Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283652
- eISBN:
- 9780191596193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283652.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The link between deprivation and the law is explored, and it is noted that, in seeking social changes to eliminate hunger, the nature of the entitlement systems has to be properly understood. ...
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The link between deprivation and the law is explored, and it is noted that, in seeking social changes to eliminate hunger, the nature of the entitlement systems has to be properly understood. Recognising that food availability is of crucial importance, the authors suggest attention is moved towards entitlement failures, Finally, case studies of the Bangladesh famine of 1974 and the food crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa are used to illustrate this.Less
The link between deprivation and the law is explored, and it is noted that, in seeking social changes to eliminate hunger, the nature of the entitlement systems has to be properly understood. Recognising that food availability is of crucial importance, the authors suggest attention is moved towards entitlement failures, Finally, case studies of the Bangladesh famine of 1974 and the food crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa are used to illustrate this.
Tony D. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139821
- eISBN:
- 9781400842797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139821.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter argues that the timing of the initiation of a single breeding event, or the initiation of the first of multiple breeding events within the same breeding season, is completely dependent ...
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This chapter argues that the timing of the initiation of a single breeding event, or the initiation of the first of multiple breeding events within the same breeding season, is completely dependent on the female-specific reproductive process of timing of egg production and egg-laying. It discusses how early-season events are critical in determining timing of breeding; fitness consequences of timing decisions; selection on timing of breeding; sex-specific response mechanisms for timing of breeding; physiological mechanisms associated with photoperiod (day length) as a proximate factor; physiological mechanisms associated with temperature as a proximate factor; and physiological mechanisms associated with food availability as a “proximate” factor.Less
This chapter argues that the timing of the initiation of a single breeding event, or the initiation of the first of multiple breeding events within the same breeding season, is completely dependent on the female-specific reproductive process of timing of egg production and egg-laying. It discusses how early-season events are critical in determining timing of breeding; fitness consequences of timing decisions; selection on timing of breeding; sex-specific response mechanisms for timing of breeding; physiological mechanisms associated with photoperiod (day length) as a proximate factor; physiological mechanisms associated with temperature as a proximate factor; and physiological mechanisms associated with food availability as a “proximate” factor.
B. G. Kumar
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198286363
- eISBN:
- 9780191718458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286363.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the famines of Ethiopia during the period 1973-85, with its rather bleak and gloomy situation. Though a decline in food availability played a major role in the famines, it is ...
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This chapter examines the famines of Ethiopia during the period 1973-85, with its rather bleak and gloomy situation. Though a decline in food availability played a major role in the famines, it is shown that the distributional effects were crucial and were different in nature for various occupation groups. The chapter also explores the demographic and social impacts of famines. On the policy frontier, the chapter underlines the importance of improving infrastructural facilities and providing massive investment in agriculture. While the potential for improvements in warning systems might exist, the delayed response was actually caused by political factors, as was the case in success stories.Less
This chapter examines the famines of Ethiopia during the period 1973-85, with its rather bleak and gloomy situation. Though a decline in food availability played a major role in the famines, it is shown that the distributional effects were crucial and were different in nature for various occupation groups. The chapter also explores the demographic and social impacts of famines. On the policy frontier, the chapter underlines the importance of improving infrastructural facilities and providing massive investment in agriculture. While the potential for improvements in warning systems might exist, the delayed response was actually caused by political factors, as was the case in success stories.
Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283652
- eISBN:
- 9780191596193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283652.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The ...
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Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The relationship of food availability and prices to individual entitlements is studied. The argument then moves to the role of transactions, both interregional (private trade) and intertemporal (hoarding), on famine vulnerability and how the government could intervene in each case. The last part discusses the merits and limitations of cash support, and recommends its greater use.Less
Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The relationship of food availability and prices to individual entitlements is studied. The argument then moves to the role of transactions, both interregional (private trade) and intertemporal (hoarding), on famine vulnerability and how the government could intervene in each case. The last part discusses the merits and limitations of cash support, and recommends its greater use.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In this final chapter, the entitlement approach advocated by the author to the causation of starvation and famine is further consolidated by taking up general issues of deprivation related to ...
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In this final chapter, the entitlement approach advocated by the author to the causation of starvation and famine is further consolidated by taking up general issues of deprivation related to entitlement systems. Reasons for rejecting the view that famines are caused by food availability decline are summarized.Less
In this final chapter, the entitlement approach advocated by the author to the causation of starvation and famine is further consolidated by taking up general issues of deprivation related to entitlement systems. Reasons for rejecting the view that famines are caused by food availability decline are summarized.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, which had a reported death toll of about 1.5 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food ...
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A case study of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, which had a reported death toll of about 1.5 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), and this is rejected for various reasons. Analyses are next made in terms of exchange entitlements and the causes of the sharp movements of these, and of the class basis of the destitution. The last part of the chapter discusses the role of theory in the failure of the official policy for tackling the famine.Less
A case study of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, which had a reported death toll of about 1.5 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), and this is rejected for various reasons. Analyses are next made in terms of exchange entitlements and the causes of the sharp movements of these, and of the class basis of the destitution. The last part of the chapter discusses the role of theory in the failure of the official policy for tackling the famine.
William J. Sutherland and Rhys E. Green
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Most field studies incorporate measures of habitat extent and quality. How to devise a protocol for recording habitat is described. The section on physical environment describes how to measure ...
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Most field studies incorporate measures of habitat extent and quality. How to devise a protocol for recording habitat is described. The section on physical environment describes how to measure temperature, rainfall and wetness, slope, and water chemistry. The means for documenting vegetation structure, species composition, and habitat types are presented. Methods for assessing analysing habitat relationships are explored.Less
Most field studies incorporate measures of habitat extent and quality. How to devise a protocol for recording habitat is described. The section on physical environment describes how to measure temperature, rainfall and wetness, slope, and water chemistry. The means for documenting vegetation structure, species composition, and habitat types are presented. Methods for assessing analysing habitat relationships are explored.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms ...
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A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), but this is rejected except for the situation in the province of Wollo, which is discussed in terms of possible transport or entitlement constraints. The occupational status of the destitutes (victims) in Wollo is analysed and the most susceptible groups—the nomadic pastoralists and the agriculturalists—identified. The entitlement situations of these two groups are discussed.Less
A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), but this is rejected except for the situation in the province of Wollo, which is discussed in terms of possible transport or entitlement constraints. The occupational status of the destitutes (victims) in Wollo is analysed and the most susceptible groups—the nomadic pastoralists and the agriculturalists—identified. The entitlement situations of these two groups are discussed.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the 1974 famine in Bangladesh, which was associated with the floods of that year, and had an official mortality of 26,000. The causation of the famine is analysed in terms of food ...
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A case study of the 1974 famine in Bangladesh, which was associated with the floods of that year, and had an official mortality of 26,000. The causation of the famine is analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD), and this approach is shown to offer very little by way of explanation of the famine, although the general food shortage resulting from low food imports and government food stocks is identified as a constraint in government relief operations. An analysis of the occupational status and the intensity of destitution show that the largest group were labourers. The exchange entitlement of the labourers is analysed in detail, and it is concluded that this approach gives a much better understanding of the famine.Less
A case study of the 1974 famine in Bangladesh, which was associated with the floods of that year, and had an official mortality of 26,000. The causation of the famine is analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD), and this approach is shown to offer very little by way of explanation of the famine, although the general food shortage resulting from low food imports and government food stocks is identified as a constraint in government relief operations. An analysis of the occupational status and the intensity of destitution show that the largest group were labourers. The exchange entitlement of the labourers is analysed in detail, and it is concluded that this approach gives a much better understanding of the famine.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in ...
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A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD) vis à vis entitlements, occupational status of the destitutes, and their entitlements. The most susceptible groups were the nomadic pastoralists and the sedentary agriculturalists. The last part of the chapter addresses some policy issues relating to the freeing of the Sahelian population from vulnerability to drought and famine.Less
A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD) vis à vis entitlements, occupational status of the destitutes, and their entitlements. The most susceptible groups were the nomadic pastoralists and the sedentary agriculturalists. The last part of the chapter addresses some policy issues relating to the freeing of the Sahelian population from vulnerability to drought and famine.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This final chapter first summarizes the main reasons why the FAO method for estimating undernutrition fails and why the anthropometric approach—despite shortcomings—is to be preferred. It also offers ...
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This final chapter first summarizes the main reasons why the FAO method for estimating undernutrition fails and why the anthropometric approach—despite shortcomings—is to be preferred. It also offers some tentative answers to some of the puzzles identified earlier, e.g. why the incidence of undernutrition is by far the largest in sub‐Saharan Africa while in South Asia, it depends on what indicator of undernutrition is consulted. Finally, this chapter critically discusses the main policy advice emanating from the FAO on how to alleviate undernutrition: enhancement of national food production. It is argued that the emphasis should be on food affordability rather than food availability. Food affordability for the poor can only be accomplished through equitable and broad‐based economic growth that reduces poverty. Economic poverty is the basic cause of not only undernutrition but also of most other social and health‐related plights facing people in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia.Less
This final chapter first summarizes the main reasons why the FAO method for estimating undernutrition fails and why the anthropometric approach—despite shortcomings—is to be preferred. It also offers some tentative answers to some of the puzzles identified earlier, e.g. why the incidence of undernutrition is by far the largest in sub‐Saharan Africa while in South Asia, it depends on what indicator of undernutrition is consulted. Finally, this chapter critically discusses the main policy advice emanating from the FAO on how to alleviate undernutrition: enhancement of national food production. It is argued that the emphasis should be on food affordability rather than food availability. Food affordability for the poor can only be accomplished through equitable and broad‐based economic growth that reduces poverty. Economic poverty is the basic cause of not only undernutrition but also of most other social and health‐related plights facing people in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Eric M. Gese
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515562
- eISBN:
- 9780191705632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among ...
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The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among pack members, and how they deal with changes in their environment. From January 1991 to June 1993, data from over 2500 hours of direct observation were collected on members of five resident packs, five transient individuals, and eight dispersing animals, in the Lamar River Valley of YNP. This chapter synthesizes the findings of this study.Less
The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among pack members, and how they deal with changes in their environment. From January 1991 to June 1993, data from over 2500 hours of direct observation were collected on members of five resident packs, five transient individuals, and eight dispersing animals, in the Lamar River Valley of YNP. This chapter synthesizes the findings of this study.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South ...
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A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.Less
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082286
- eISBN:
- 9780199082377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of ...
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This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.Less
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.
Elizabeth Stites
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520261853
- eISBN:
- 9780520948990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520261853.003.0015
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter addresses Afghanistan's history of food security and how it changed after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Food security is built on three main aspects—food availability, food access, ...
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This chapter addresses Afghanistan's history of food security and how it changed after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Food security is built on three main aspects—food availability, food access, and food utilization. The rural economy and agrarian sector in Afghanistan are relatively resilient, even in the face of conflict and drought. However, this does not mean that all people have adequate food or can be classified as food-secure. Afghan households are spending high amounts on food. Although food prices dropped in 2009, allowing Afghan households to have an easier time putting food on their tables, food insecurity still affects many households. The chapter then considers the links between insecurity and access to food. Female-headed households are often the most food insecure, and one can posit that their access to markets or to credit is even more constrained in Taliban-held areas than in other parts of the country.Less
This chapter addresses Afghanistan's history of food security and how it changed after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Food security is built on three main aspects—food availability, food access, and food utilization. The rural economy and agrarian sector in Afghanistan are relatively resilient, even in the face of conflict and drought. However, this does not mean that all people have adequate food or can be classified as food-secure. Afghan households are spending high amounts on food. Although food prices dropped in 2009, allowing Afghan households to have an easier time putting food on their tables, food insecurity still affects many households. The chapter then considers the links between insecurity and access to food. Female-headed households are often the most food insecure, and one can posit that their access to markets or to credit is even more constrained in Taliban-held areas than in other parts of the country.
Tatang Mitra Setia, Roberto A. Delgado, S. Suci Utami Atmoko, Ian Singleton, and Carel P. van Schaik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food ...
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Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.Less
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.
Barry M. Popkin and Michelle Mendez
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172997
- eISBN:
- 9780199865659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172997.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the types of shifts in food availability, dietary intake patterns, and obesity that have taken place in developing countries during a period of rapid globalization and ...
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This chapter examines the types of shifts in food availability, dietary intake patterns, and obesity that have taken place in developing countries during a period of rapid globalization and urbanization. The effects of globalization and urbanization on dietary and activity patterns and nutritional status in developing countries are complex. These forces are associated with potentially beneficial dietary shifts, such as increases in energy sufficiency and reduced micronutrient deficiency, but also appear to promote potentially obesogenic shifts, such as increased intakes of edible oils, animal foods, and caloric sweeteners. While there have been substantial reductions in undernutrition in this period of rapid development and social change, being overweight has become an increasing problem.Less
This chapter examines the types of shifts in food availability, dietary intake patterns, and obesity that have taken place in developing countries during a period of rapid globalization and urbanization. The effects of globalization and urbanization on dietary and activity patterns and nutritional status in developing countries are complex. These forces are associated with potentially beneficial dietary shifts, such as increases in energy sufficiency and reduced micronutrient deficiency, but also appear to promote potentially obesogenic shifts, such as increased intakes of edible oils, animal foods, and caloric sweeteners. While there have been substantial reductions in undernutrition in this period of rapid development and social change, being overweight has become an increasing problem.
Arun Agrawal
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679362
- eISBN:
- 9780191758430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679362.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
South Asian countries have avoided striking forms of food insecurity—famines and widespread starvation deaths—by increasing food production to keep pace with an increasing population. Coming decades ...
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South Asian countries have avoided striking forms of food insecurity—famines and widespread starvation deaths—by increasing food production to keep pace with an increasing population. Coming decades will challenge existing food systems, however, as populations increase, people have more incomes, and climate change, water scarcity, and ecological degradation make it difficult to increase food production. Successful past efforts to address famines hinged on government provision of adequate food at low or no cost to the poor. Contemporary social protection efforts hold the same lesson: large-scale coverage of populations-in-need abates malnutrition and hunger. It can also limit rebel social movements that rely on hunger and lack of food availability to mobilize recruits. Addressing food insecurity, thus, has a double dividend for governments in power: it increases social welfare and reduces challenges to the status quo.Less
South Asian countries have avoided striking forms of food insecurity—famines and widespread starvation deaths—by increasing food production to keep pace with an increasing population. Coming decades will challenge existing food systems, however, as populations increase, people have more incomes, and climate change, water scarcity, and ecological degradation make it difficult to increase food production. Successful past efforts to address famines hinged on government provision of adequate food at low or no cost to the poor. Contemporary social protection efforts hold the same lesson: large-scale coverage of populations-in-need abates malnutrition and hunger. It can also limit rebel social movements that rely on hunger and lack of food availability to mobilize recruits. Addressing food insecurity, thus, has a double dividend for governments in power: it increases social welfare and reduces challenges to the status quo.
Frank H. T. Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801478239
- eISBN:
- 9780801466212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801478239.003.0020
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Environmental Geography
This chapter looks toward food constraints and how the Earth's human-carrying capacity—the maximum population size it can sustain indefinitely without reducing its future support capacity—depends on ...
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This chapter looks toward food constraints and how the Earth's human-carrying capacity—the maximum population size it can sustain indefinitely without reducing its future support capacity—depends on the level of subsistence we select and the degree of equality we demand. Though we have the ability to control our population growth, to modify our environment, to select and change our sources of food, to increase food production and availability, we still face the ultimate constraint of a growing population on a limited land area. Hence the chapter looks at the factors affecting the Earth's food productivity—such as terrain and climate change—and how these facilitate or impede food supplies for the Earth's population.Less
This chapter looks toward food constraints and how the Earth's human-carrying capacity—the maximum population size it can sustain indefinitely without reducing its future support capacity—depends on the level of subsistence we select and the degree of equality we demand. Though we have the ability to control our population growth, to modify our environment, to select and change our sources of food, to increase food production and availability, we still face the ultimate constraint of a growing population on a limited land area. Hence the chapter looks at the factors affecting the Earth's food productivity—such as terrain and climate change—and how these facilitate or impede food supplies for the Earth's population.
Annalisa Berta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520270572
- eISBN:
- 9780520951440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520270572.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter is a brief introduction to the diversity of major marine mammal lineages, including their identification, naming, and classification. The process of reconstructing the evolutionary ...
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This chapter is a brief introduction to the diversity of major marine mammal lineages, including their identification, naming, and classification. The process of reconstructing the evolutionary history of marine mammals and forming new species is also discussed. Finally, physical factors such as ocean temperature, depth, salinity, and circulation patterns and the ecologic requirements of species, including food availability and abundance and their effect on the distribution of marine mammals, are reviewed.Less
This chapter is a brief introduction to the diversity of major marine mammal lineages, including their identification, naming, and classification. The process of reconstructing the evolutionary history of marine mammals and forming new species is also discussed. Finally, physical factors such as ocean temperature, depth, salinity, and circulation patterns and the ecologic requirements of species, including food availability and abundance and their effect on the distribution of marine mammals, are reviewed.