Anatoly Larkin (late) and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and ...
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This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and microscopical methods of the quantum field theory in the description of fluctuations. The second half provides a wide panorama of the superconductive fluctuations manifestated in different observables: their role in fields such as high temperature superconductivity, nano-superconductivity, the physics of Josephson junctions and granular superconductors, and strongly disordered superconductors. Other textbooks on this subject postulate that the BCS theory of superconductivity is an exact one. This book dispels this, indicating the limits of the applicability of the mean field theory and demonstrating the existence of a wide circle of interesting phenomena beyond its confines.Less
This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and microscopical methods of the quantum field theory in the description of fluctuations. The second half provides a wide panorama of the superconductive fluctuations manifestated in different observables: their role in fields such as high temperature superconductivity, nano-superconductivity, the physics of Josephson junctions and granular superconductors, and strongly disordered superconductors. Other textbooks on this subject postulate that the BCS theory of superconductivity is an exact one. This book dispels this, indicating the limits of the applicability of the mean field theory and demonstrating the existence of a wide circle of interesting phenomena beyond its confines.
Richard M. Goodwin
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283355
- eISBN:
- 9780191596315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283350.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The control variable in the previous chapter is interpreted here as public net income‐generating expenditure. In the absence of compensatory policy, the model of the previous chapter results in a ...
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The control variable in the previous chapter is interpreted here as public net income‐generating expenditure. In the absence of compensatory policy, the model of the previous chapter results in a highly irregular time series and maximum unemployment of 12%. In contrast, almost perfect smoothing is possible by large and rapid intervention, based upon derivative control, at the early stages of the fluctuation. The addition of proportional control can ensure that equilibrium unemployment falls gradually to an appropriately low level. Problems of implementation are discussed.Less
The control variable in the previous chapter is interpreted here as public net income‐generating expenditure. In the absence of compensatory policy, the model of the previous chapter results in a highly irregular time series and maximum unemployment of 12%. In contrast, almost perfect smoothing is possible by large and rapid intervention, based upon derivative control, at the early stages of the fluctuation. The addition of proportional control can ensure that equilibrium unemployment falls gradually to an appropriately low level. Problems of implementation are discussed.
Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Political variables (median voter and median parliamentary, government and ministry positions) change more radically and more quickly than policy outputs. This accounts for the lack of relationships ...
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Political variables (median voter and median parliamentary, government and ministry positions) change more radically and more quickly than policy outputs. This accounts for the lack of relationships previous studies have failed to find as we did, too, in chapters 8 and 9, between political changes and policy. However, political forces oscillate round stable equilibrium positions, which show a strong relationship to the policy regimes’ equilibria previously uncovered. In the long term, the responsiveness of the median parliamentary position to the median voter position is high, as is government position to MPP, and ministries to government position.Less
Political variables (median voter and median parliamentary, government and ministry positions) change more radically and more quickly than policy outputs. This accounts for the lack of relationships previous studies have failed to find as we did, too, in chapters 8 and 9, between political changes and policy. However, political forces oscillate round stable equilibrium positions, which show a strong relationship to the policy regimes’ equilibria previously uncovered. In the long term, the responsiveness of the median parliamentary position to the median voter position is high, as is government position to MPP, and ministries to government position.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses the contributions of superconducting fluctuations to the spin susceptibility and the NMR relaxation rate. It is shown that for both these effects, the interplay of different ...
More
This chapter discusses the contributions of superconducting fluctuations to the spin susceptibility and the NMR relaxation rate. It is shown that for both these effects, the interplay of different fluctuation contributions is unusual with respect to the case of the conductivity.Less
This chapter discusses the contributions of superconducting fluctuations to the spin susceptibility and the NMR relaxation rate. It is shown that for both these effects, the interplay of different fluctuation contributions is unusual with respect to the case of the conductivity.
Melvin Lax, Wei Cai, and Min Xu
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567769
- eISBN:
- 9780191718359
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book discusses random processes in physics, from basic probability theory to the Fokker-Planck process and Langevin equation for the Fokker Planck process and diffusion. It includes diverse ...
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This book discusses random processes in physics, from basic probability theory to the Fokker-Planck process and Langevin equation for the Fokker Planck process and diffusion. It includes diverse applications, such as explanations of very narrow laser width, analytical solutions of the elastic Boltzmann transport equation, and a critical viewpoint of mathematics currently used in the world of finance. The name ‘econophysics’ has been used to denote the use of the mathematical techniques developed for the study of random processes in physical systems to applications in the economic and financial worlds. Since a substantial number of physicists are now employed in the financial arena or are doing research in this area, it is appropriate to give a course that emphasises and relates physical applications to financial applications. The course and text in this book differ from mathematical texts by emphasising the origins of noise, as opposed to an analysis of its transformation by linear and nonlinear devices. Among other topics, this book discusses thermal noise, shot noise, fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and delta functions.Less
This book discusses random processes in physics, from basic probability theory to the Fokker-Planck process and Langevin equation for the Fokker Planck process and diffusion. It includes diverse applications, such as explanations of very narrow laser width, analytical solutions of the elastic Boltzmann transport equation, and a critical viewpoint of mathematics currently used in the world of finance. The name ‘econophysics’ has been used to denote the use of the mathematical techniques developed for the study of random processes in physical systems to applications in the economic and financial worlds. Since a substantial number of physicists are now employed in the financial arena or are doing research in this area, it is appropriate to give a course that emphasises and relates physical applications to financial applications. The course and text in this book differ from mathematical texts by emphasising the origins of noise, as opposed to an analysis of its transformation by linear and nonlinear devices. Among other topics, this book discusses thermal noise, shot noise, fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and delta functions.
S.P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623891
- eISBN:
- 9780748651276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both ...
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This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both continuity and change of presentation in relation to a wartime event that acquired near-mythical dimensions in popular consciousness even before it happened, and which has been represented multiple times over the course of the past seven decades. Alongside technical developments, considerable social, cultural and political fluctuation (as well as an expansion of factual knowledge concerning the battle itself) occurred in this period, all of which helped to shape how the battle came to be framed at particular junctures. The ways in which the Battle of Britain was being represented in other fictional forms, as well as in histories and commemorations, form part of the context in which screen representations are explored. Films discussed in detail include The Lion Has Wings, First of the Few, Angels One Five, Reach for the Sky and Battle of Britain, along with the television productions Piece of Cake and A Perfect Hero. Foreign productions, such as A Yank in the RAF and Dark Blue World, as well as abandoned projects and dramas in which ‘The Few’ feature in a more tangential fashion, are also mentioned in context. The emphasis throughout is on production issues and the extent to which these screen dramas reflected or influenced popular understanding of 1940.Less
This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both continuity and change of presentation in relation to a wartime event that acquired near-mythical dimensions in popular consciousness even before it happened, and which has been represented multiple times over the course of the past seven decades. Alongside technical developments, considerable social, cultural and political fluctuation (as well as an expansion of factual knowledge concerning the battle itself) occurred in this period, all of which helped to shape how the battle came to be framed at particular junctures. The ways in which the Battle of Britain was being represented in other fictional forms, as well as in histories and commemorations, form part of the context in which screen representations are explored. Films discussed in detail include The Lion Has Wings, First of the Few, Angels One Five, Reach for the Sky and Battle of Britain, along with the television productions Piece of Cake and A Perfect Hero. Foreign productions, such as A Yank in the RAF and Dark Blue World, as well as abandoned projects and dramas in which ‘The Few’ feature in a more tangential fashion, are also mentioned in context. The emphasis throughout is on production issues and the extent to which these screen dramas reflected or influenced popular understanding of 1940.
Robert M. Mazo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556441
- eISBN:
- 9780191705625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556441.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been ...
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Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been carried over to other fluctuation phenomena. This book treats the physical theory of Brownian motion. The extensive mathematical theory, which treats the subject as a subfield of the general theory of random processes, is touched on but not presented in any detail. Random or stochastic process theory and statistical mechanics are the primary tools. The first eight chapters treat the stochastic theory and some applications. The next six present the statistical mechanical point of view. Then follows chapters on applications to diffusion, noise, and polymers, followed by a treatment of the motion of interacting Brownian particles. The book ends with a final chapter treating simulation, fractals, and chaos.Less
Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been carried over to other fluctuation phenomena. This book treats the physical theory of Brownian motion. The extensive mathematical theory, which treats the subject as a subfield of the general theory of random processes, is touched on but not presented in any detail. Random or stochastic process theory and statistical mechanics are the primary tools. The first eight chapters treat the stochastic theory and some applications. The next six present the statistical mechanical point of view. Then follows chapters on applications to diffusion, noise, and polymers, followed by a treatment of the motion of interacting Brownian particles. The book ends with a final chapter treating simulation, fractals, and chaos.
Timo Seppäläinen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239252
- eISBN:
- 9780191716911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239252.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Analysis
This chapter discusses random growth models describing the evolution of an interface in the plane. For specific models, three basic questions are discussed. First, under appropriate scaling, what is ...
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This chapter discusses random growth models describing the evolution of an interface in the plane. For specific models, three basic questions are discussed. First, under appropriate scaling, what is the limiting shape of the interface and what is the partial differential equation governing its evolution? Second, how can random fluctuations around the limit behaviour be described? Third, how can atypical behaviour be characterized? The power of probabilistic tools is demonstrated by employing laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, and large deviation techniques to answer these questions, respectively.Less
This chapter discusses random growth models describing the evolution of an interface in the plane. For specific models, three basic questions are discussed. First, under appropriate scaling, what is the limiting shape of the interface and what is the partial differential equation governing its evolution? Second, how can random fluctuations around the limit behaviour be described? Third, how can atypical behaviour be characterized? The power of probabilistic tools is demonstrated by employing laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, and large deviation techniques to answer these questions, respectively.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The chapter starts with a discussion of the general properties of a Josephson junction. Fluctuation broadening of the emission line due to both thermal fluctuations of the voltage and thermal ...
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The chapter starts with a discussion of the general properties of a Josephson junction. Fluctuation broadening of the emission line due to both thermal fluctuations of the voltage and thermal fluctuations of the order parameter are then calculated. In the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism, the fluctuation suppression of the Josephson current below Tc is found. Josephson current decay due to the thermal phase fluctuations and the phenomenon of macroscopic quantum tunneling are discussed. Different regimes of pair tunneling through the washboard potential are considered.Less
The chapter starts with a discussion of the general properties of a Josephson junction. Fluctuation broadening of the emission line due to both thermal fluctuations of the voltage and thermal fluctuations of the order parameter are then calculated. In the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism, the fluctuation suppression of the Josephson current below Tc is found. Josephson current decay due to the thermal phase fluctuations and the phenomenon of macroscopic quantum tunneling are discussed. Different regimes of pair tunneling through the washboard potential are considered.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management ...
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This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management of the biggest economic risks facing governments and society. Robert Shiller argues that we have largely the wrong financial markets, and that establishing new ones may fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations (and thus enable better risk management) and reduce the inequality of incomes. Shiller argues that although some risks, such as natural disaster or temporary unemployment, are shared by society, most risks are borne by the individual, and standards of living are determined by luck. He investigates whether a new technology of markets could make risk sharing possible and shows how new contracts could be designed to hedge all manner of risks to the individual's living standards. He proposes new international markets for perpetual claims on national incomes, and on components and aggregates of national incomes, concluding that these markets may well dwarf our stock markets in their activity and significance. He also argues for new liquid international markets for residential and commercial property. Establishing such unprecedented new markets presents some important technical problems that Shiller attempts to solve with proposals for implementing futures markets on perpetual claims on incomes, and for the construction of index numbers for cash settlement of risk management contracts. These new markets could fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations, and reduce the inequality of incomes around the world. Much of the book is technical, and it is intended mostly for economists, contract designers at futures and options exchanges, originators of swaps and other financial deals, and designers of retail products associated with risk management (such as insurance, pension plans, and mortgages). However, the material within the book is mostly arranged so that a non‐technical reader can follow the broad themes, and until Ch. 6, most of the technical material is relegated to appendices.Less
This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management of the biggest economic risks facing governments and society. Robert Shiller argues that we have largely the wrong financial markets, and that establishing new ones may fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations (and thus enable better risk management) and reduce the inequality of incomes. Shiller argues that although some risks, such as natural disaster or temporary unemployment, are shared by society, most risks are borne by the individual, and standards of living are determined by luck. He investigates whether a new technology of markets could make risk sharing possible and shows how new contracts could be designed to hedge all manner of risks to the individual's living standards. He proposes new international markets for perpetual claims on national incomes, and on components and aggregates of national incomes, concluding that these markets may well dwarf our stock markets in their activity and significance. He also argues for new liquid international markets for residential and commercial property. Establishing such unprecedented new markets presents some important technical problems that Shiller attempts to solve with proposals for implementing futures markets on perpetual claims on incomes, and for the construction of index numbers for cash settlement of risk management contracts. These new markets could fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations, and reduce the inequality of incomes around the world. Much of the book is technical, and it is intended mostly for economists, contract designers at futures and options exchanges, originators of swaps and other financial deals, and designers of retail products associated with risk management (such as insurance, pension plans, and mortgages). However, the material within the book is mostly arranged so that a non‐technical reader can follow the broad themes, and until Ch. 6, most of the technical material is relegated to appendices.
Eric Post
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148472
- eISBN:
- 9781400846139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148472.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explores the dynamics of plant and animal species and species assemblages during the Earth's most recent period of rapid warming to garner insights into the potential consequences of ...
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This chapter explores the dynamics of plant and animal species and species assemblages during the Earth's most recent period of rapid warming to garner insights into the potential consequences of future rapid climate change. From the perspective of climate change ecology, the Late Pleistocene and the Pleistocene–Holocene transition are relevant because they represent the end of a prolonged period of climatic fluctuation on multiple temporal scales followed by rapid warming. Not only did Earth's major biomes undergo extensive compositional changes during the late Quaternary and near the termination of the Pleistocene epoch, they also underwent geographically large-scale redistributions, and did so rapidly, in some cases on the scale of decades. If rapid warming during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition contributed to—or even acted as the main driver of—mass extinctions, such a scenario would seem to suggest that contemporary climate change has a similar capacity to precipitate species losses.Less
This chapter explores the dynamics of plant and animal species and species assemblages during the Earth's most recent period of rapid warming to garner insights into the potential consequences of future rapid climate change. From the perspective of climate change ecology, the Late Pleistocene and the Pleistocene–Holocene transition are relevant because they represent the end of a prolonged period of climatic fluctuation on multiple temporal scales followed by rapid warming. Not only did Earth's major biomes undergo extensive compositional changes during the late Quaternary and near the termination of the Pleistocene epoch, they also underwent geographically large-scale redistributions, and did so rapidly, in some cases on the scale of decades. If rapid warming during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition contributed to—or even acted as the main driver of—mass extinctions, such a scenario would seem to suggest that contemporary climate change has a similar capacity to precipitate species losses.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The specifics for a one-dimensional superconductor fluctuation mechanism of phase-slip events are discussed and the corresponding smearing of the transition is found using the framework of the ...
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The specifics for a one-dimensional superconductor fluctuation mechanism of phase-slip events are discussed and the corresponding smearing of the transition is found using the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism. The quantum theory of phase slip events is demonstrated with the example of the nano-ring.Less
The specifics for a one-dimensional superconductor fluctuation mechanism of phase-slip events are discussed and the corresponding smearing of the transition is found using the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism. The quantum theory of phase slip events is demonstrated with the example of the nano-ring.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces the Ginzburg-Landau functional and provides a general description of fluctuation thermodynamics within the framework of the functional integration over the fluctuation fields ...
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This chapter introduces the Ginzburg-Landau functional and provides a general description of fluctuation thermodynamics within the framework of the functional integration over the fluctuation fields approach. The method, in its harmonic approximation, is applied to the effect of fluctuations on heat capacity and magnetization of a superconductor at the critical temperature. The criterion of its validity (Ginzburg-Levanyuk criterion) is derived. An extension of the theory on close vicinity of transition is demonstrated within the framework of the renormalization group approach. The shift in critical temperature by fluctuations of the order parameter and electromagnetic fields is obtained.Less
This chapter introduces the Ginzburg-Landau functional and provides a general description of fluctuation thermodynamics within the framework of the functional integration over the fluctuation fields approach. The method, in its harmonic approximation, is applied to the effect of fluctuations on heat capacity and magnetization of a superconductor at the critical temperature. The criterion of its validity (Ginzburg-Levanyuk criterion) is derived. An extension of the theory on close vicinity of transition is demonstrated within the framework of the renormalization group approach. The shift in critical temperature by fluctuations of the order parameter and electromagnetic fields is obtained.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents the basic aspects of the microscopic description of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notion of fluctuation propagator as the vertex part of the electron: electron ...
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This chapter presents the basic aspects of the microscopic description of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notion of fluctuation propagator as the vertex part of the electron: electron interaction in the Cooper channel, diagrammatic representation of fluctuation corrections, the method of their averaging over impurities, are introduced. The developed method of Matsubara temperature Green's functions applied to a description of the fluctuations allows the determination of the values of the phenomenological parameters of the GL theory. It also allows the determination of the treatment of fluctuation effects quantitatively, even far from the transition point, and for strong magnetic fields taking into account the contributions of dynamical and short wavelength fluctuations, as well as the quantum effects eluding from the phenomenological consideration.Less
This chapter presents the basic aspects of the microscopic description of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notion of fluctuation propagator as the vertex part of the electron: electron interaction in the Cooper channel, diagrammatic representation of fluctuation corrections, the method of their averaging over impurities, are introduced. The developed method of Matsubara temperature Green's functions applied to a description of the fluctuations allows the determination of the values of the phenomenological parameters of the GL theory. It also allows the determination of the treatment of fluctuation effects quantitatively, even far from the transition point, and for strong magnetic fields taking into account the contributions of dynamical and short wavelength fluctuations, as well as the quantum effects eluding from the phenomenological consideration.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter analyses the effect of a magnetic field on superconducting fluctuations. First, the self-consistent treatment of the critical temperature shift in a magnetic field is demonstrated. The ...
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This chapter analyses the effect of a magnetic field on superconducting fluctuations. First, the self-consistent treatment of the critical temperature shift in a magnetic field is demonstrated. The fluctuation corrections to magnetoconductivity are then calculated at points near and far from the transition temperature. The effect of fluctuations on the Hall conductivity and its specifics in the high-temperature superconductors are discussed. In addition to the phenomenological results seen in Chapter 2, the short wave-length and dynamical fluctuation contributions to the fluctuation magnetic susceptibility far from transition are analysed. The quantum fluctuations in magnetic fields above Hc2 are considered.Less
This chapter analyses the effect of a magnetic field on superconducting fluctuations. First, the self-consistent treatment of the critical temperature shift in a magnetic field is demonstrated. The fluctuation corrections to magnetoconductivity are then calculated at points near and far from the transition temperature. The effect of fluctuations on the Hall conductivity and its specifics in the high-temperature superconductors are discussed. In addition to the phenomenological results seen in Chapter 2, the short wave-length and dynamical fluctuation contributions to the fluctuation magnetic susceptibility far from transition are analysed. The quantum fluctuations in magnetic fields above Hc2 are considered.
Richard D. Bedford and Jacques Poot
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388138
- eISBN:
- 9780199863440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388138.003.0017
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
New Zealand, or Aotearoa as these antipodean islands are called in the indigenous Maori language, is a country of both extensive immigration and emigration. This chapter addresses the considerable ...
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New Zealand, or Aotearoa as these antipodean islands are called in the indigenous Maori language, is a country of both extensive immigration and emigration. This chapter addresses the considerable “churn” in the country's contemporary international migration system. New Zealand has an extensive diaspora of expatriates, and contemporary immigration policy is focused on attracting new residents, especially from countries in Europe and Asia, and encouraging New Zealanders living overseas to return. Immigrant surveys suggest that quality of life and the environment tend to be more important attraction factors than wages or economic opportunity. There has been an increasing trend toward politicization of debates about immigration, especially since the 1990s with the major influx of Asian migrants. Notwithstanding this, the prevailing attitude at both political and public levels is that New Zealand needs immigrants, if only to offset the losses of New Zealanders overseas.Less
New Zealand, or Aotearoa as these antipodean islands are called in the indigenous Maori language, is a country of both extensive immigration and emigration. This chapter addresses the considerable “churn” in the country's contemporary international migration system. New Zealand has an extensive diaspora of expatriates, and contemporary immigration policy is focused on attracting new residents, especially from countries in Europe and Asia, and encouraging New Zealanders living overseas to return. Immigrant surveys suggest that quality of life and the environment tend to be more important attraction factors than wages or economic opportunity. There has been an increasing trend toward politicization of debates about immigration, especially since the 1990s with the major influx of Asian migrants. Notwithstanding this, the prevailing attitude at both political and public levels is that New Zealand needs immigrants, if only to offset the losses of New Zealanders overseas.
Alfred Maizels, Robert Bacon, and George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233381
- eISBN:
- 9780191678981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233381.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and ...
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In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and production compared to consumption — is reflected through depressed price levels. Governments in developed countries use a series mechanisms of supply management for supporting producing incomes above the minimum in temperate-zone agriculture, steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Surpluses in primary commodity markets of export are generally found to reflect a part of a longer economic cycle, specifically for tree crops and their long gestation period. This chapter looks into a supply management approach for beverage crops that aims to benefit not only the producing countries through foreign exchange earnings, but also developed consuming countries as well through reducing price fluctuations.Less
In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and production compared to consumption — is reflected through depressed price levels. Governments in developed countries use a series mechanisms of supply management for supporting producing incomes above the minimum in temperate-zone agriculture, steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Surpluses in primary commodity markets of export are generally found to reflect a part of a longer economic cycle, specifically for tree crops and their long gestation period. This chapter looks into a supply management approach for beverage crops that aims to benefit not only the producing countries through foreign exchange earnings, but also developed consuming countries as well through reducing price fluctuations.
Philip Hans Franses and Richard Paap
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199242023
- eISBN:
- 9780191601286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924202X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Chapter 2 aims to convince the reader that economic time series show marked seasonality and an obvious trend, and, foremost, that the patterns of these trends and seasonal fluctuations do not seem to ...
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Chapter 2 aims to convince the reader that economic time series show marked seasonality and an obvious trend, and, foremost, that the patterns of these trends and seasonal fluctuations do not seem to be very stable over time, nor do they seem to be similar across time series. We illustrate this for a range of quarterly US industrial production series, but other quarterly series from other countries would have yielded the same qualitative conclusion, as a glance at the relevant literature will indicate. We use graphical techniques and recently developed tests for seasonal unit roots. When economic data show evidence of unit roots, then one can conclude that the trend or the seasonal patterns are of a stochastic nature. This observation provides motivation for considering periodic models for economic data with a stochastic trend.Less
Chapter 2 aims to convince the reader that economic time series show marked seasonality and an obvious trend, and, foremost, that the patterns of these trends and seasonal fluctuations do not seem to be very stable over time, nor do they seem to be similar across time series. We illustrate this for a range of quarterly US industrial production series, but other quarterly series from other countries would have yielded the same qualitative conclusion, as a glance at the relevant literature will indicate. We use graphical techniques and recently developed tests for seasonal unit roots. When economic data show evidence of unit roots, then one can conclude that the trend or the seasonal patterns are of a stochastic nature. This observation provides motivation for considering periodic models for economic data with a stochastic trend.
Robert Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161051
- eISBN:
- 9781400850259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161051.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter looks at settlements. The Ionian migration, which was in the nature of a mass exodus, led principally to the settlement of the Aegean islands and the (now Turkish) Western Anatolian ...
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This chapter looks at settlements. The Ionian migration, which was in the nature of a mass exodus, led principally to the settlement of the Aegean islands and the (now Turkish) Western Anatolian coastline in the region between Smyrna and Miletus. Some time later Aeolian Greeks living in Thessaly settled in the region north of Smyrna, while Dorians from the Peloponnese settled to the south of Miletus. A second wave of settlement occurred in the archaic period and lasted from around the middle of the eighth century to the end of the sixth. The chapter assesses why so many Greeks came to settle permanently abroad. One theory is that many settlements were founded in response to overpopulation and land hunger. Another explanation is resource fluctuations. However, though overpopulation and land hunger may have been prominent factors, each community had its own specific mix of reasons for sending pioneers abroad.Less
This chapter looks at settlements. The Ionian migration, which was in the nature of a mass exodus, led principally to the settlement of the Aegean islands and the (now Turkish) Western Anatolian coastline in the region between Smyrna and Miletus. Some time later Aeolian Greeks living in Thessaly settled in the region north of Smyrna, while Dorians from the Peloponnese settled to the south of Miletus. A second wave of settlement occurred in the archaic period and lasted from around the middle of the eighth century to the end of the sixth. The chapter assesses why so many Greeks came to settle permanently abroad. One theory is that many settlements were founded in response to overpopulation and land hunger. Another explanation is resource fluctuations. However, though overpopulation and land hunger may have been prominent factors, each community had its own specific mix of reasons for sending pioneers abroad.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0022
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter presents the basic elements of statistical mechanics, and derives differential laws of thermostatics of deformed nuclei. Adiabatic and isothermal susceptibilities are introduced. Density ...
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This chapter presents the basic elements of statistical mechanics, and derives differential laws of thermostatics of deformed nuclei. Adiabatic and isothermal susceptibilities are introduced. Density operators for generalized ensembles are defined, from which various extremal properties are deduced, together with the second law and the meaning of quasi-static processes. Level densities and energy distributions are discussed, for which the Darwin-Fowler procedure and Gaussian approximations are introduced, respectively. Such methods allow for simple but realistic estimates of fluctuations of energy and temperature, and thus help to understand the applicability of the canonical ensemble to nuclei as isolated and self-bound systems. This property reflects itself in inherent uncertainties in the value of temperature, as expressed most clearly by a thermal uncertainty relation. Likewise, there is the obvious lack of extensivity, which is believed to lead to negative specific heats. A critical review upon these issues is given. Finally, general formulas for thermostatic potentials of independent particles are derived.Less
This chapter presents the basic elements of statistical mechanics, and derives differential laws of thermostatics of deformed nuclei. Adiabatic and isothermal susceptibilities are introduced. Density operators for generalized ensembles are defined, from which various extremal properties are deduced, together with the second law and the meaning of quasi-static processes. Level densities and energy distributions are discussed, for which the Darwin-Fowler procedure and Gaussian approximations are introduced, respectively. Such methods allow for simple but realistic estimates of fluctuations of energy and temperature, and thus help to understand the applicability of the canonical ensemble to nuclei as isolated and self-bound systems. This property reflects itself in inherent uncertainties in the value of temperature, as expressed most clearly by a thermal uncertainty relation. Likewise, there is the obvious lack of extensivity, which is believed to lead to negative specific heats. A critical review upon these issues is given. Finally, general formulas for thermostatic potentials of independent particles are derived.
