if they are not currently working. These differences are not entirely explained by cohort differences in socioeconomic status, pension incentives, demographics, or health. In all, Baby Boomers may have stronger preferences for work than previous cohorts.Less
This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby Boomers currently in their late fifties. The Boomers appear more strongly attached to the labor force as they enter their retirement years than were earlier cohorts at the same age. Compared to the preceding birth cohort, they expect to retire nearly one year later, they are 14% more likely to expect to be working full-time at age 65, and they are 21% more likely to expect to work in the future if they are not currently working. These differences are not entirely explained by cohort differences in socioeconomic status, pension incentives, demographics, or health. In all, Baby Boomers may have stronger preferences for work than previous cohorts.
V. K. Ramachandran (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198286479
- eISBN:
- 9780191684524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286479.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. ...
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This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.Less
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.
Genevieve LeBaron (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266472
- eISBN:
- 9780191884214
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's ...
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By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's shrimp industry, forced labour in global tea and cocoa supply chains, and the devastating deaths of workers constructing stadiums for Qatar's World Cup— have brought once hidden exploitation into the mainstream spotlight. As public concern about forced labour has escalated, governments around the world have begun to enact legislation to combat it in global production. Yet, in spite of soaring media and policy attention, reliable research on the business of forced labour remains difficult to come by. Forced labour is notoriously challenging to investigate, given that it is illegal, and powerful corporations and governments are reluctant to grant academics access to their workers and supply chains. Given the risk associated with researching the business of forced labour, until very recently, few scholars even attempted to collect hard or systematic data. Instead, academics have often had little choice but to rely on poor quality second-hand data, frequently generated by activists and businesses with vested interests in portraying the problem in a certain light. As a result, the evidence base on contemporary forced labour is both dangerously thin and riddled with bias. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy gathers an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars to tackle this problem. It provides the first, comprehensive scholarly account of forced labour's role in the contemporary global economy and reflections on the methodologies used to generate this research.Less
By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's shrimp industry, forced labour in global tea and cocoa supply chains, and the devastating deaths of workers constructing stadiums for Qatar's World Cup— have brought once hidden exploitation into the mainstream spotlight. As public concern about forced labour has escalated, governments around the world have begun to enact legislation to combat it in global production. Yet, in spite of soaring media and policy attention, reliable research on the business of forced labour remains difficult to come by. Forced labour is notoriously challenging to investigate, given that it is illegal, and powerful corporations and governments are reluctant to grant academics access to their workers and supply chains. Given the risk associated with researching the business of forced labour, until very recently, few scholars even attempted to collect hard or systematic data. Instead, academics have often had little choice but to rely on poor quality second-hand data, frequently generated by activists and businesses with vested interests in portraying the problem in a certain light. As a result, the evidence base on contemporary forced labour is both dangerously thin and riddled with bias. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy gathers an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars to tackle this problem. It provides the first, comprehensive scholarly account of forced labour's role in the contemporary global economy and reflections on the methodologies used to generate this research.
Mamta Murthi, Anne-Catherine Guio, and Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292043
- eISBN:
- 9780191684852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292043.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables ...
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This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.Less
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.
R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling‐Smee
- Published in print:
- 1982
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284536
- eISBN:
- 9780191596629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284535.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Rough estimates suggest that improvements in the quality of the labour force had a bigger quantitative impact on quality‐adjusted labour input than the increase in man‐hours. A steady small ...
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Rough estimates suggest that improvements in the quality of the labour force had a bigger quantitative impact on quality‐adjusted labour input than the increase in man‐hours. A steady small improvement in labour quality came from the reduction in the proportion of young people in the labour force. It is postulated that increasing intensity of work fully offset the reduction in hours of work before 1914, and that this offset diminished thereafter until it was zero after World War II. The average years of formal schooling that had been received by the labour force rose by about 0.6–0.7 of a year per decade until 1931 and a little more slowly thereafter. Improvements in the standards of technical education, on the other hand, appear to have been rather more rapid after 1931 than before. The estimates of the quality of the labour force are subject to large margins of error and do not include an allowance for labour attitudes or the quality of entrepreneurship. There was a trend toward labour attitudes more favorable to productivity in the nineteenth century and the interwar period but that trend was interrupted between the 1890s and 1920 and, with a few exceptions, did not continue after World War II. The quality of entrepreneurship showed signs of deterioration up to World War I followed by improvement in the interwar and post‐war periods.Less
Rough estimates suggest that improvements in the quality of the labour force had a bigger quantitative impact on quality‐adjusted labour input than the increase in man‐hours. A steady small improvement in labour quality came from the reduction in the proportion of young people in the labour force. It is postulated that increasing intensity of work fully offset the reduction in hours of work before 1914, and that this offset diminished thereafter until it was zero after World War II. The average years of formal schooling that had been received by the labour force rose by about 0.6–0.7 of a year per decade until 1931 and a little more slowly thereafter. Improvements in the standards of technical education, on the other hand, appear to have been rather more rapid after 1931 than before. The estimates of the quality of the labour force are subject to large margins of error and do not include an allowance for labour attitudes or the quality of entrepreneurship. There was a trend toward labour attitudes more favorable to productivity in the nineteenth century and the interwar period but that trend was interrupted between the 1890s and 1920 and, with a few exceptions, did not continue after World War II. The quality of entrepreneurship showed signs of deterioration up to World War I followed by improvement in the interwar and post‐war periods.
Sarah Harper and Peter Laslett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter focuses on early retirement, explaining why at a time of increasing longevity, and in particular healthy and active longevity, there is a continual withdrawal from the labour force of ...
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This chapter focuses on early retirement, explaining why at a time of increasing longevity, and in particular healthy and active longevity, there is a continual withdrawal from the labour force of men and women who have not yet reached the formal age of retirement. While the expectation of a healthy life has been steadily growing, between 1950 and 1995 the estimated average age in the UK of the transition from economic employment to economic inactivity by older workers fell from 67.2 to 62.7 years for men and from 63.9 to 59.7 years for women. There are three main explanations for this change. First, economists have taken the view that there exist within most national pension systems incentives to retire. Second, sociologists argued that changes within the workplace and labour market have forced employees to withdraw. Finally, there are the changing attitudes of the workers and a growing internalisation of retirement as an extended period of funded leisure and consumption.Less
This chapter focuses on early retirement, explaining why at a time of increasing longevity, and in particular healthy and active longevity, there is a continual withdrawal from the labour force of men and women who have not yet reached the formal age of retirement. While the expectation of a healthy life has been steadily growing, between 1950 and 1995 the estimated average age in the UK of the transition from economic employment to economic inactivity by older workers fell from 67.2 to 62.7 years for men and from 63.9 to 59.7 years for women. There are three main explanations for this change. First, economists have taken the view that there exist within most national pension systems incentives to retire. Second, sociologists argued that changes within the workplace and labour market have forced employees to withdraw. Finally, there are the changing attitudes of the workers and a growing internalisation of retirement as an extended period of funded leisure and consumption.
Evelyn L. Lehrer
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195134681
- eISBN:
- 9780199848652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134681.003.0025
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
A review of the book, Gender Equality and American Jews by Moshe Hartman and Harriet Hartman is presented. The book is an important contribution to the literature on the educational attainment, labor ...
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A review of the book, Gender Equality and American Jews by Moshe Hartman and Harriet Hartman is presented. The book is an important contribution to the literature on the educational attainment, labor force behavior, and occupational distribution of American Jewish men and women. The main focus of the book is the extent of gender equality among Jews in these three areas, as compared with that of the overall white American population. The analysis uses data from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) for the former and governmental statistics for the latter.Less
A review of the book, Gender Equality and American Jews by Moshe Hartman and Harriet Hartman is presented. The book is an important contribution to the literature on the educational attainment, labor force behavior, and occupational distribution of American Jewish men and women. The main focus of the book is the extent of gender equality among Jews in these three areas, as compared with that of the overall white American population. The analysis uses data from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) for the former and governmental statistics for the latter.
Uma A. Segal, Doreen Elliott, and Nazneen S. Mayadas (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388138
- eISBN:
- 9780199863440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388138.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
Immigration occurs in the wealthy nations of the global north and the not-so-rich countries of the global south; it involves individuals who arrive with substantial human capital and those with ...
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Immigration occurs in the wealthy nations of the global north and the not-so-rich countries of the global south; it involves individuals who arrive with substantial human capital and those with limited human capital. Immigration has far-reaching implications for a nation's economy, public policy, social and health services and culture. While human migration is as old as humankind itself, factors such as ease of transportation, globalization of the world market, changing political borders and international immigration policies, growing forced migration populations, and the challenge of undocumented immigrants, suggest that immigration worldwide is a phenomenon toward which the social sciences across the globe must pay close attention. This book explores current patterns and policies of immigration in 25 countries across the globe and the European and African Unions, with analyses of implications for the countries, immigrant populations, and global perspectives. It presents a theoretical model for the study of immigration and is an in-depth study of the phases, stages, and processes involved in immigration and integration. This comprehensive and rigorous analysis of a global phenomenon is derived from existing empirical research and theories undergirding the research. The volume is designed to explore how country conditions, policies, values, politics, and attitudes influence the process of immigration and subsequently affect immigrants, migration, and the country itself. Trends and comparative concepts are highlighted in the analysis, which also discusses policy responses in different countries. Thus, this book is at once a source book and an applied model of immigration studies.Less
Immigration occurs in the wealthy nations of the global north and the not-so-rich countries of the global south; it involves individuals who arrive with substantial human capital and those with limited human capital. Immigration has far-reaching implications for a nation's economy, public policy, social and health services and culture. While human migration is as old as humankind itself, factors such as ease of transportation, globalization of the world market, changing political borders and international immigration policies, growing forced migration populations, and the challenge of undocumented immigrants, suggest that immigration worldwide is a phenomenon toward which the social sciences across the globe must pay close attention. This book explores current patterns and policies of immigration in 25 countries across the globe and the European and African Unions, with analyses of implications for the countries, immigrant populations, and global perspectives. It presents a theoretical model for the study of immigration and is an in-depth study of the phases, stages, and processes involved in immigration and integration. This comprehensive and rigorous analysis of a global phenomenon is derived from existing empirical research and theories undergirding the research. The volume is designed to explore how country conditions, policies, values, politics, and attitudes influence the process of immigration and subsequently affect immigrants, migration, and the country itself. Trends and comparative concepts are highlighted in the analysis, which also discusses policy responses in different countries. Thus, this book is at once a source book and an applied model of immigration studies.
Magdalena Forowicz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592678
- eISBN:
- 9780191595646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592678.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the ...
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This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Labour Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour in the case law of the Strasbourg bodies. The receptiveness of to international child rights law in the Strasbourg case law was impressive. The ECHR contains few specific references to child rights, and its general provisions needed to be adapted in order to meet the changing international standards. While Contracting States have an important margin of appreciation in family law and juvenile justice, this did not prevent the Court from referring and applying international child rights law. A different trend is apparent, however, in relation the sexual abuse and forced labour of children, where the Court relied on older or less specific international instruments.Less
This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Labour Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour in the case law of the Strasbourg bodies. The receptiveness of to international child rights law in the Strasbourg case law was impressive. The ECHR contains few specific references to child rights, and its general provisions needed to be adapted in order to meet the changing international standards. While Contracting States have an important margin of appreciation in family law and juvenile justice, this did not prevent the Court from referring and applying international child rights law. A different trend is apparent, however, in relation the sexual abuse and forced labour of children, where the Court relied on older or less specific international instruments.
