David M. Malone
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199278572
- eISBN:
- 9780191604119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278571.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the third phase of UN involvement in Iraq, characterized by creeping unilateralism, occurring within the context of a more multidisciplinary approach to peace operations. That ...
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This chapter discusses the third phase of UN involvement in Iraq, characterized by creeping unilateralism, occurring within the context of a more multidisciplinary approach to peace operations. That approach often incorporated humanitarian objectives into peace operations, as reflected in the deployment of UN ‘Guards’ to northern Iraq; but it was also characterized by the early resort (or reversion) by several Security Council members to unilateral action. The chapter specifically examines the imposition by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States of no-fly zones over Iraq in 1991 and 1992, and the launch of Operation Provide Comfort to protect Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq. This creeping unilateralism was a harbinger of further unilateral enforcement measures to come that would sunder the unity of the Security Council’s purpose on Iraq by 1998.Less
This chapter discusses the third phase of UN involvement in Iraq, characterized by creeping unilateralism, occurring within the context of a more multidisciplinary approach to peace operations. That approach often incorporated humanitarian objectives into peace operations, as reflected in the deployment of UN ‘Guards’ to northern Iraq; but it was also characterized by the early resort (or reversion) by several Security Council members to unilateral action. The chapter specifically examines the imposition by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States of no-fly zones over Iraq in 1991 and 1992, and the launch of Operation Provide Comfort to protect Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq. This creeping unilateralism was a harbinger of further unilateral enforcement measures to come that would sunder the unity of the Security Council’s purpose on Iraq by 1998.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation ...
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Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation was transformed by containers moved by ships, trains, and trucks. Communication and the processing and dissemination of information were revolutionized first by transistors, then by integrated circuits and microprocessors, the key components of mainframe and personal computers, televisions, and a multitude of electronic devices, many of them now taking advantage of the Internet.Less
Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation was transformed by containers moved by ships, trains, and trucks. Communication and the processing and dissemination of information were revolutionized first by transistors, then by integrated circuits and microprocessors, the key components of mainframe and personal computers, televisions, and a multitude of electronic devices, many of them now taking advantage of the Internet.
Nicholas Morris*
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the ...
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Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.Less
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Daniel M. Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195157468
- eISBN:
- 9780199894024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157468.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes how flying fantasies first captured the author's interest upon reading “The American Icarus” by Henry Murray, published in 1955 as a chapter in a book that contained several ...
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This chapter describes how flying fantasies first captured the author's interest upon reading “The American Icarus” by Henry Murray, published in 1955 as a chapter in a book that contained several case studies by various authors. Grope was the name Murray gave to the subject of his investigation. Grope was a reclusive undergraduate student at the time he was studied, a person whose presence on campus was barely noticed. There was nothing at all about his inconspicuous outward appearance to indicate that his private life was filled with spectacular imaginary shows of personal heroism. Murray described Grope as “unsurpassed” in that regard. A recurring theme in his imaginary exploits was flying. Such images were periodically accompanied by images of fire, water, and falling through space. The occasional interweaving of these images reminded Murray of the legend of Icarus.Less
This chapter describes how flying fantasies first captured the author's interest upon reading “The American Icarus” by Henry Murray, published in 1955 as a chapter in a book that contained several case studies by various authors. Grope was the name Murray gave to the subject of his investigation. Grope was a reclusive undergraduate student at the time he was studied, a person whose presence on campus was barely noticed. There was nothing at all about his inconspicuous outward appearance to indicate that his private life was filled with spectacular imaginary shows of personal heroism. Murray described Grope as “unsurpassed” in that regard. A recurring theme in his imaginary exploits was flying. Such images were periodically accompanied by images of fire, water, and falling through space. The occasional interweaving of these images reminded Murray of the legend of Icarus.
Nicholas J. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253104
- eISBN:
- 9780191600302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253102.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Charts how the Western powers came to intervene in Iraq after the Gulf War to protect Kurds in the north and Shiites in the south. Charts how the Security Council adopted in Resolution 688 a new ...
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Charts how the Western powers came to intervene in Iraq after the Gulf War to protect Kurds in the north and Shiites in the south. Charts how the Security Council adopted in Resolution 688 a new understanding of Chapter VII of the UN Charter that provided the legitimating ground for Western action in the form of the safe havens and no‐fly zones.Less
Charts how the Western powers came to intervene in Iraq after the Gulf War to protect Kurds in the north and Shiites in the south. Charts how the Security Council adopted in Resolution 688 a new understanding of Chapter VII of the UN Charter that provided the legitimating ground for Western action in the form of the safe havens and no‐fly zones.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the ...
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This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the material more liquid and manageable, and some use “bubbling” behavior to speed evaporation of excessively dilute fluids. Many groups have a strong preference for sugary fluids, and therefore commonly take some nectar as part of their adult diet; others feed on pollen. The chapter first provides an overview of the fly’s feeding apparatus as well as its sensory and behavioral capacities before discussing generalist flowers that are favored by a multitude of flies. It then considers specialist flower types that attract nectar-feeding flies, hoverfly flower types, and carrion-fly flower types. It concludes with an analysis of some other specialist cases of fly pollination of flowers.Less
This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the material more liquid and manageable, and some use “bubbling” behavior to speed evaporation of excessively dilute fluids. Many groups have a strong preference for sugary fluids, and therefore commonly take some nectar as part of their adult diet; others feed on pollen. The chapter first provides an overview of the fly’s feeding apparatus as well as its sensory and behavioral capacities before discussing generalist flowers that are favored by a multitude of flies. It then considers specialist flower types that attract nectar-feeding flies, hoverfly flower types, and carrion-fly flower types. It concludes with an analysis of some other specialist cases of fly pollination of flowers.
Wolf U. Blanckenhorn, Rudolf Meier, and Tiit Teder
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208784
- eISBN:
- 9780191709036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Rensch's rule is a common pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism among animal species. This chapter evaluates Rensch's rule in insects, using three levels of analysis. When comparisons are ...
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Rensch's rule is a common pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism among animal species. This chapter evaluates Rensch's rule in insects, using three levels of analysis. When comparisons are made among species, Rensch's rule is not more common than that which would be expected by chance: it occurs in Diptera (flies) and Heteroptera (Gerridae; water striders), but not in other insect groups. Comparisons among populations within species also show little evidence of Rensch's rule, although when the populations were ordered by latitude, Rensch's rule was more common than that which would be expected by chance. Within populations, body size tends to be more phenotypically plastic in females than in males, resulting in allometry opposite to Rensch's rule. Data on scathophagid and sepsid flies show that patterns across the three levels of comparison do not correspond well. Thus, in insects, neither the allometric patterns nor their causative processes can be generalized among taxa or among levels of analysis.Less
Rensch's rule is a common pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism among animal species. This chapter evaluates Rensch's rule in insects, using three levels of analysis. When comparisons are made among species, Rensch's rule is not more common than that which would be expected by chance: it occurs in Diptera (flies) and Heteroptera (Gerridae; water striders), but not in other insect groups. Comparisons among populations within species also show little evidence of Rensch's rule, although when the populations were ordered by latitude, Rensch's rule was more common than that which would be expected by chance. Within populations, body size tends to be more phenotypically plastic in females than in males, resulting in allometry opposite to Rensch's rule. Data on scathophagid and sepsid flies show that patterns across the three levels of comparison do not correspond well. Thus, in insects, neither the allometric patterns nor their causative processes can be generalized among taxa or among levels of analysis.
Daniel M. Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195157468
- eISBN:
- 9780199894024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157468.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter continues the author's habit of illustrating a set of ideas by applying them to a story: a modern fairy tale called Dumbo, the Flying Elephant. The notations on some of the main elements ...
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This chapter continues the author's habit of illustrating a set of ideas by applying them to a story: a modern fairy tale called Dumbo, the Flying Elephant. The notations on some of the main elements in this well-known story reiterate observations made earlier about the coincidence of imaginary flight and maternal separation. This analysis of the story is not offered as “proof” of anything that has been said. Instead, is should be regarded as an exercise, a way to consolidate some gains, or as a vehicle of transition from the realm of theory to the realm of application.Less
This chapter continues the author's habit of illustrating a set of ideas by applying them to a story: a modern fairy tale called Dumbo, the Flying Elephant. The notations on some of the main elements in this well-known story reiterate observations made earlier about the coincidence of imaginary flight and maternal separation. This analysis of the story is not offered as “proof” of anything that has been said. Instead, is should be regarded as an exercise, a way to consolidate some gains, or as a vehicle of transition from the realm of theory to the realm of application.
Solomon Schimmel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195188264
- eISBN:
- 9780199870509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188264.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter analyzes the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, the belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the theology and practices of serpent‐handling sects. This chapter points out the ...
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This chapter analyzes the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, the belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the theology and practices of serpent‐handling sects. This chapter points out the irrationality and circularity of the ‘proofs’ for ‘biblical inerrancy’ put forth by the evangelical Protestant theologian, Grudem. It then examines the claims of the fundamentalist Craig for the historicity of the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the views of the philosopher Flew, the New Testament scholar Ehrman, and the psychologist Kent, who provide naturalistic, non‐miraculous explanations for the origin and spread of the belief in Jesus' resurrection. The chapter, using Ralph Hood's concept of ‘intratextuality’ examines how members of the Pentecostal Church of God (Of Prophecy) sect, led by Hensley, derive from the Bible a mandate to handle venomous snakes in order to prove their Christian faith, and explains why their way of reading and interpreting the Bible makes no sense.Less
This chapter analyzes the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, the belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the theology and practices of serpent‐handling sects. This chapter points out the irrationality and circularity of the ‘proofs’ for ‘biblical inerrancy’ put forth by the evangelical Protestant theologian, Grudem. It then examines the claims of the fundamentalist Craig for the historicity of the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the views of the philosopher Flew, the New Testament scholar Ehrman, and the psychologist Kent, who provide naturalistic, non‐miraculous explanations for the origin and spread of the belief in Jesus' resurrection. The chapter, using Ralph Hood's concept of ‘intratextuality’ examines how members of the Pentecostal Church of God (Of Prophecy) sect, led by Hensley, derive from the Bible a mandate to handle venomous snakes in order to prove their Christian faith, and explains why their way of reading and interpreting the Bible makes no sense.
Jon McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331479
- eISBN:
- 9780199868032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331479.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The concentration of this chapter is on Avicenna’s account of the theoretical intellect (his account of the so-called practical intellect is deferred until chapter 8), beginning with his discussion ...
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The concentration of this chapter is on Avicenna’s account of the theoretical intellect (his account of the so-called practical intellect is deferred until chapter 8), beginning with his discussion of the stages of intellectual development. It next turns to the nature of the human theoretical intellect, and considers Avicenna’s arguments for the human intellect’s immateriality, its temporal origination, and also its incorruptibility, that is, its immortality. After discussing these topics, Avicenna’s theory about the Active Intellect and intellectual memory are taken up. There is then an extended discussion of Avicenna’s views concerning self-awareness. The chapter concludes by considering his naturalistic account of prophecy.Less
The concentration of this chapter is on Avicenna’s account of the theoretical intellect (his account of the so-called practical intellect is deferred until chapter 8), beginning with his discussion of the stages of intellectual development. It next turns to the nature of the human theoretical intellect, and considers Avicenna’s arguments for the human intellect’s immateriality, its temporal origination, and also its incorruptibility, that is, its immortality. After discussing these topics, Avicenna’s theory about the Active Intellect and intellectual memory are taken up. There is then an extended discussion of Avicenna’s views concerning self-awareness. The chapter concludes by considering his naturalistic account of prophecy.
Nabil Al-Tikriti
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264591
- eISBN:
- 9780191734397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264591.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines the emergence of sectarianism in Iraq. Sectarian identities have long persisted in Iraq. And although they tend to cause violence, sectarian violence did not persist as a social ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of sectarianism in Iraq. Sectarian identities have long persisted in Iraq. And although they tend to cause violence, sectarian violence did not persist as a social constant; rather, outbreaks of sectarian violence only happened on specific occasions. For some observers, Iraq is divided into three distinct ethno-sectarian regions: the Shi’i Arab in southern Iraq, the Sunni Arab in central Iraq, and the Sunni Kurdish in northern Iraq. These geographic divisions are seen within the tripartite ‘no-fly zone’ borders of 1991 to 2003. While this portrayal does bear some resemblance to reality, it is insufficient in defining Iraqi society. However in the wake of the 2003 Anglo-American invasion, the occupation authorities formed policies which encouraged gradual, progressive and incessant increases in social chaos and a sectarianism that eventually led to the violent geographic consolidation of Iraq’s ethno-sectarianism mapping.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of sectarianism in Iraq. Sectarian identities have long persisted in Iraq. And although they tend to cause violence, sectarian violence did not persist as a social constant; rather, outbreaks of sectarian violence only happened on specific occasions. For some observers, Iraq is divided into three distinct ethno-sectarian regions: the Shi’i Arab in southern Iraq, the Sunni Arab in central Iraq, and the Sunni Kurdish in northern Iraq. These geographic divisions are seen within the tripartite ‘no-fly zone’ borders of 1991 to 2003. While this portrayal does bear some resemblance to reality, it is insufficient in defining Iraqi society. However in the wake of the 2003 Anglo-American invasion, the occupation authorities formed policies which encouraged gradual, progressive and incessant increases in social chaos and a sectarianism that eventually led to the violent geographic consolidation of Iraq’s ethno-sectarianism mapping.
Harvey Molotch
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163581
- eISBN:
- 9781400852338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163581.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter focuses on air travel, perhaps the most notorious venue of the security apparatus. We learn once again from the appliances and procedures, this time of the especially elaborate system of ...
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This chapter focuses on air travel, perhaps the most notorious venue of the security apparatus. We learn once again from the appliances and procedures, this time of the especially elaborate system of precautions in the post-9/11 world of flight, that much, in concept as well as in the detail, is quite beside the point. And some of it, as per pattern, runs counter to making things safe at all. The choices that have been made are just that, choices—explicable in the specifics of their moment in the United States' political and moral history. The chapter offers up alternative ways to deal with the fear of others' flying, ways that at the same time enhance other human goals, simple ones like convenience and complex ones like contentment. The trick is to offer a response to fear of flying through less odious forms of intervention—and indeed enhancements of pleasure.Less
This chapter focuses on air travel, perhaps the most notorious venue of the security apparatus. We learn once again from the appliances and procedures, this time of the especially elaborate system of precautions in the post-9/11 world of flight, that much, in concept as well as in the detail, is quite beside the point. And some of it, as per pattern, runs counter to making things safe at all. The choices that have been made are just that, choices—explicable in the specifics of their moment in the United States' political and moral history. The chapter offers up alternative ways to deal with the fear of others' flying, ways that at the same time enhance other human goals, simple ones like convenience and complex ones like contentment. The trick is to offer a response to fear of flying through less odious forms of intervention—and indeed enhancements of pleasure.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five ...
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After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five hundred coss. For twenty-five days, the wind blew from the same quarter. When it abated a little, the author and his group doubled the Cape with great difficulty. For two weeks, they lay at anchor at Cape (town). The Ascension Island is situated to the north-west of the Cape, and they arrived there after a month's voyage. The Dutch purchase men, women, and children in Bengal. The author visited some of these slaves, and although they had forgotten the Hindee and Bengali languages, they were able to converse with the author through signs. The author also describes what he saw in the ocean, namely, the flying fish, the sea mugur, and the mermaid.Less
After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five hundred coss. For twenty-five days, the wind blew from the same quarter. When it abated a little, the author and his group doubled the Cape with great difficulty. For two weeks, they lay at anchor at Cape (town). The Ascension Island is situated to the north-west of the Cape, and they arrived there after a month's voyage. The Dutch purchase men, women, and children in Bengal. The author visited some of these slaves, and although they had forgotten the Hindee and Bengali languages, they were able to converse with the author through signs. The author also describes what he saw in the ocean, namely, the flying fish, the sea mugur, and the mermaid.
Steven Heine
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195135862
- eISBN:
- 9780199834297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195135865.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
These cases illustrate how Zen masters wield or wear symbols of charisma and authority, including sticks, staffs, and fly whisks, to which are often ascribed miraculous powers. Furthermore, it treats ...
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These cases illustrate how Zen masters wield or wear symbols of charisma and authority, including sticks, staffs, and fly whisks, to which are often ascribed miraculous powers. Furthermore, it treats the ritual significance of important symbols used in monastic ceremonies and rites, such as robes, fans, bells, screens, icons, and portraits. The symbols are crucial ways of showing the powers of Zen meditation over the skills of rival forces and figures.Less
These cases illustrate how Zen masters wield or wear symbols of charisma and authority, including sticks, staffs, and fly whisks, to which are often ascribed miraculous powers. Furthermore, it treats the ritual significance of important symbols used in monastic ceremonies and rites, such as robes, fans, bells, screens, icons, and portraits. The symbols are crucial ways of showing the powers of Zen meditation over the skills of rival forces and figures.
Diana G. Tumminia
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195176759
- eISBN:
- 9780199835720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176758.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
A short background on the phenomenon of extraterrestrial contactees helps explain the beliefs of Unarius. A section on Leon Festinger’s study of a group of flying saucer believers introduces his ...
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A short background on the phenomenon of extraterrestrial contactees helps explain the beliefs of Unarius. A section on Leon Festinger’s study of a group of flying saucer believers introduces his theory of failed prophecy. As an alternate explanation, the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality is addressed in terms of phenomenological ethnomethodology. Melvin Pollner’s work on mundane reason and fact-finding is cited along with references to the Azande to illustrate the significance of interpretation in defining what is real. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., those of Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Thomas Theorem, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard) and methods (surveys, interviews, and participant observation) are discussed.Less
A short background on the phenomenon of extraterrestrial contactees helps explain the beliefs of Unarius. A section on Leon Festinger’s study of a group of flying saucer believers introduces his theory of failed prophecy. As an alternate explanation, the theoretical perspective of the social construction of reality is addressed in terms of phenomenological ethnomethodology. Melvin Pollner’s work on mundane reason and fact-finding is cited along with references to the Azande to illustrate the significance of interpretation in defining what is real. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., those of Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Thomas Theorem, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard) and methods (surveys, interviews, and participant observation) are discussed.
Diana G. Tumminia
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195176759
- eISBN:
- 9780199835720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176758.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The author describes the setting, entry into the field, and the difficulty of writing an ethnography about a group with an unusual worldview. She meets members, who are called students, and the ...
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The author describes the setting, entry into the field, and the difficulty of writing an ethnography about a group with an unusual worldview. She meets members, who are called students, and the coordinator named Antares. The students explain their science and their belief in past-life therapy, cycles, and recovered memories. They glean knowledge from channeling, inspiration, and the practice of psychodrama. The 2001 millennial prophecy speaks of the arrival of a fleet of flying saucers that will lead an age of spiritual and scientific transformation.Less
The author describes the setting, entry into the field, and the difficulty of writing an ethnography about a group with an unusual worldview. She meets members, who are called students, and the coordinator named Antares. The students explain their science and their belief in past-life therapy, cycles, and recovered memories. They glean knowledge from channeling, inspiration, and the practice of psychodrama. The 2001 millennial prophecy speaks of the arrival of a fleet of flying saucers that will lead an age of spiritual and scientific transformation.
Karin Vélez
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174006
- eISBN:
- 9780691184494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174006.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Since the miraculous flying house first surfaced, people have applied historical methods to better understand it. But these attempts have fallen short at explaining three hallmarks of the Loreto ...
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Since the miraculous flying house first surfaced, people have applied historical methods to better understand it. But these attempts have fallen short at explaining three hallmarks of the Loreto devotion: its movement (journeys), its grafting onto new venerated objects (pairings), and its lasting appeal (due in part to people's continued real, lived experiences). This chapter presents a basic background and descriptions of key features of Loreto's devotion. It focuses on questions such as: What are the possible avenues that have been explored by those keen to crack past mysteries like Loreto's flying house? How do particular choices of focus constrain understanding? How do the ways that people describe an event contribute to that event's staying power? These questions are broached and answered in the surveys of both deconstructive methods and reconstructive counterapproaches.Less
Since the miraculous flying house first surfaced, people have applied historical methods to better understand it. But these attempts have fallen short at explaining three hallmarks of the Loreto devotion: its movement (journeys), its grafting onto new venerated objects (pairings), and its lasting appeal (due in part to people's continued real, lived experiences). This chapter presents a basic background and descriptions of key features of Loreto's devotion. It focuses on questions such as: What are the possible avenues that have been explored by those keen to crack past mysteries like Loreto's flying house? How do particular choices of focus constrain understanding? How do the ways that people describe an event contribute to that event's staying power? These questions are broached and answered in the surveys of both deconstructive methods and reconstructive counterapproaches.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed ...
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This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed from a means of gathering knowledge to a means of acquiring political control. As agents strove to fulfill their dreams of adventure in Arabia, they strayed into the realm of warfare, applying their expertise on Arab affairs to the use and theorization of irregular warfare, deception tactics, and airpower, all of which set the Middle East campaigns apart from the war of attrition in Europe. The official construction of Arabia as a “spy-space” where the expert agent knew how to meet cunning with cunning was central in the articulation of these tactics and underwrote the adoption of an avowedly conscienceless approach to involvement in the Middle East.Less
This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed from a means of gathering knowledge to a means of acquiring political control. As agents strove to fulfill their dreams of adventure in Arabia, they strayed into the realm of warfare, applying their expertise on Arab affairs to the use and theorization of irregular warfare, deception tactics, and airpower, all of which set the Middle East campaigns apart from the war of attrition in Europe. The official construction of Arabia as a “spy-space” where the expert agent knew how to meet cunning with cunning was central in the articulation of these tactics and underwrote the adoption of an avowedly conscienceless approach to involvement in the Middle East.
Andrew Biewener and Sheila Patek
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198743156
- eISBN:
- 9780191803031
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ecology
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion ...
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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.Less
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.
Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter provides an overview of the main properties of lexical concepts. It argues that lexical concepts, by virtue of constituting units of semantic structure — the semantic pole of a symbolic ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the main properties of lexical concepts. It argues that lexical concepts, by virtue of constituting units of semantic structure — the semantic pole of a symbolic unit — are thereby central elements of the language user's mental grammar. The chapter also provides a methodology for identifying distinct lexical concepts and illustrates this with a detailed examination of the lexical concepts associated with the forms time and flying.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the main properties of lexical concepts. It argues that lexical concepts, by virtue of constituting units of semantic structure — the semantic pole of a symbolic unit — are thereby central elements of the language user's mental grammar. The chapter also provides a methodology for identifying distinct lexical concepts and illustrates this with a detailed examination of the lexical concepts associated with the forms time and flying.
