Douglas L. Dorset
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529088
- eISBN:
- 9780191712838
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529088.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, ...
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This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, oils, greases, and waxes. Along with chain unsaturation and branching, polydispersity, i.e., the aggregation of several polymethylene chain lengths, is shown to control various physical properties, including the preservation of metastable phases (polymorphic as well as ‘rotator’ forms). Using linear chain waxes as model materials, this book explores how solid solutions are stabilized and what structures are possible. Strictly linear molecules are compared to those functionalized with ‘head-groups’. The onset of fractionation, followed by formation of eutectic phases, is discussed, again describing the structures of favoured molecular assemblies. The rationale for polydisperse aggregation derives from the early work of A. I. Kitaigorodskii, demonstrating how certain homeomorphic parameters such as relative molecular shape and volume, as well as favoured crystalline polymorphs, lead to stable solid solutions. Relevant to high-molecular weight polymers, the influence of chain-folding is also discussed. A comprehensive review of known linear chain single crystal structures, including the alkanes, cycloalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and cholesteryl esters, is presented to show how molecular shape, including chain branching, influences layer packing and co-solubility. Finally, a critique of previously suggested models for petroleum and natural wax assemblies is given, based on current crystallographic and spectroscopic information. This includes single crystal structures based on electron diffraction data. Although constrained to single chain molecules in the examples discussed, cited behaviour can be generalized to multiple chain-containing fats and lipids.Less
This book describes the solid state behaviour of organic materials based the polymethylene chain, i.e., the functional molecular component of polyethylenes, soaps, detergents, edible fats, lipids, oils, greases, and waxes. Along with chain unsaturation and branching, polydispersity, i.e., the aggregation of several polymethylene chain lengths, is shown to control various physical properties, including the preservation of metastable phases (polymorphic as well as ‘rotator’ forms). Using linear chain waxes as model materials, this book explores how solid solutions are stabilized and what structures are possible. Strictly linear molecules are compared to those functionalized with ‘head-groups’. The onset of fractionation, followed by formation of eutectic phases, is discussed, again describing the structures of favoured molecular assemblies. The rationale for polydisperse aggregation derives from the early work of A. I. Kitaigorodskii, demonstrating how certain homeomorphic parameters such as relative molecular shape and volume, as well as favoured crystalline polymorphs, lead to stable solid solutions. Relevant to high-molecular weight polymers, the influence of chain-folding is also discussed. A comprehensive review of known linear chain single crystal structures, including the alkanes, cycloalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and cholesteryl esters, is presented to show how molecular shape, including chain branching, influences layer packing and co-solubility. Finally, a critique of previously suggested models for petroleum and natural wax assemblies is given, based on current crystallographic and spectroscopic information. This includes single crystal structures based on electron diffraction data. Although constrained to single chain molecules in the examples discussed, cited behaviour can be generalized to multiple chain-containing fats and lipids.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks. This book ...
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Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks. This book offers the most concise, engaging, and accessible introduction to the subject, fully explaining what spin glasses are, why they are important, and how they are opening up new ways of thinking about complexity. This one-of-a-kind guide to spin glasses begins by explaining the fundamentals of order and symmetry in condensed matter physics and how spin glasses fit into and modify this framework. The book then explores how spin-glass concepts and ideas have found applications in areas as diverse as computational complexity, biological and artificial neural networks, protein folding, immune response maturation, combinatorial optimization, and social network modeling. Providing an essential overview of the history, science, and growing significance of this exciting field, the book also features a forward-looking discussion of what spin glasses may teach us in the future about complex systems. This is a useful book for students and practitioners in the natural and social sciences, with new material even for the experts.Less
Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks. This book offers the most concise, engaging, and accessible introduction to the subject, fully explaining what spin glasses are, why they are important, and how they are opening up new ways of thinking about complexity. This one-of-a-kind guide to spin glasses begins by explaining the fundamentals of order and symmetry in condensed matter physics and how spin glasses fit into and modify this framework. The book then explores how spin-glass concepts and ideas have found applications in areas as diverse as computational complexity, biological and artificial neural networks, protein folding, immune response maturation, combinatorial optimization, and social network modeling. Providing an essential overview of the history, science, and growing significance of this exciting field, the book also features a forward-looking discussion of what spin glasses may teach us in the future about complex systems. This is a useful book for students and practitioners in the natural and social sciences, with new material even for the experts.
Jiang Wu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171601
- eISBN:
- 9780231540193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171601.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 1 offers an overview of the canon in history and the basic knowledge about the Chinese canon to orient the reader.
Chapter 1 offers an overview of the canon in history and the basic knowledge about the Chinese canon to orient the reader.
William Kostlevy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377842
- eISBN:
- 9780199777204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377842.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The MCA was the product of a division in the holiness movement between traditionalist moderates who remained loyal to the old denominations and radicals who wanted to form new bodies committed to ...
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The MCA was the product of a division in the holiness movement between traditionalist moderates who remained loyal to the old denominations and radicals who wanted to form new bodies committed to innovative theological currents such as the eminent physical return of Jesus and divine healing. Martin Wells Knapp, editor of God’s Revivalist was the central figure in radical coalition. While holiness moderates in the National Holiness Association (NHA) attempt a two front war against foes that they believe where either dangerous liberals or rank fanatics, Knapp focused his attention the moderates who he believed were hopeless tied to such passing human documents as the Apostles Creed. Early radical centers were God’s Bible School in Cincinnati and the Chicago based ministries of E. L. Harvey and Duke Farson.Less
The MCA was the product of a division in the holiness movement between traditionalist moderates who remained loyal to the old denominations and radicals who wanted to form new bodies committed to innovative theological currents such as the eminent physical return of Jesus and divine healing. Martin Wells Knapp, editor of God’s Revivalist was the central figure in radical coalition. While holiness moderates in the National Holiness Association (NHA) attempt a two front war against foes that they believe where either dangerous liberals or rank fanatics, Knapp focused his attention the moderates who he believed were hopeless tied to such passing human documents as the Apostles Creed. Early radical centers were God’s Bible School in Cincinnati and the Chicago based ministries of E. L. Harvey and Duke Farson.
Mike Hansell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507529
- eISBN:
- 9780191709838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507529.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter focuses on construction, which involves the coordination of appropriate anatomy in effective action. This effectiveness will be evident in movements of precision and of power, although ...
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This chapter focuses on construction, which involves the coordination of appropriate anatomy in effective action. This effectiveness will be evident in movements of precision and of power, although the importance of each of these will vary greatly depending upon the method of construction. The chapter characterises different methods or techniques of construction. Particular species tend to use exclusively or predominantly one of these techniques, but their full building repertoire may cover two or more. The chapter also examines predictions on the nature of specialization in anatomy and behaviour associated with the different building methods.Less
This chapter focuses on construction, which involves the coordination of appropriate anatomy in effective action. This effectiveness will be evident in movements of precision and of power, although the importance of each of these will vary greatly depending upon the method of construction. The chapter characterises different methods or techniques of construction. Particular species tend to use exclusively or predominantly one of these techniques, but their full building repertoire may cover two or more. The chapter also examines predictions on the nature of specialization in anatomy and behaviour associated with the different building methods.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter explores how spin glass concepts have found use in and, in some cases, further advanced areas such as computational complexity, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, protein ...
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This chapter explores how spin glass concepts have found use in and, in some cases, further advanced areas such as computational complexity, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, protein conformational dynamics and folding, and computer science (through the introduction of new heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing and neural-based computation, and through new approaches to analyzing hard combinatorial optimization problems). It also introduces some “short takes” on topics that space constraints prevent covering in detail, but should be at least mentioned: prebiotic evolution, Kauffman's NK model, and the maturation of the immune response. The chapter summarizes the heart of what most people mean when they refer to spin glasses as relevant to complexity. It focuses on the early, classic papers in each subject, giving the reader a flavor of each.Less
This chapter explores how spin glass concepts have found use in and, in some cases, further advanced areas such as computational complexity, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, protein conformational dynamics and folding, and computer science (through the introduction of new heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing and neural-based computation, and through new approaches to analyzing hard combinatorial optimization problems). It also introduces some “short takes” on topics that space constraints prevent covering in detail, but should be at least mentioned: prebiotic evolution, Kauffman's NK model, and the maturation of the immune response. The chapter summarizes the heart of what most people mean when they refer to spin glasses as relevant to complexity. It focuses on the early, classic papers in each subject, giving the reader a flavor of each.
Bijan Mohammadi and Olivier Pironneau
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546909
- eISBN:
- 9780191720482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546909.003.0012
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter describes how to extend what shown for macroscopic flows to flows in microchannels. It begins with the description of the governing equations for ionic microfluids. It then analyzes the ...
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This chapter describes how to extend what shown for macroscopic flows to flows in microchannels. It begins with the description of the governing equations for ionic microfluids. It then analyzes the problem of stacking in electrophoresis. It shows how infinitesimal quantities can be extracted from a sample for transport in microchannels for separation. The problem of design of such channel is discussed and it is shown how reduced-order models can be used for the flow. The chapter ends with the design of a protein folding mixing device.Less
This chapter describes how to extend what shown for macroscopic flows to flows in microchannels. It begins with the description of the governing equations for ionic microfluids. It then analyzes the problem of stacking in electrophoresis. It shows how infinitesimal quantities can be extracted from a sample for transport in microchannels for separation. The problem of design of such channel is discussed and it is shown how reduced-order models can be used for the flow. The chapter ends with the design of a protein folding mixing device.
Alex Tissandier
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474417747
- eISBN:
- 9781474449748
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417747.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with ...
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Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with Leibniz. In doing so it hopes to offer a focused framework for understanding some of the most difficult aspects of Deleuze’s philosophy. Part One examines Deleuze’s account of the “anti-Cartesian reaction” of Spinoza and Leibniz which culminates in their two competing theories of expression. It argues that in some key respects Deleuze favours Leibniz’s interpretation of this key concept over Spinoza’s. Part Two looks at Deleuze’s critique of representation and his attempt to create a theory of difference that will underlie, rather than rely upon, conceptual opposition. It examines the crucial role played by the Leibnizian concepts of incompossibility and divergence in Deleuze’s theory of ‘vice-diction’, created in order to offer a sub-representational, or pre-individual, substitute for Hegelian contradiction. Part Three looks in detail at one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold. It argues for Leibniz’s central place in this text, and shows how Deleuze uses concepts from across Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics as a framework to articulate a systematic account of his own mature philosophy.Less
Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with Leibniz. In doing so it hopes to offer a focused framework for understanding some of the most difficult aspects of Deleuze’s philosophy. Part One examines Deleuze’s account of the “anti-Cartesian reaction” of Spinoza and Leibniz which culminates in their two competing theories of expression. It argues that in some key respects Deleuze favours Leibniz’s interpretation of this key concept over Spinoza’s. Part Two looks at Deleuze’s critique of representation and his attempt to create a theory of difference that will underlie, rather than rely upon, conceptual opposition. It examines the crucial role played by the Leibnizian concepts of incompossibility and divergence in Deleuze’s theory of ‘vice-diction’, created in order to offer a sub-representational, or pre-individual, substitute for Hegelian contradiction. Part Three looks in detail at one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold. It argues for Leibniz’s central place in this text, and shows how Deleuze uses concepts from across Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics as a framework to articulate a systematic account of his own mature philosophy.
Anany Levitin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164038
- eISBN:
- 9781400881338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164038.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter provides a survey of mathematical puzzles solvable in one move. The types considered are divination puzzles, weighing puzzles, rearrangement puzzles, dissection puzzles, and folding ...
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This chapter provides a survey of mathematical puzzles solvable in one move. The types considered are divination puzzles, weighing puzzles, rearrangement puzzles, dissection puzzles, and folding puzzles. The chapter does not include one-question logic puzzles (e.g., Knights and Knaves) or puzzles that can be solved in one move only because of the small size of the puzzle's instance (e.g., making seven payments with links of a seven-link gold chain). Equation puzzles composed of matchsticks or decimal digits have also been excluded. In addition, the survey suggests several research projects related to the included puzzles. The chapter then concludes with answers to the puzzles highlighted in the survey.Less
This chapter provides a survey of mathematical puzzles solvable in one move. The types considered are divination puzzles, weighing puzzles, rearrangement puzzles, dissection puzzles, and folding puzzles. The chapter does not include one-question logic puzzles (e.g., Knights and Knaves) or puzzles that can be solved in one move only because of the small size of the puzzle's instance (e.g., making seven payments with links of a seven-link gold chain). Equation puzzles composed of matchsticks or decimal digits have also been excluded. In addition, the survey suggests several research projects related to the included puzzles. The chapter then concludes with answers to the puzzles highlighted in the survey.
Mark Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199240050
- eISBN:
- 9780191716850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240050.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter argues that the three levels of exegesis in Origen’s theory of Scriptural allegory correspond to three different linguistic ‘tropes’. Metaphor is proper to the ‘bodily’ level of ...
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This chapter argues that the three levels of exegesis in Origen’s theory of Scriptural allegory correspond to three different linguistic ‘tropes’. Metaphor is proper to the ‘bodily’ level of scripture, and our imitative relationship to Christ through ethical progress; metonymy to the ‘psychic’ level, and our understanding of Christ by study of the cosmos created through him; and synecdoche to the ‘spiritual’ level, and our relationship to Christ as ‘all in all’.Less
This chapter argues that the three levels of exegesis in Origen’s theory of Scriptural allegory correspond to three different linguistic ‘tropes’. Metaphor is proper to the ‘bodily’ level of scripture, and our imitative relationship to Christ through ethical progress; metonymy to the ‘psychic’ level, and our understanding of Christ by study of the cosmos created through him; and synecdoche to the ‘spiritual’ level, and our relationship to Christ as ‘all in all’.
Tamar Schlick
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0015
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many ...
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An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many biological questions concerning fiber structure remain a puzzle. The sheer size and range of spatial and temporal scales require tailored multiscale models. Our first-generation macroscopic models ignored histone tail flexibility but generated insights info preferred zigzag configurations and folding/unfolding dynamics. The second-generation mesoscale models incorporate histone tail flexibility, linker histones, and divalent ion effects to reveal the profound compaction induced by linker histones and the polymorphic fiber architecture at divalent salt environments, with a small fraction of the linker DNAs bent rather than straight for optimal compaction. Our chromatin model can be extended further to study many important biological questions concerning post-translational modifications, fiber dimension variations as a function of linker DNA length variations, and higher-order fiber topologies.Less
An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many biological questions concerning fiber structure remain a puzzle. The sheer size and range of spatial and temporal scales require tailored multiscale models. Our first-generation macroscopic models ignored histone tail flexibility but generated insights info preferred zigzag configurations and folding/unfolding dynamics. The second-generation mesoscale models incorporate histone tail flexibility, linker histones, and divalent ion effects to reveal the profound compaction induced by linker histones and the polymorphic fiber architecture at divalent salt environments, with a small fraction of the linker DNAs bent rather than straight for optimal compaction. Our chromatin model can be extended further to study many important biological questions concerning post-translational modifications, fiber dimension variations as a function of linker DNA length variations, and higher-order fiber topologies.
Wolfgang Götze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235346
- eISBN:
- 9780191715600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235346.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
In this chapter, mode-coupling equations of motion for a correlation-function description of the dynamics of simple liquids and colloids are derived and their mathematical properties are analysed. ...
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In this chapter, mode-coupling equations of motion for a correlation-function description of the dynamics of simple liquids and colloids are derived and their mathematical properties are analysed. The central concepts are expressions for the fluctuating-force kernels as mode-coupling polynomials of the density-fluctuation-correlation functions. The arrested parts of the latter are solutions of a fixed-point equation, which exhibits bifurcation singularities. The simplest ones are generic and degenerate fold bifurcations, which describe liquid–glass transitions. Schematic models are introduced in order to exemplify by elementary calculations different scenarios for the correlation arrest. The transitions in hard-sphere systems and in square-well systems are explained. Evolutions of the dynamics due to the approach of control parameters towards the critical values for the bifurcation points are analysed in order to show that the theoretical results are similar to those observed for the glassy dynamics of liquids.Less
In this chapter, mode-coupling equations of motion for a correlation-function description of the dynamics of simple liquids and colloids are derived and their mathematical properties are analysed. The central concepts are expressions for the fluctuating-force kernels as mode-coupling polynomials of the density-fluctuation-correlation functions. The arrested parts of the latter are solutions of a fixed-point equation, which exhibits bifurcation singularities. The simplest ones are generic and degenerate fold bifurcations, which describe liquid–glass transitions. Schematic models are introduced in order to exemplify by elementary calculations different scenarios for the correlation arrest. The transitions in hard-sphere systems and in square-well systems are explained. Evolutions of the dynamics due to the approach of control parameters towards the critical values for the bifurcation points are analysed in order to show that the theoretical results are similar to those observed for the glassy dynamics of liquids.
James Daybell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259915
- eISBN:
- 9780191717437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259915.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched ...
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This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched letters; and the range of recipients with whom women corresponded. It also considers more fully the nature and contents of letters, posing several important questions: what did women write about? Do women's letters offer a different perspective on social issues from men's letters? Finally, this chapter examines the physical characteristics of letters, and materially reconstructs the letter-writing process. It investigates when, how, and where women wrote their letters as a way of elucidating more fully the nature and experience of early modern women's letter-writing, drawing connections between traditionally defined domestic and household spheres, and political and business worlds. It is argued that letters achieved meaning not merely as documents or texts, but through material forms: use of manuscript space, handwriting, folding, and seals.Less
This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched letters; and the range of recipients with whom women corresponded. It also considers more fully the nature and contents of letters, posing several important questions: what did women write about? Do women's letters offer a different perspective on social issues from men's letters? Finally, this chapter examines the physical characteristics of letters, and materially reconstructs the letter-writing process. It investigates when, how, and where women wrote their letters as a way of elucidating more fully the nature and experience of early modern women's letter-writing, drawing connections between traditionally defined domestic and household spheres, and political and business worlds. It is argued that letters achieved meaning not merely as documents or texts, but through material forms: use of manuscript space, handwriting, folding, and seals.
Arne Haaland
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235353
- eISBN:
- 9780191715594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235353.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter describes the molecular structures and CC bond energies in ethane, ethene, and ethyne, and the bonding in terms of the molecular orbital model. The delocalized π molecular orbitals ...
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This chapter describes the molecular structures and CC bond energies in ethane, ethene, and ethyne, and the bonding in terms of the molecular orbital model. The delocalized π molecular orbitals obtained by Hückel calculations on benzene are described. The molecular structures of disilene and other ethene analogues of the heavier Group 14 elements, R2EER2, E = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb are discussed and their non-planar, trans-folded structures explained in terms of the molecular orbital model. In the final section, the totally unexpected structure of the ethyne analogue Si2H2 is discussed.Less
This chapter describes the molecular structures and CC bond energies in ethane, ethene, and ethyne, and the bonding in terms of the molecular orbital model. The delocalized π molecular orbitals obtained by Hückel calculations on benzene are described. The molecular structures of disilene and other ethene analogues of the heavier Group 14 elements, R2EER2, E = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb are discussed and their non-planar, trans-folded structures explained in terms of the molecular orbital model. In the final section, the totally unexpected structure of the ethyne analogue Si2H2 is discussed.
Dmitri I. Svergun, Michel H. J. Koch, Peter A. Timmins, and Roland P. May
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199639533
- eISBN:
- 9780191747731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639533.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Following a brief historical introduction, the difference between dynamics and kinetics is explained to clarify that SAS produces kinetic information. Data interpretation methods are based on those ...
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Following a brief historical introduction, the difference between dynamics and kinetics is explained to clarify that SAS produces kinetic information. Data interpretation methods are based on those developed for mixtures. An overview of the main perturbation methods (temperature, pressure, mixing, light and fields) and the relevant SAS instrumentation is presented. Examples of applications illustrate some of the results obtained for assembly and (un)folding phenomena induced by different rates of temperature or pressure change. An extensive survey of protein and RNA (un)folding studies, as well as studies of the kinetics of allosteric transitions and virus assembly relying mostly on fast mixing, is also made. Even if they miss the early stages of the transitions, time-resolved measurements have provided new insights into many of these processes. Further progress in time-resolution can be expected in cases where light-triggered fast pump–probe experiments are possible, as illustrated by recent experiments on CO-haemoglobin.Less
Following a brief historical introduction, the difference between dynamics and kinetics is explained to clarify that SAS produces kinetic information. Data interpretation methods are based on those developed for mixtures. An overview of the main perturbation methods (temperature, pressure, mixing, light and fields) and the relevant SAS instrumentation is presented. Examples of applications illustrate some of the results obtained for assembly and (un)folding phenomena induced by different rates of temperature or pressure change. An extensive survey of protein and RNA (un)folding studies, as well as studies of the kinetics of allosteric transitions and virus assembly relying mostly on fast mixing, is also made. Even if they miss the early stages of the transitions, time-resolved measurements have provided new insights into many of these processes. Further progress in time-resolution can be expected in cases where light-triggered fast pump–probe experiments are possible, as illustrated by recent experiments on CO-haemoglobin.
M. Mézard
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528531
- eISBN:
- 9780191713415
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528531.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter is a non-technical, elementary introduction to the theory of glassy phases and their ubiquity. The aim is to provide a guide and some kind of coherent view to the various topics that ...
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This chapter is a non-technical, elementary introduction to the theory of glassy phases and their ubiquity. The aim is to provide a guide and some kind of coherent view to the various topics that have been explored in recent years in this very diverse field, ranging from spin or structural glasses to protein folding, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, error correcting codes, and game theory.Less
This chapter is a non-technical, elementary introduction to the theory of glassy phases and their ubiquity. The aim is to provide a guide and some kind of coherent view to the various topics that have been explored in recent years in this very diverse field, ranging from spin or structural glasses to protein folding, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, error correcting codes, and game theory.
Adam M. Bincer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199662920
- eISBN:
- 9780191745492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662920.003.0018
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Dynkin diagrams are described and used to show that the only allowed algebras are the ones described in the preceding chapter. This is accomplished by showing that Dynkin diagrams can contain no ...
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Dynkin diagrams are described and used to show that the only allowed algebras are the ones described in the preceding chapter. This is accomplished by showing that Dynkin diagrams can contain no loops, no more than three lines can emanate from a circle and, finally, that a set of circles connected by a single line can be shrunk to a single circle. This approach is alternate to exploiting the properties of the Cartan matrix with its Cartan integers. The ADE algebras are collectively referred to as simply laced and it is noted that the A-D-E classification arises in a number of other situations. In conclusion, symmetries of the Dynkin diagrams are discussed and folding is defined.Less
Dynkin diagrams are described and used to show that the only allowed algebras are the ones described in the preceding chapter. This is accomplished by showing that Dynkin diagrams can contain no loops, no more than three lines can emanate from a circle and, finally, that a set of circles connected by a single line can be shrunk to a single circle. This approach is alternate to exploiting the properties of the Cartan matrix with its Cartan integers. The ADE algebras are collectively referred to as simply laced and it is noted that the A-D-E classification arises in a number of other situations. In conclusion, symmetries of the Dynkin diagrams are discussed and folding is defined.
Solly Angel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158687
- eISBN:
- 9780199849826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158687.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
There was no doubt that completing the development of the load cell was the first and highest priority; that the survival of the scale project hinged on the invention of an accurate and affordable ...
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There was no doubt that completing the development of the load cell was the first and highest priority; that the survival of the scale project hinged on the invention of an accurate and affordable load cell; and that all other aspects of the thin-scale project would have to wait on the backburner until the load cell performed to everyone's satisfaction and its development was largely complete. The hook design for the load cell that was presented in Groningen in late August 1988 was not thin enough to fit into a quarter-inch scale, but it embodied the idea of thinness more readily than other known load cell designs. The functional requirements for this design are reported. Solly Angel returned from Groningen to New York energized by the promise of a Philips development contract and its associated initial payment of $25,000, and he immediately set to work on the design of a double-grip load cell prototype. This design probably failed due to the grip connections. Moreover, the folded-wrench load cell prototypes still refused to perform, despite the rapidly approaching new deadline.Less
There was no doubt that completing the development of the load cell was the first and highest priority; that the survival of the scale project hinged on the invention of an accurate and affordable load cell; and that all other aspects of the thin-scale project would have to wait on the backburner until the load cell performed to everyone's satisfaction and its development was largely complete. The hook design for the load cell that was presented in Groningen in late August 1988 was not thin enough to fit into a quarter-inch scale, but it embodied the idea of thinness more readily than other known load cell designs. The functional requirements for this design are reported. Solly Angel returned from Groningen to New York energized by the promise of a Philips development contract and its associated initial payment of $25,000, and he immediately set to work on the design of a double-grip load cell prototype. This design probably failed due to the grip connections. Moreover, the folded-wrench load cell prototypes still refused to perform, despite the rapidly approaching new deadline.
Alex Tissandier
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474417747
- eISBN:
- 9781474449748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417747.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter turns to one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. It argues for Leibniz’s central role in the text, and explains the book’s complicated interplay between ...
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This chapter turns to one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. It argues for Leibniz’s central role in the text, and explains the book’s complicated interplay between Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics, and Baroque art and architecture. It rediscovers all the major elements of the Leibnizian structure outlined in the previous chapter, and finds them united by the new concept of the “infinite fold”. It then looks in detail at the opening chapter of The Fold, where Deleuze uses Wölfflin’s theory of Baroque architecture and Leibniz’s theory of preformism and biological evolution to introduce the parallelism between the repeated folds of inorganic matter and the interior, enveloping folds of organisms. The interiority of the latter eventually forces us to posit monads, or souls, which exist elsewhere and serve as the principle of their unity.Less
This chapter turns to one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. It argues for Leibniz’s central role in the text, and explains the book’s complicated interplay between Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics, and Baroque art and architecture. It rediscovers all the major elements of the Leibnizian structure outlined in the previous chapter, and finds them united by the new concept of the “infinite fold”. It then looks in detail at the opening chapter of The Fold, where Deleuze uses Wölfflin’s theory of Baroque architecture and Leibniz’s theory of preformism and biological evolution to introduce the parallelism between the repeated folds of inorganic matter and the interior, enveloping folds of organisms. The interiority of the latter eventually forces us to posit monads, or souls, which exist elsewhere and serve as the principle of their unity.
Olivia Khoo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098794
- eISBN:
- 9789882207516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098794.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter examines the theoretical foundations for the concept of the fold and outlines its principles as they relate to the Chinese exotic. The fold demonstrates a movement which negotiates ...
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This chapter examines the theoretical foundations for the concept of the fold and outlines its principles as they relate to the Chinese exotic. The fold demonstrates a movement which negotiates competing discourses and formations on images of diasporic Chinese femininity. Films such as Chinese Box, The Pillow Book, and M. Butterfly fold into the imaginary of the everyday through cinema's creation of sensory effects. By employing the concept of synesthetic non-sense in a post-colonial context, it is possible to see how the Chinese exotic unfolds: like a Chinese box of effects and affects which opens out, folds back upon itself, and is filled with consumable synesthetic delights. The chapter also shows how the cultural products of everyday life, in particular food and fashion, represent and make sense of diasporic Chinese femininity.Less
This chapter examines the theoretical foundations for the concept of the fold and outlines its principles as they relate to the Chinese exotic. The fold demonstrates a movement which negotiates competing discourses and formations on images of diasporic Chinese femininity. Films such as Chinese Box, The Pillow Book, and M. Butterfly fold into the imaginary of the everyday through cinema's creation of sensory effects. By employing the concept of synesthetic non-sense in a post-colonial context, it is possible to see how the Chinese exotic unfolds: like a Chinese box of effects and affects which opens out, folds back upon itself, and is filled with consumable synesthetic delights. The chapter also shows how the cultural products of everyday life, in particular food and fashion, represent and make sense of diasporic Chinese femininity.
