Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.03
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the ways in which the Londoners attempted to minimise the ‘transaction costs’ of doing business in the city and to attract merchants and traders from abroad and within England. ...
More
This chapter examines the ways in which the Londoners attempted to minimise the ‘transaction costs’ of doing business in the city and to attract merchants and traders from abroad and within England. This involved maintaining the Thames waterway and road access, providing civic quays and markets, and ensuring a good food supply and hostelries. The city also developed efficient courts to deal with mercantile disputes and facilities for credit transfers and debt collection. In these ways the citizens created an attractive commercial environment which lengthened London's economic lead over provincial cities.Less
This chapter examines the ways in which the Londoners attempted to minimise the ‘transaction costs’ of doing business in the city and to attract merchants and traders from abroad and within England. This involved maintaining the Thames waterway and road access, providing civic quays and markets, and ensuring a good food supply and hostelries. The city also developed efficient courts to deal with mercantile disputes and facilities for credit transfers and debt collection. In these ways the citizens created an attractive commercial environment which lengthened London's economic lead over provincial cities.
Alan F. Wilt
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208716
- eISBN:
- 9780191717024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208716.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government ...
More
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.Less
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.
Tim Lang, David Barling, and Martin Caraher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567882
- eISBN:
- 9780191724121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, ...
More
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.Less
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.
Tim Lang, David Barling, and Martin Caraher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567882
- eISBN:
- 9780191724121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567882.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are ...
More
This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are still quite hesitant and the environmental impacts are still unfolding as we complete the first decade of the new millennium. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has warned that fifteen out of the twenty-four of the world's ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably. Climate change is bringing in its wake sudden and unexpected variations in climate resulting in weather extremes in terms of severe drought or storms and flooding, which can decimate harvests and widen the spread of insect-borne animal disease dislocating upon food supply. The impacts of dislocated food supply affect the poorest nations and the poorest within individual national economies most severely.Less
This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are still quite hesitant and the environmental impacts are still unfolding as we complete the first decade of the new millennium. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has warned that fifteen out of the twenty-four of the world's ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably. Climate change is bringing in its wake sudden and unexpected variations in climate resulting in weather extremes in terms of severe drought or storms and flooding, which can decimate harvests and widen the spread of insect-borne animal disease dislocating upon food supply. The impacts of dislocated food supply affect the poorest nations and the poorest within individual national economies most severely.
Carl Riskin
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198286370
- eISBN:
- 9780191718441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286370.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses the evidence of China's apparently remarkable success in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition. This success is particularly associated with public policies taking in ...
More
This chapter analyses the evidence of China's apparently remarkable success in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition. This success is particularly associated with public policies taking in relatively egalitarian distribution (the result of rural collective institutions) and widespread public support of health and nutrition. The chapter also focuses on the mechanisms of food distribution, provincial as well as personal. The rapid expansion of food production and consumption in the post-reform era owed much to the elimination of negative incentives, and the government's ever greater redistributive role has significantly reduced regional insufficiency of food supply. The chapter analyses factors contributing to the famine of 1959-61, and explores the roles of direct and indirect state policies and information in this regard. It is argued that despite the early success of reforms, the eradication of China's food problem is far from complete.Less
This chapter analyses the evidence of China's apparently remarkable success in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition. This success is particularly associated with public policies taking in relatively egalitarian distribution (the result of rural collective institutions) and widespread public support of health and nutrition. The chapter also focuses on the mechanisms of food distribution, provincial as well as personal. The rapid expansion of food production and consumption in the post-reform era owed much to the elimination of negative incentives, and the government's ever greater redistributive role has significantly reduced regional insufficiency of food supply. The chapter analyses factors contributing to the famine of 1959-61, and explores the roles of direct and indirect state policies and information in this regard. It is argued that despite the early success of reforms, the eradication of China's food problem is far from complete.
R. Ford Denison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139500
- eISBN:
- 9781400842810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139500.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter considers some of the challenges that agriculture is facing now or will face in the near future, including resource-use efficiency and food security. It begins with a discussion of the ...
More
This chapter considers some of the challenges that agriculture is facing now or will face in the near future, including resource-use efficiency and food security. It begins with a discussion of the goals of agriculture, such as improving productivity (yield per acre, to use no more land than necessary), efficiency in the use of scarce resources (to use no more water than necessary, for example), stability over years (to prevent even occasional famines), and sustainability (to maintain all of these benefits over the long term). It then examines the effects of agriculture on everyone, not just farmers, as well as agriculture's underlying long-term problems such as those relating to food supply, food production, and transportation. It also looks at threats to sustainability, particularly those farming practices that lead to long-term decreases in crop yield. Finally, it offers suggestions for limiting the negative environmental impact of agriculture.Less
This chapter considers some of the challenges that agriculture is facing now or will face in the near future, including resource-use efficiency and food security. It begins with a discussion of the goals of agriculture, such as improving productivity (yield per acre, to use no more land than necessary), efficiency in the use of scarce resources (to use no more water than necessary, for example), stability over years (to prevent even occasional famines), and sustainability (to maintain all of these benefits over the long term). It then examines the effects of agriculture on everyone, not just farmers, as well as agriculture's underlying long-term problems such as those relating to food supply, food production, and transportation. It also looks at threats to sustainability, particularly those farming practices that lead to long-term decreases in crop yield. Finally, it offers suggestions for limiting the negative environmental impact of agriculture.
Indranil Dutta and Craig Gundersen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Food insecurity and hunger have traditionally been measured by aggregate food supplies or by variables correlated with food insecurity. Because these measures often poorly reflect individuals' true ...
More
Food insecurity and hunger have traditionally been measured by aggregate food supplies or by variables correlated with food insecurity. Because these measures often poorly reflect individuals' true deprivation, economists have turned to surveys with direct questions about food insecurity. This chapter proposes food insecurity measures — along the lines of the well established poverty measures — which allow us to reflect on the depth and severity, in addition to the incidence of food insecurity. Along with giving a richer picture of food insecurity in the US, these measures demonstrate that the ordering of various demographic categories differs depends on the choice of measure.Less
Food insecurity and hunger have traditionally been measured by aggregate food supplies or by variables correlated with food insecurity. Because these measures often poorly reflect individuals' true deprivation, economists have turned to surveys with direct questions about food insecurity. This chapter proposes food insecurity measures — along the lines of the well established poverty measures — which allow us to reflect on the depth and severity, in addition to the incidence of food insecurity. Along with giving a richer picture of food insecurity in the US, these measures demonstrate that the ordering of various demographic categories differs depends on the choice of measure.
Kenneth Pomeranz
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Attempts to reconstruct basic aspects of the standard of living in late eighteenth century China, focusing primarily on the Yangzi Delta (China’s richest region) but also briefly considering other ...
More
Attempts to reconstruct basic aspects of the standard of living in late eighteenth century China, focusing primarily on the Yangzi Delta (China’s richest region) but also briefly considering other areas, and arguing that for most of the population it was probably broadly comparable to Western Europe at the same time. Food supply is evaluated in terms of average availability of calories and protection from fluctuations; protein intake is also discussed, though more speculatively. Income distribution and evidence concerning consumption of textiles, sugar, tea, and so on are also considered. Since the estimates in this study in many cases are higher than what was found in early twentieth-century surveys, the chapter also explains why it is plausible to think that the standard of living may have declined between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries.Less
Attempts to reconstruct basic aspects of the standard of living in late eighteenth century China, focusing primarily on the Yangzi Delta (China’s richest region) but also briefly considering other areas, and arguing that for most of the population it was probably broadly comparable to Western Europe at the same time. Food supply is evaluated in terms of average availability of calories and protection from fluctuations; protein intake is also discussed, though more speculatively. Income distribution and evidence concerning consumption of textiles, sugar, tea, and so on are also considered. Since the estimates in this study in many cases are higher than what was found in early twentieth-century surveys, the chapter also explains why it is plausible to think that the standard of living may have declined between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082286
- eISBN:
- 9780199082377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of ...
More
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.Less
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.019
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter asks how the ill-effects of war and princes' efforts to mitigate them affected their relationship with their subjects. Attempts to discipline soldiers often failed to prevent them from ...
More
This chapter asks how the ill-effects of war and princes' efforts to mitigate them affected their relationship with their subjects. Attempts to discipline soldiers often failed to prevent them from terrorizing civilians, while wartime disturbance bred crime more generally. Both problems were more severe in the Netherlands than in England, as was the disruption to trade and agriculture caused by war. However, they did not always alienate subjects from rulers, for the rulers' case that war was to be blamed on the enemy seems to have been widely accepted. Those engaged in the arms trade benefited from war, but they were not a significant interest group. Governments took significant powers over food supply, transport, trade with the enemy, and fishing in contested waters, which increased their ability to direct economic life, yet in so doing compromised with wealthy groups to secure funding for their wars.Less
This chapter asks how the ill-effects of war and princes' efforts to mitigate them affected their relationship with their subjects. Attempts to discipline soldiers often failed to prevent them from terrorizing civilians, while wartime disturbance bred crime more generally. Both problems were more severe in the Netherlands than in England, as was the disruption to trade and agriculture caused by war. However, they did not always alienate subjects from rulers, for the rulers' case that war was to be blamed on the enemy seems to have been widely accepted. Those engaged in the arms trade benefited from war, but they were not a significant interest group. Governments took significant powers over food supply, transport, trade with the enemy, and fishing in contested waters, which increased their ability to direct economic life, yet in so doing compromised with wealthy groups to secure funding for their wars.
Suzanne Vromen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181289
- eISBN:
- 9780199870752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181289.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy ...
More
This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.Less
This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.
Opeoluwa Badaru
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578986
- eISBN:
- 9780191595202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578986.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines the idea and emerging norm of food security in the context of Africa. It begins with an elaboration of the concept of food security. It evaluates the state of food insecurity in ...
More
This chapter examines the idea and emerging norm of food security in the context of Africa. It begins with an elaboration of the concept of food security. It evaluates the state of food insecurity in Africa. It then analyses some of the legal, policy, and institutional frameworks addressing food insecurity in Africa.Less
This chapter examines the idea and emerging norm of food security in the context of Africa. It begins with an elaboration of the concept of food security. It evaluates the state of food insecurity in Africa. It then analyses some of the legal, policy, and institutional frameworks addressing food insecurity in Africa.
Robert V. Tauxe and Emilio J. Esteban
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.02
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In the United States, the current food supply is broader and far safer than it was 100 years ago. At the start of the 20th century, contaminated foods frequently caused botulism, typhoid fever, ...
More
In the United States, the current food supply is broader and far safer than it was 100 years ago. At the start of the 20th century, contaminated foods frequently caused botulism, typhoid fever, septic sore throat, and trichinosis, diseases that now rarely occur. Along with drinking water treatment, sewage sanitation, and pasteurization, food-safety measures have become routine; these measures have been developed and initiated in response to specific public health threats and are continually evolving. The shift of the U.S. food supplies from small local farms to huge global agribusinesses has opened new niches for pathogens, as well as the potential for more systematic disease prevention. The methods public health authorities use to detect, investigate, and understand these public health threats have also advanced over the last century. This chapter, which addresses the progress achieved in the field of food safety, serves to support the continuing effort to make food safer.Less
In the United States, the current food supply is broader and far safer than it was 100 years ago. At the start of the 20th century, contaminated foods frequently caused botulism, typhoid fever, septic sore throat, and trichinosis, diseases that now rarely occur. Along with drinking water treatment, sewage sanitation, and pasteurization, food-safety measures have become routine; these measures have been developed and initiated in response to specific public health threats and are continually evolving. The shift of the U.S. food supplies from small local farms to huge global agribusinesses has opened new niches for pathogens, as well as the potential for more systematic disease prevention. The methods public health authorities use to detect, investigate, and understand these public health threats have also advanced over the last century. This chapter, which addresses the progress achieved in the field of food safety, serves to support the continuing effort to make food safer.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses plant viruses and human enteroviruses. Population growth has an enormous impacton the global food supply. Two groups of viruses complicate the food chain. First, there are ...
More
This chapter discusses plant viruses and human enteroviruses. Population growth has an enormous impacton the global food supply. Two groups of viruses complicate the food chain. First, there are plant viruses and viroids that can destroy harvests and cause famine. Second, there are human enteroviruses that are linked with malnutrition or contaminated food. The potato blight in Ireland, difference between viroids and viruses, and threats posed by enteroviruses are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses plant viruses and human enteroviruses. Population growth has an enormous impacton the global food supply. Two groups of viruses complicate the food chain. First, there are plant viruses and viroids that can destroy harvests and cause famine. Second, there are human enteroviruses that are linked with malnutrition or contaminated food. The potato blight in Ireland, difference between viroids and viruses, and threats posed by enteroviruses are discussed.
Raaj K. Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253579.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Addresses the same issues as were examined in the previous chapter, i.e. the situation in which there is only one set of prices in rural and urban sectors, but with reference to a closed economy. The ...
More
Addresses the same issues as were examined in the previous chapter, i.e. the situation in which there is only one set of prices in rural and urban sectors, but with reference to a closed economy. The central message is that when there are non-traded goods, or when there are binding constraints on the magnitude of trade, the government cannot change one price (the size of the price scissors, i.e. the price of industrial (urban) goods relative to that of agricultural (rural) goods) alone: for the balance between the demand and supply of non-traded goods to be maintained, the price of some other commodity or the level of the urban wage must change. A simple model is presented in which the urban wage adjusts to ensure that the demand for food equals its supply. This has some dramatic effects on conclusions concerning the effects of increasing the size of the price scissors: i.e. increasing taxes on the rural sector. The induced wage adjustments reinforce the positive effects that such taxes have on government revenue, and they more than offset the direct welfare effects of the price changes on the urban sector.Less
Addresses the same issues as were examined in the previous chapter, i.e. the situation in which there is only one set of prices in rural and urban sectors, but with reference to a closed economy. The central message is that when there are non-traded goods, or when there are binding constraints on the magnitude of trade, the government cannot change one price (the size of the price scissors, i.e. the price of industrial (urban) goods relative to that of agricultural (rural) goods) alone: for the balance between the demand and supply of non-traded goods to be maintained, the price of some other commodity or the level of the urban wage must change. A simple model is presented in which the urban wage adjusts to ensure that the demand for food equals its supply. This has some dramatic effects on conclusions concerning the effects of increasing the size of the price scissors: i.e. increasing taxes on the rural sector. The induced wage adjustments reinforce the positive effects that such taxes have on government revenue, and they more than offset the direct welfare effects of the price changes on the urban sector.
Felicity Savage King and Ann Burgess
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622334
- eISBN:
- 9780191723643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622334.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses food paths. Food paths are the ‘paths’ travelled foods from the places they are produced to the people who eat them. Topics covered include factors that alter the amounts of ...
More
This chapter discusses food paths. Food paths are the ‘paths’ travelled foods from the places they are produced to the people who eat them. Topics covered include factors that alter the amounts of food travelling along food paths, different stages of the food path, obstacles to food production by family farmers, increasing food production, and helping people buy enough food.Less
This chapter discusses food paths. Food paths are the ‘paths’ travelled foods from the places they are produced to the people who eat them. Topics covered include factors that alter the amounts of food travelling along food paths, different stages of the food path, obstacles to food production by family farmers, increasing food production, and helping people buy enough food.
Leslie Clarkson and Margaret Crawford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198227519
- eISBN:
- 9780191708374
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227519.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This book traces the history of food and famine in Ireland from the 16th to the early 20th century. It is concerned with what people ate and drank, and how consumption patterns changed over time. It ...
More
This book traces the history of food and famine in Ireland from the 16th to the early 20th century. It is concerned with what people ate and drank, and how consumption patterns changed over time. It explores the economic and social forces that lay behind these changes, as well as individual motives affecting taste, preferences, and acceptability. It considers the reasons why potatoes became such a major component of diet of the poor during the 18th century at the same time as the diets of the middling and upper classes became more varied. The book is also concerned with nutrition, paying particular attention to the nutritional components of the foods most commonly consumed. It explores the connections between diets, nutrition, health, and disease. The book looks at the relationship between the food supply and the growth of population, and government policy towards food supply. Finally, it considers the vulnerability of Ireland to famine over the centuries, the reality of famine when it occurred, and the causes of mortality and disease during the Great Famine.Less
This book traces the history of food and famine in Ireland from the 16th to the early 20th century. It is concerned with what people ate and drank, and how consumption patterns changed over time. It explores the economic and social forces that lay behind these changes, as well as individual motives affecting taste, preferences, and acceptability. It considers the reasons why potatoes became such a major component of diet of the poor during the 18th century at the same time as the diets of the middling and upper classes became more varied. The book is also concerned with nutrition, paying particular attention to the nutritional components of the foods most commonly consumed. It explores the connections between diets, nutrition, health, and disease. The book looks at the relationship between the food supply and the growth of population, and government policy towards food supply. Finally, it considers the vulnerability of Ireland to famine over the centuries, the reality of famine when it occurred, and the causes of mortality and disease during the Great Famine.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Introduces the basic approach used by the author to analyse the causes of starvation in general and famine in particular. The approach involves a study of entitlement systems, based on the author's ...
More
Introduces the basic approach used by the author to analyse the causes of starvation in general and famine in particular. The approach involves a study of entitlement systems, based on the author's thesis that starvation statements are about the relationship of persons to the commodity of food, rather than about the food supply per se. Starvation statements translate readily into statements about ownership of food, and ownership relations are one kind of entitlement relations.Less
Introduces the basic approach used by the author to analyse the causes of starvation in general and famine in particular. The approach involves a study of entitlement systems, based on the author's thesis that starvation statements are about the relationship of persons to the commodity of food, rather than about the food supply per se. Starvation statements translate readily into statements about ownership of food, and ownership relations are one kind of entitlement relations.
Nicholas Rogers
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201724
- eISBN:
- 9780191674990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201724.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The diverse crowd interventions in the opening years of the Seven Years War provide an opportunity to probe the collective protests of the poor in the face of widespread deprivation brought about by ...
More
The diverse crowd interventions in the opening years of the Seven Years War provide an opportunity to probe the collective protests of the poor in the face of widespread deprivation brought about by poor harvests, the uneven distribution of grain, and military mobilization. Because the crisis of 1756–7 was political as well as social, involving the replacement of seemingly unassailable ministry by a more popular coalition led by William Pitt, the conjecture also allows the charting of the manner in which political discourses intersected with those pertaining to food supply and popular entitlements to the ‘staff of life’. This chapter explores these associations; to address, in particular, whether there were any significant differences within the ranks of the propertied about the legitimacy of popular interventions and their resolutions.Less
The diverse crowd interventions in the opening years of the Seven Years War provide an opportunity to probe the collective protests of the poor in the face of widespread deprivation brought about by poor harvests, the uneven distribution of grain, and military mobilization. Because the crisis of 1756–7 was political as well as social, involving the replacement of seemingly unassailable ministry by a more popular coalition led by William Pitt, the conjecture also allows the charting of the manner in which political discourses intersected with those pertaining to food supply and popular entitlements to the ‘staff of life’. This chapter explores these associations; to address, in particular, whether there were any significant differences within the ranks of the propertied about the legitimacy of popular interventions and their resolutions.
Felicity Savage King and Ann Burgess
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622334
- eISBN:
- 9780191723643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622334.003.0025
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the issue of food security. Topics covered include food and nutrition surveillance (FNS), collecting and reporting data for FNS, actions to improve food security, and nutrition ...
More
This chapter discusses the issue of food security. Topics covered include food and nutrition surveillance (FNS), collecting and reporting data for FNS, actions to improve food security, and nutrition surveys.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of food security. Topics covered include food and nutrition surveillance (FNS), collecting and reporting data for FNS, actions to improve food security, and nutrition surveys.
