Regine Eckardt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262601
- eISBN:
- 9780191718939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262601.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of ...
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This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of grammaticalization, particularly those that focus on the meaning side, four major case studies of meaning change in grammaticalization probe the hypothesis that this type of change is best viewed as a restructuring at the syntax-semantics interface. The case studies cover the emergence of going to future in English, the negation particles in French, the emergence of the scalar particle selbst (even) in German as well as the quasi determiner lauter (many/only) in German. Each study starts with a presentation of data that illustrates the change in question, and lists open issues about these data that could not be answered (or even formulated) in earlier theoretical frameworks. A careful investigation of the neat interplay of syntax and semantics in the phase of change demonstrates that speakers ingenuously exploit the structures of language in order to adjust it to new needs, while at the same time keeping it a well-defined tool of communication.Less
This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of grammaticalization, particularly those that focus on the meaning side, four major case studies of meaning change in grammaticalization probe the hypothesis that this type of change is best viewed as a restructuring at the syntax-semantics interface. The case studies cover the emergence of going to future in English, the negation particles in French, the emergence of the scalar particle selbst (even) in German as well as the quasi determiner lauter (many/only) in German. Each study starts with a presentation of data that illustrates the change in question, and lists open issues about these data that could not be answered (or even formulated) in earlier theoretical frameworks. A careful investigation of the neat interplay of syntax and semantics in the phase of change demonstrates that speakers ingenuously exploit the structures of language in order to adjust it to new needs, while at the same time keeping it a well-defined tool of communication.
Helma Dik
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279296
- eISBN:
- 9780191706905
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279296.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This book approaches word order in Greek tragic dialogue from the perspective of language rather than metre. The tragic poets engaged in mimesis of natural dialogue; therefore the analysis of the ...
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This book approaches word order in Greek tragic dialogue from the perspective of language rather than metre. The tragic poets engaged in mimesis of natural dialogue; therefore the analysis of the linguistic characteristics of the dialogue precedes exploration of the metrical dimension, on the assumption that poets would not be overly constrained by the iambic trimeter, which, after all, was the most natural speaking verse according to Aristotle. The book analyses the word order of tragic dialogue in pragmatic terms, arguing that, in sentences, words functioning as Topic (the ‘starting point’ of an utterance) or Focus (the most salient piece of information) will come early, and that other less important words will follow. Similarly, the position of adjectives within noun phrases is analysed as a function of their relative salience rather than in terms of their semantics. This approach aims to account for word order in sentences generally, but it also allows for a new interpretation of familiar phenomena in Greek, such as ‘postponed interrogatives’. The book concludes with a commentary on the word order in four passages of Sophocles' Electra.Less
This book approaches word order in Greek tragic dialogue from the perspective of language rather than metre. The tragic poets engaged in mimesis of natural dialogue; therefore the analysis of the linguistic characteristics of the dialogue precedes exploration of the metrical dimension, on the assumption that poets would not be overly constrained by the iambic trimeter, which, after all, was the most natural speaking verse according to Aristotle. The book analyses the word order of tragic dialogue in pragmatic terms, arguing that, in sentences, words functioning as Topic (the ‘starting point’ of an utterance) or Focus (the most salient piece of information) will come early, and that other less important words will follow. Similarly, the position of adjectives within noun phrases is analysed as a function of their relative salience rather than in terms of their semantics. This approach aims to account for word order in sentences generally, but it also allows for a new interpretation of familiar phenomena in Greek, such as ‘postponed interrogatives’. The book concludes with a commentary on the word order in four passages of Sophocles' Electra.
Arsalan Kahnemuyipour
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219230
- eISBN:
- 9780191711800
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219230.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Phonetics / Phonology
This book explores the nature of sentential stress, how it is assigned, and its interaction with information structure. The central thesis is that the position of sentential or nuclear stress — the ...
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This book explores the nature of sentential stress, how it is assigned, and its interaction with information structure. The central thesis is that the position of sentential or nuclear stress — the element with the highest prominence in the sentence — is determined syntactically and that cross-linguistic differences in this respect follow from syntactic variations. In particular, it is proposed that the Sentential Stress Rule applies in a phase-based manner (Chomsky 2000, 2001, and subsequent work) and assigns stress to the highest element in the spelled out constituent. An additional rule, namely the Focus Stress Rule, which also applies in a phase-based manner, is proposed to handle the interaction between sentential structure and information structure. Sentential stress is thus determined in an interplay between two components, the default Sentential Stress Rule and the Focus Stress Rule. The book provides several arguments in favor of this two-component system.Less
This book explores the nature of sentential stress, how it is assigned, and its interaction with information structure. The central thesis is that the position of sentential or nuclear stress — the element with the highest prominence in the sentence — is determined syntactically and that cross-linguistic differences in this respect follow from syntactic variations. In particular, it is proposed that the Sentential Stress Rule applies in a phase-based manner (Chomsky 2000, 2001, and subsequent work) and assigns stress to the highest element in the spelled out constituent. An additional rule, namely the Focus Stress Rule, which also applies in a phase-based manner, is proposed to handle the interaction between sentential structure and information structure. Sentential stress is thus determined in an interplay between two components, the default Sentential Stress Rule and the Focus Stress Rule. The book provides several arguments in favor of this two-component system.
Luis López
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199557400
- eISBN:
- 9780191721229
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557400.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This book presents a detailed model of syntax-information structure interaction. It presents clear empirical arguments that this interaction takes place at the phase level, with a privileged role for ...
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This book presents a detailed model of syntax-information structure interaction. It presents clear empirical arguments that this interaction takes place at the phase level, with a privileged role for the edge of the phase. The phenomena discussed in this book are mostly taken from the Romance languages: dislocations, focus fronting, p-movement, accusative A and clitic doubling, with some discussion of Germanic scrambling and object shift as well as other relevant phenomena. Careful analyses of these constructions show that notions such as “topic” and “focus”, as usually defined, yield no predictions and instead a feature system based on the notions “discourse anaphor” and “contrast” is proposed.Less
This book presents a detailed model of syntax-information structure interaction. It presents clear empirical arguments that this interaction takes place at the phase level, with a privileged role for the edge of the phase. The phenomena discussed in this book are mostly taken from the Romance languages: dislocations, focus fronting, p-movement, accusative A and clitic doubling, with some discussion of Germanic scrambling and object shift as well as other relevant phenomena. Careful analyses of these constructions show that notions such as “topic” and “focus”, as usually defined, yield no predictions and instead a feature system based on the notions “discourse anaphor” and “contrast” is proposed.
Jacqueline Corcoran (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195154306
- eISBN:
- 9780199864287
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154306.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This book presents an approach to therapeutic contact with clients that capitalizes on people's resilience, strengths, and capacities. The helper works in collaboration with the individual to ...
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This book presents an approach to therapeutic contact with clients that capitalizes on people's resilience, strengths, and capacities. The helper works in collaboration with the individual to identify and amplify these capacities to resolve problems and improve quality of life. Clients are empowered to find their own answers and solutions that will fit their particular worldview and their unique strengths (De Jong & Miller, 1995). These principles are operationalized through solution-focused therapy and motivational interviewing. The helper also identifies areas in which clients can use education on how to meet more effectively life's challenges. A focus on coping skills is represented by cognitive-behavioral therapy. These theoretical approaches are woven together for the purpose of maximizing a person's ability to enhance the strengths they bring and also learn new skills that can help them. The resultant strengths- and skills-building model is applied, throughout the book, to various problems and populations that helping practitioners may encounter.Less
This book presents an approach to therapeutic contact with clients that capitalizes on people's resilience, strengths, and capacities. The helper works in collaboration with the individual to identify and amplify these capacities to resolve problems and improve quality of life. Clients are empowered to find their own answers and solutions that will fit their particular worldview and their unique strengths (De Jong & Miller, 1995). These principles are operationalized through solution-focused therapy and motivational interviewing. The helper also identifies areas in which clients can use education on how to meet more effectively life's challenges. A focus on coping skills is represented by cognitive-behavioral therapy. These theoretical approaches are woven together for the purpose of maximizing a person's ability to enhance the strengths they bring and also learn new skills that can help them. The resultant strengths- and skills-building model is applied, throughout the book, to various problems and populations that helping practitioners may encounter.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. ...
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This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. Section 5.2 discusses the role of derivative actions in the corporate governance matrix. Section 5.3 then discusses the specific role that the derivative action may play in such a constantly changing system. The various points teased out throughout the preceding discussion are finally crystallized in Part B of the chapter. First, section 5.4.1 sets out the aims of the model, followed by an outline and the policy premises underlying the FFM. Section 5.4.2 then unearths and illuminates the value of deterrence against corporate misconduct. Section 5.4.3 considers strategies that can be pursued to reverse the negative effects of those forces that weaken the social meaning of derivative actions. Subsequently, these key characteristics are reduced to practical recommendations in Section 5.4.4.Less
This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. Section 5.2 discusses the role of derivative actions in the corporate governance matrix. Section 5.3 then discusses the specific role that the derivative action may play in such a constantly changing system. The various points teased out throughout the preceding discussion are finally crystallized in Part B of the chapter. First, section 5.4.1 sets out the aims of the model, followed by an outline and the policy premises underlying the FFM. Section 5.4.2 then unearths and illuminates the value of deterrence against corporate misconduct. Section 5.4.3 considers strategies that can be pursued to reverse the negative effects of those forces that weaken the social meaning of derivative actions. Subsequently, these key characteristics are reduced to practical recommendations in Section 5.4.4.
Ernest Hartmann
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751778
- eISBN:
- 9780199863419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751778.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter argues that although the sixth and last point of the contemporary theory—that the entire continuum has a function—is very difficult to prove or even to approach experimentally, it ...
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This chapter argues that although the sixth and last point of the contemporary theory—that the entire continuum has a function—is very difficult to prove or even to approach experimentally, it appears to need no proof. It seems self-evident. As we think of human beings living normal human lives (now or in ancestral times), focused-waking-thought is obviously useful. It is clearly important and functional for us to be able to think directly and clearly, to accomplish a task, to make and to carry out plans for the future.Less
This chapter argues that although the sixth and last point of the contemporary theory—that the entire continuum has a function—is very difficult to prove or even to approach experimentally, it appears to need no proof. It seems self-evident. As we think of human beings living normal human lives (now or in ancestral times), focused-waking-thought is obviously useful. It is clearly important and functional for us to be able to think directly and clearly, to accomplish a task, to make and to carry out plans for the future.
James A. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508557
- eISBN:
- 9780191708770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508557.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Free electron lasers make different demands upon their undulator systems. This chapter looks at these different requirements and discusses how they are implemented in practice. Tapered undulators are ...
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Free electron lasers make different demands upon their undulator systems. This chapter looks at these different requirements and discusses how they are implemented in practice. Tapered undulators are described, as are various options for two plane focusing which include canted, curved, or staggered poles.Less
Free electron lasers make different demands upon their undulator systems. This chapter looks at these different requirements and discusses how they are implemented in practice. Tapered undulators are described, as are various options for two plane focusing which include canted, curved, or staggered poles.
Cindy Dell Clark
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195376593
- eISBN:
- 9780199865437
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth ...
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This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth interviews, to the use of artwork, photography, play and metaphors, viable methods to foreground children’s views are featured. The tools for child-centered research and its interpretation are drawn from both academic and applied qualitative inquiry, providing broad instruction across a range of kid-attuned approaches. The book takes stock of a blossoming world-wide child-centered research movement, and its promise of better grasping children’s lives. Child-focused inquiry, the book insists, has relevance to both academic theory and practical application, including public policy.Less
This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth interviews, to the use of artwork, photography, play and metaphors, viable methods to foreground children’s views are featured. The tools for child-centered research and its interpretation are drawn from both academic and applied qualitative inquiry, providing broad instruction across a range of kid-attuned approaches. The book takes stock of a blossoming world-wide child-centered research movement, and its promise of better grasping children’s lives. Child-focused inquiry, the book insists, has relevance to both academic theory and practical application, including public policy.
Alan Cribb
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242733
- eISBN:
- 9780191603549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242739.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter introduces the concept of health-policy ethics by exploring the nature and ethics of health promotion. The main concern is to highlight the implications of the issues reviewed for the ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of health-policy ethics by exploring the nature and ethics of health promotion. The main concern is to highlight the implications of the issues reviewed for the theory and practice of healthcare ethics when it shifts from a clinical to a more societal focus. It begins by identifying generalizations about health promotion broadly conceived and some of the distinctive features of health-promotion ethics. Some of the fundamental continuities between health promotion and more conventional healthcare are discussed.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of health-policy ethics by exploring the nature and ethics of health promotion. The main concern is to highlight the implications of the issues reviewed for the theory and practice of healthcare ethics when it shifts from a clinical to a more societal focus. It begins by identifying generalizations about health promotion broadly conceived and some of the distinctive features of health-promotion ethics. Some of the fundamental continuities between health promotion and more conventional healthcare are discussed.
George Klosko
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199256204
- eISBN:
- 9780191602351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256209.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Continues the analysis of focus group responses discussed in Ch. 9. It is argued that the way different people respond to examples of the kind commonly employed in contemporary moral and political ...
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Continues the analysis of focus group responses discussed in Ch. 9. It is argued that the way different people respond to examples of the kind commonly employed in contemporary moral and political argument provides some test of the examples' persuasiveness. The subject of investigation in this chapter is responses to a series of vignettes concerning connections between different forms of cooperative activity and the generation of obligations. In particular, is a strong sense of cooperation necessary to generate obligations? Subjects were given vignettes that concerned cooperative schemes that provide excludable benefits, essential public goods, and trivial public goods, respectively. Their responses indicate strong connections between the generation of obligations and the nature of specific benefits provided, especially their weight or importance. Receipt of important benefits was viewed as generating obligations, even without a strong sense of cooperation. Receipt of benefits from activity characterized by a strong sense of cooperation was viewed as not establishing obligations, if benefits produced were not of significant importance.Less
Continues the analysis of focus group responses discussed in Ch. 9. It is argued that the way different people respond to examples of the kind commonly employed in contemporary moral and political argument provides some test of the examples' persuasiveness. The subject of investigation in this chapter is responses to a series of vignettes concerning connections between different forms of cooperative activity and the generation of obligations. In particular, is a strong sense of cooperation necessary to generate obligations? Subjects were given vignettes that concerned cooperative schemes that provide excludable benefits, essential public goods, and trivial public goods, respectively. Their responses indicate strong connections between the generation of obligations and the nature of specific benefits provided, especially their weight or importance. Receipt of important benefits was viewed as generating obligations, even without a strong sense of cooperation. Receipt of benefits from activity characterized by a strong sense of cooperation was viewed as not establishing obligations, if benefits produced were not of significant importance.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 5 takes an in-depth look at how transparency will affect the four essential strategic questions that all corporate leaders and investors need to address to maximizing returns: what to own, or ...
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Chapter 5 takes an in-depth look at how transparency will affect the four essential strategic questions that all corporate leaders and investors need to address to maximizing returns: what to own, or where to focus ownership; what business model is best; how to beat new competitive threats—and what these will be like; and what marketplace strategy best utilizes the new dynamics in mass markets.Less
Chapter 5 takes an in-depth look at how transparency will affect the four essential strategic questions that all corporate leaders and investors need to address to maximizing returns: what to own, or where to focus ownership; what business model is best; how to beat new competitive threats—and what these will be like; and what marketplace strategy best utilizes the new dynamics in mass markets.
George Klosko
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199256204
- eISBN:
- 9780191602351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256209.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Examines opinions of ordinary people in regard to political obligations through small focus groups. Under certain circumstances, the views of ordinary people can lend support to the particular ...
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Examines opinions of ordinary people in regard to political obligations through small focus groups. Under certain circumstances, the views of ordinary people can lend support to the particular theories to which they subscribe and increase burdens of justification for proponents of alternative theories. Responses of participants in ten focus groups indicate strong consensus on basic points. Participants strongly believe they have political obligations, although they make exceptions for particular laws, which seem to them to serve no real social purpose. They ground their obligations on benefits provided by the state, and strongly connect up their own requirements to obey the law with requirements that all other people behave similarly. The moral principle that appears to coincide most closely with their views is a variant of the principle of fairness.Less
Examines opinions of ordinary people in regard to political obligations through small focus groups. Under certain circumstances, the views of ordinary people can lend support to the particular theories to which they subscribe and increase burdens of justification for proponents of alternative theories. Responses of participants in ten focus groups indicate strong consensus on basic points. Participants strongly believe they have political obligations, although they make exceptions for particular laws, which seem to them to serve no real social purpose. They ground their obligations on benefits provided by the state, and strongly connect up their own requirements to obey the law with requirements that all other people behave similarly. The moral principle that appears to coincide most closely with their views is a variant of the principle of fairness.
Bart Nooteboom
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545490
- eISBN:
- 9780191720093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545490.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Knowledge Management
This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and ...
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This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and exploration. A key issue is how this relates to ‘cognitive distance’ within and between communities and organizations, and the cognitive ‘focus’ of organizations.Less
This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and exploration. A key issue is how this relates to ‘cognitive distance’ within and between communities and organizations, and the cognitive ‘focus’ of organizations.
Peter S. Wells
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143385
- eISBN:
- 9781400844777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter first discusses the concept of the frame and how it helps us to understand the visual patterning of space in late prehistoric Europe. Frames, whether they are wooden picture frames that ...
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This chapter first discusses the concept of the frame and how it helps us to understand the visual patterning of space in late prehistoric Europe. Frames, whether they are wooden picture frames that hold paintings on museum walls or boundary ditches around prehistoric sites, perform the important function of establishing for the viewer the boundaries of that which is to be viewed. The frame tells the viewer what is inside and therefore to be considered and what is outside and therefore can be ignored. The things that prehistoric Europeans placed within frames, their foci of attention, can be understood as diagrams. The chapter then considers some of the visual patterns that persist from the Early Bronze Age through the Late Iron Age, before turning to the character of the changes that took place in ways of seeing in later prehistoric Europe.Less
This chapter first discusses the concept of the frame and how it helps us to understand the visual patterning of space in late prehistoric Europe. Frames, whether they are wooden picture frames that hold paintings on museum walls or boundary ditches around prehistoric sites, perform the important function of establishing for the viewer the boundaries of that which is to be viewed. The frame tells the viewer what is inside and therefore to be considered and what is outside and therefore can be ignored. The things that prehistoric Europeans placed within frames, their foci of attention, can be understood as diagrams. The chapter then considers some of the visual patterns that persist from the Early Bronze Age through the Late Iron Age, before turning to the character of the changes that took place in ways of seeing in later prehistoric Europe.
Bernhard Wessels
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296614
- eISBN:
- 9780191600227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296614.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the ...
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This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the attitudes of representatives in respect of one major aspect—whom to represent; this is done by exploring the role orientations of members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and comparing them with those of members of 11 national parliaments (MNPs). The first section of the chapter presents a brief conceptualization of representational roles by looking at general conclusions from previous research, and defining 5 representational foci in two dimensions: group specificity (party voters; specific (interest) groups) and regional scope (constituency; all people in the nation concerned; all people in Europe). The next section looks at the distributions of these five foci of representation across parliamentary levels (MEPs or MNPs) over the 15 member‐states of the EU; data are from the 1996 European Parliamentarians Study, and indicate striking differences between countries. The last (and largest) section of the chapter looks for explanations for these differences in foci of representation. These include personal factors (social background; political experience), institutional settings (the regional dimension—the relationship between role orientation, competitiveness and electoral systems; the group dimension—the relationship between role orientation and the encompassiveness and inclusiveness of interest group systems; and the European focus of representation in relation to the size and experience of a member‐state).Less
This chapter is the fifth of six on the question of political representation in the EU. It analyses to what extent institutional differences between the member‐states of the EU are constraining the attitudes of representatives in respect of one major aspect—whom to represent; this is done by exploring the role orientations of members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and comparing them with those of members of 11 national parliaments (MNPs). The first section of the chapter presents a brief conceptualization of representational roles by looking at general conclusions from previous research, and defining 5 representational foci in two dimensions: group specificity (party voters; specific (interest) groups) and regional scope (constituency; all people in the nation concerned; all people in Europe). The next section looks at the distributions of these five foci of representation across parliamentary levels (MEPs or MNPs) over the 15 member‐states of the EU; data are from the 1996 European Parliamentarians Study, and indicate striking differences between countries. The last (and largest) section of the chapter looks for explanations for these differences in foci of representation. These include personal factors (social background; political experience), institutional settings (the regional dimension—the relationship between role orientation, competitiveness and electoral systems; the group dimension—the relationship between role orientation and the encompassiveness and inclusiveness of interest group systems; and the European focus of representation in relation to the size and experience of a member‐state).
Brad M. Barber
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Many public pension funds engage in activism by using their pooled ownership of stock to affect changes in the corporations they own. The merits of activism depend on (1) the conflicts of interest ...
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Many public pension funds engage in activism by using their pooled ownership of stock to affect changes in the corporations they own. The merits of activism depend on (1) the conflicts of interest between corporate managers and shareholders, and (2) the conflicts of interest between portfolio managers and investors. These conflicts lead to two types of activism: shareholder activism and social activism. Portfolio managers can use their position to monitor conflicts that might arise between managers and shareholders (shareholder activism), but they can also abuse their position by pursuing actions that advance their own moral values or political interests at the expense of investors (social activism).Less
Many public pension funds engage in activism by using their pooled ownership of stock to affect changes in the corporations they own. The merits of activism depend on (1) the conflicts of interest between corporate managers and shareholders, and (2) the conflicts of interest between portfolio managers and investors. These conflicts lead to two types of activism: shareholder activism and social activism. Portfolio managers can use their position to monitor conflicts that might arise between managers and shareholders (shareholder activism), but they can also abuse their position by pursuing actions that advance their own moral values or political interests at the expense of investors (social activism).
Silvio Cruschina
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199759613
- eISBN:
- 9780199932658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759613.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter summarizes the main points and findings of the book. The book discusses the notion of discourse‐related features and their relevance for linguistic theory and parametric variation. The ...
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This chapter summarizes the main points and findings of the book. The book discusses the notion of discourse‐related features and their relevance for linguistic theory and parametric variation. The principal aim is to determine the syntax of the functional projections associated with these types of features and to account for the marked word orders, in particular the fronting phenomena, found in Romance. The analysis carried out leads us to the conclusion that information structure categories play an active role in the syntax in the form of discourse-related features able to trigger specific syntactic operations. In addition, it reveals that the association of focus with both overt and covert operators is one of the most important factors in the regulation and assessment of the information structure of the sentence and, accordingly, of marked word orders.Less
This chapter summarizes the main points and findings of the book. The book discusses the notion of discourse‐related features and their relevance for linguistic theory and parametric variation. The principal aim is to determine the syntax of the functional projections associated with these types of features and to account for the marked word orders, in particular the fronting phenomena, found in Romance. The analysis carried out leads us to the conclusion that information structure categories play an active role in the syntax in the form of discourse-related features able to trigger specific syntactic operations. In addition, it reveals that the association of focus with both overt and covert operators is one of the most important factors in the regulation and assessment of the information structure of the sentence and, accordingly, of marked word orders.
A. M. Devine and Laurence D. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181685
- eISBN:
- 9780199789146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181685.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and ...
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This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and focus particles. It concludes with an account of weak pronoun raising.Less
This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and focus particles. It concludes with an account of weak pronoun raising.
Ines Fiedler, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz, and Malte Zimmermann
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570959
- eISBN:
- 9780191721786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570959.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
In chapter 10 ‘Subject Focus in West African Languages’, Ines Fiedler, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz, and Malte Zimmermann investigate the peculiarities of subject focus marking ...
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In chapter 10 ‘Subject Focus in West African Languages’, Ines Fiedler, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz, and Malte Zimmermann investigate the peculiarities of subject focus marking in three West African language groups. After a discussion of various strategies of focus realization, it is shown that most languages in the sample exhibit a subject/non‐subject asymmetry with respect to focus marking: While focus on non‐subjects can often go unmarked, subject focus must always be marked. The grammatical ways of subject focus marking vary widely across the languages under discussion. Strategies used include syntactic, morphological and prosodic focus marking, as well as the reorganization of the entire clause into a thetic statement. It is argued that the special status of focused subjects follows from the fact that the default interpretation of subjects is a topic interpretation. In order to avoid this default reading, a focused subject must be marked as such.Less
In chapter 10 ‘Subject Focus in West African Languages’, Ines Fiedler, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz, and Malte Zimmermann investigate the peculiarities of subject focus marking in three West African language groups. After a discussion of various strategies of focus realization, it is shown that most languages in the sample exhibit a subject/non‐subject asymmetry with respect to focus marking: While focus on non‐subjects can often go unmarked, subject focus must always be marked. The grammatical ways of subject focus marking vary widely across the languages under discussion. Strategies used include syntactic, morphological and prosodic focus marking, as well as the reorganization of the entire clause into a thetic statement. It is argued that the special status of focused subjects follows from the fact that the default interpretation of subjects is a topic interpretation. In order to avoid this default reading, a focused subject must be marked as such.
