Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.05
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The chapter examines the changing patterns in the overseas trade of London between 1200 and 1500. The overseas merchants included the Gascons who brought wine, the Spaniards and Portuguese who ...
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The chapter examines the changing patterns in the overseas trade of London between 1200 and 1500. The overseas merchants included the Gascons who brought wine, the Spaniards and Portuguese who brought leather; the Hanse merchants from the Baltic who imported fish, timber, furs, wax and iron; and the Italians who brought spices and luxury goods from the Mediterranean. The impact of Royal ambitions abroad on the patterns of London's trade is explored, and the rise and fall of the export of wool and the contingent rise of English cloth exports is charted and demonstrated with graphs. By the end of the period, it is argued that London had secured a virtual monopoly of England's overseas trade.Less
The chapter examines the changing patterns in the overseas trade of London between 1200 and 1500. The overseas merchants included the Gascons who brought wine, the Spaniards and Portuguese who brought leather; the Hanse merchants from the Baltic who imported fish, timber, furs, wax and iron; and the Italians who brought spices and luxury goods from the Mediterranean. The impact of Royal ambitions abroad on the patterns of London's trade is explored, and the rise and fall of the export of wool and the contingent rise of English cloth exports is charted and demonstrated with graphs. By the end of the period, it is argued that London had secured a virtual monopoly of England's overseas trade.
Michael Power, James D. Reist, and J. Brian Dempson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater ...
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There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater species, which display a complex variety of life-history tactics, varying in growth and feeding patterns to produce ecophenotypes that occupy distinctive niches. Anadromous Arctic char use lake habitats for critical life-history stages, including reproduction, juvenile growth, and over-wintering. Lakes, therefore, provide essential habitat for all Arctic char populations. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) also occur in the Arctic, and are an important food source where they occur. Most other species, with the exception of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius), occur only as populations at the northern fringes of their distributional range. While their occurrence can complicate the ecology of any given lake, such species are not an integral part of most high Arctic lake environments.Less
There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater species, which display a complex variety of life-history tactics, varying in growth and feeding patterns to produce ecophenotypes that occupy distinctive niches. Anadromous Arctic char use lake habitats for critical life-history stages, including reproduction, juvenile growth, and over-wintering. Lakes, therefore, provide essential habitat for all Arctic char populations. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) also occur in the Arctic, and are an important food source where they occur. Most other species, with the exception of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius), occur only as populations at the northern fringes of their distributional range. While their occurrence can complicate the ecology of any given lake, such species are not an integral part of most high Arctic lake environments.
José M. Fariña, Alvaro T. Palma, and F. Patricio Ojeda
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and the important role that the El Niño cycle plays in Chilean kelp forest ecology. The structure of the food web from primary producers to ...
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The chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and the important role that the El Niño cycle plays in Chilean kelp forest ecology. The structure of the food web from primary producers to consumers is described and the potential effect of the artisanal fishery and effect of the loss of kelp forests on the on the food web and fishery are discussed.Less
The chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and the important role that the El Niño cycle plays in Chilean kelp forest ecology. The structure of the food web from primary producers to consumers is described and the potential effect of the artisanal fishery and effect of the loss of kelp forests on the on the food web and fishery are discussed.
Tim R. McClanahan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling ...
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This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling their ecology as well as a simulation model of fishing with the expected model and realized effects of fishing on the ecosystem.Less
This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling their ecology as well as a simulation model of fishing with the expected model and realized effects of fishing on the ecosystem.
Bertil Borg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335903
- eISBN:
- 9780199775446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335903.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter provides an overview of how the photoperiod controls seasonal cycles in fishes. Most attention is given to reproduction, but migration is also included. The chapter mainly deals with ...
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This chapter provides an overview of how the photoperiod controls seasonal cycles in fishes. Most attention is given to reproduction, but migration is also included. The chapter mainly deals with experimental studies; investigations where biological events are correlated with environmental factors (e.g., sampling series from the field) are given less attention.Less
This chapter provides an overview of how the photoperiod controls seasonal cycles in fishes. Most attention is given to reproduction, but migration is also included. The chapter mainly deals with experimental studies; investigations where biological events are correlated with environmental factors (e.g., sampling series from the field) are given less attention.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, fishing, pastoral and agriculture development, introduction of non-native organisms by humans, mineral and oil extraction, pollution, tourism, military uses of the polar regions, and conservation.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, fishing, pastoral and agriculture development, introduction of non-native organisms by humans, mineral and oil extraction, pollution, tourism, military uses of the polar regions, and conservation.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the ecology of open oceans in polar regions. Topics covered include gradients in waters, the plankton, the physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton, the zooplankton, squid, ...
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This chapter discusses the ecology of open oceans in polar regions. Topics covered include gradients in waters, the plankton, the physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton, the zooplankton, squid, fish, and polar marine pelagic systems.Less
This chapter discusses the ecology of open oceans in polar regions. Topics covered include gradients in waters, the plankton, the physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton, the zooplankton, squid, fish, and polar marine pelagic systems.
Charles R. C. Sheppard, Simon K. Davy, and Graham M. Pilling
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198566359
- eISBN:
- 9780191713934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's ...
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Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries of both invertebrate and vertebrate resources around the world is examined. Methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources are detailed, and potential ways in which these pressures may be managed and controlled are described.Less
Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries of both invertebrate and vertebrate resources around the world is examined. Methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources are detailed, and potential ways in which these pressures may be managed and controlled are described.
George M. Branch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The chapter summarizes the ecology of the subtidal reefs of South Africa. Discussions include the role of wind, productivity, and oceanographic conditions, the important role of currents and the ...
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The chapter summarizes the ecology of the subtidal reefs of South Africa. Discussions include the role of wind, productivity, and oceanographic conditions, the important role of currents and the physical forces as well as the species interactions, including rock lobsters, abalone, and sea urchins.Less
The chapter summarizes the ecology of the subtidal reefs of South Africa. Discussions include the role of wind, productivity, and oceanographic conditions, the important role of currents and the physical forces as well as the species interactions, including rock lobsters, abalone, and sea urchins.
Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Thomas A. Okey, and Stuart Banks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the ...
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This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.Less
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.
Peter W. Glynn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological ...
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This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.Less
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.
Morwenna Ludlow
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199280766
- eISBN:
- 9780191712906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280766.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter explores criticisms and defences of Gregory's soteriology which are less closely connected with his Christology, but all of which have been matters of some controversy: specifically ...
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This chapter explores criticisms and defences of Gregory's soteriology which are less closely connected with his Christology, but all of which have been matters of some controversy: specifically Gregory's analogy of the fish-hook, the concept of cooperation (sunergia), and his idea of universal salvation (apokatastasis). Discussion of the theme of the fish-hook centres on a soteriological idea presented by Gregory in narrative form in his Catechetical Oration. Having already established that humanity was in the power of devil (or death) owing to the Fall, and that God's justice demanded that God should win humankind back through payment of a ransom (Christ) rather than seizing it back by force, Gregory then explains how the devil was deceived into accepting as a ransom a payment which he could not possibly keep.Less
This chapter explores criticisms and defences of Gregory's soteriology which are less closely connected with his Christology, but all of which have been matters of some controversy: specifically Gregory's analogy of the fish-hook, the concept of cooperation (sunergia), and his idea of universal salvation (apokatastasis). Discussion of the theme of the fish-hook centres on a soteriological idea presented by Gregory in narrative form in his Catechetical Oration. Having already established that humanity was in the power of devil (or death) owing to the Fall, and that God's justice demanded that God should win humankind back through payment of a ransom (Christ) rather than seizing it back by force, Gregory then explains how the devil was deceived into accepting as a ransom a payment which he could not possibly keep.
Debra Patla
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520235922
- eISBN:
- 9780520929432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0039
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Park and wildlife managers are facing an ironic dilemma as they work to restore and protect aquatic ecosystems — must amphibians be sacrificed if native fish are to return? Over the past century ...
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Park and wildlife managers are facing an ironic dilemma as they work to restore and protect aquatic ecosystems — must amphibians be sacrificed if native fish are to return? Over the past century throughout the United States, resource managers sought to enhance the recreational value of lakes and streams by stocking non-native (exotic) game fish. The “success” of this effort is now recognized as a serious impediment to conserving natural aquatic biodiversity. Introduced fish endanger and replace native fish species through predation, competition, hybridization, and disease transmission. In many cases, bringing back the natives is doomed unless the introduced fish are eradicated. In Yellowstone National Park, four species of non-native trout were introduced, have become established, and threaten the survival of indigenous fish. A program to remove non-native trout has begun, but techniques used to remove these fish also threaten amphibians. Recommendations are made to eliminate or reduce the threat to amphibians, including making managers aware of the presence of amphibians, and offering strategies for reducing amphibian vulnerability to fish removal techniques.Less
Park and wildlife managers are facing an ironic dilemma as they work to restore and protect aquatic ecosystems — must amphibians be sacrificed if native fish are to return? Over the past century throughout the United States, resource managers sought to enhance the recreational value of lakes and streams by stocking non-native (exotic) game fish. The “success” of this effort is now recognized as a serious impediment to conserving natural aquatic biodiversity. Introduced fish endanger and replace native fish species through predation, competition, hybridization, and disease transmission. In many cases, bringing back the natives is doomed unless the introduced fish are eradicated. In Yellowstone National Park, four species of non-native trout were introduced, have become established, and threaten the survival of indigenous fish. A program to remove non-native trout has begun, but techniques used to remove these fish also threaten amphibians. Recommendations are made to eliminate or reduce the threat to amphibians, including making managers aware of the presence of amphibians, and offering strategies for reducing amphibian vulnerability to fish removal techniques.
Manuel Barange, John G. Field, Roger P. Harris, Eileen E. Hofmann, R. Ian Perry, and Francisco Werner (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having ...
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Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having significant impacts on the world's oceans. This book advances knowledge of the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and their past, present, and future responses to physical and anthropogenic forcing. The book illustrates how climate and humans impact marine ecosystems by a comprehensive review of the physical and ecological processes that structure marine ecosystems and the observation, experimentation, and modelling approaches required for their study. Recognizing the interactive roles played by humans in using marine resources and in responding to global changes in marine systems, the book includes chapters on the human dimensions of marine ecosystem changes and on effective management approaches in the era of change. Part IV reviews the state of the art in predicting the responses of marine ecosystems to future global change scenarios. The book provides a synthesis of the work conducted under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) project over the last two decades, as the largest, multi-disciplinary, international effort focused on understanding the impacts of external forcing on the structure and dynamics of global marine ecosystems.Less
Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having significant impacts on the world's oceans. This book advances knowledge of the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and their past, present, and future responses to physical and anthropogenic forcing. The book illustrates how climate and humans impact marine ecosystems by a comprehensive review of the physical and ecological processes that structure marine ecosystems and the observation, experimentation, and modelling approaches required for their study. Recognizing the interactive roles played by humans in using marine resources and in responding to global changes in marine systems, the book includes chapters on the human dimensions of marine ecosystem changes and on effective management approaches in the era of change. Part IV reviews the state of the art in predicting the responses of marine ecosystems to future global change scenarios. The book provides a synthesis of the work conducted under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) project over the last two decades, as the largest, multi-disciplinary, international effort focused on understanding the impacts of external forcing on the structure and dynamics of global marine ecosystems.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five ...
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After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five hundred coss. For twenty-five days, the wind blew from the same quarter. When it abated a little, the author and his group doubled the Cape with great difficulty. For two weeks, they lay at anchor at Cape (town). The Ascension Island is situated to the north-west of the Cape, and they arrived there after a month's voyage. The Dutch purchase men, women, and children in Bengal. The author visited some of these slaves, and although they had forgotten the Hindee and Bengali languages, they were able to converse with the author through signs. The author also describes what he saw in the ocean, namely, the flying fish, the sea mugur, and the mermaid.Less
After he and his companions had weighed anchor, their course was south-west. When they neared the Cape of Good Hope, they were unable to weather it on account of an adverse wind, and retrograded five hundred coss. For twenty-five days, the wind blew from the same quarter. When it abated a little, the author and his group doubled the Cape with great difficulty. For two weeks, they lay at anchor at Cape (town). The Ascension Island is situated to the north-west of the Cape, and they arrived there after a month's voyage. The Dutch purchase men, women, and children in Bengal. The author visited some of these slaves, and although they had forgotten the Hindee and Bengali languages, they were able to converse with the author through signs. The author also describes what he saw in the ocean, namely, the flying fish, the sea mugur, and the mermaid.
Anne E. Magurran
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527855
- eISBN:
- 9780191713576
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527855.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural ...
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This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural laboratory because of the way predation pressure varies over a small geographical area, generations of researchers have been drawn to Trinidad to investigate evolution in the wild. The species continues to provide classic examples of natural selection in action, and elegantly illustrates how ecology, evolution, and behaviour are interlinked. This account of the evolutionary ecology of the guppy integrates historical breakthroughs with new research in this fast-moving field. It reveals how guppies provided some of the first evidence of sperm competition and sexual selection, and how they continue to inform scientific thought on mating systems and cryptic choice. The consequences of variation in predation risk — as well as a host of other biotic and abiotic factors — are described and evaluated at all life stages from conception to death. The book discusses behavioural responses to ecological conditions and examines life history evolution. The potential for ecological speciation is considered alongside new insights into how reproductive isolation becomes established in promiscuous mating systems. Conservation issues are also highlighted, both in terms of protecting the irreplaceable Trinidadian guppy systems and in the context of invasion ecology.Less
This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural laboratory because of the way predation pressure varies over a small geographical area, generations of researchers have been drawn to Trinidad to investigate evolution in the wild. The species continues to provide classic examples of natural selection in action, and elegantly illustrates how ecology, evolution, and behaviour are interlinked. This account of the evolutionary ecology of the guppy integrates historical breakthroughs with new research in this fast-moving field. It reveals how guppies provided some of the first evidence of sperm competition and sexual selection, and how they continue to inform scientific thought on mating systems and cryptic choice. The consequences of variation in predation risk — as well as a host of other biotic and abiotic factors — are described and evaluated at all life stages from conception to death. The book discusses behavioural responses to ecological conditions and examines life history evolution. The potential for ecological speciation is considered alongside new insights into how reproductive isolation becomes established in promiscuous mating systems. Conservation issues are also highlighted, both in terms of protecting the irreplaceable Trinidadian guppy systems and in the context of invasion ecology.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses depth vision in animals other than cats and primates. These include invertebrates, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
This chapter discusses depth vision in animals other than cats and primates. These include invertebrates, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Dian J. Gifford, Roger P. Harris, Stewart M. McKinnell, William T. Peterson, and Michael A. St. John
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the ...
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Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the basis of their suitability for use in the comparative approach or their trophic role in the ecosystem. Target species may be economically significant due to their contribution to local, regional, and national economies through subsistence, commercial enterprise, and use by indigenous peoples. Target species of conservation significance may be the subjects of regional, national, or international conservation agreements. Target species of social or cultural significance have value to human communities because of their historical, aesthetic, educational, or recreational value. GLOBEC target species are heavily weighted towards marine pelagic organisms, particularly zooplankton. However, vertebrates with largely (seabirds and seals) or wholly (whales) pelagic life histories have been studied in some ecosystems, as have anadromous fish whose life history is not entirely marine. Here, this chapter reviews major groups of GLOBEC target species: Calanus and other large copepods, salmonids, cod, small pelagic fish, and large apex predators.Less
Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the basis of their suitability for use in the comparative approach or their trophic role in the ecosystem. Target species may be economically significant due to their contribution to local, regional, and national economies through subsistence, commercial enterprise, and use by indigenous peoples. Target species of conservation significance may be the subjects of regional, national, or international conservation agreements. Target species of social or cultural significance have value to human communities because of their historical, aesthetic, educational, or recreational value. GLOBEC target species are heavily weighted towards marine pelagic organisms, particularly zooplankton. However, vertebrates with largely (seabirds and seals) or wholly (whales) pelagic life histories have been studied in some ecosystems, as have anadromous fish whose life history is not entirely marine. Here, this chapter reviews major groups of GLOBEC target species: Calanus and other large copepods, salmonids, cod, small pelagic fish, and large apex predators.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. ...
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The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. This rapid harvest of ecologically and economically critical natural resources brought droughts, deadly flash floods, and the collapse of fisheries and the timber industry. Regional rural economies weakened, sending hundreds of thousands of ecological refugees to cities where they overwhelmed the urban infrastructure. Today, the Philippines stands as an example of the profound and sweeping consequences of environmental degradation. This book documents this tragic trajectory, but the story it tells is not one of hopelessness and inevitable defeat. The book traces the struggle for natural resource conservation in the Philippines, from isolated villages to large cities, illustrating innovative ways that conservation and economic growth can effectively coexist. It describes how individuals and institutions at all levels of Philippine society have responded to the environmental change, and gives background information on environmental policy. It argues that recent initiatives to conserve or rehabilitate resources — by local and national government, non-governmental organizations, or communities — can be an important part of sustainable development and nation-building. It also questions whether western environmentalism, which can pit environmental protection against economic need, is appropriate for developing countries. The book offers in-depth case studies of environmental governance and sets the consequences of rapid industrialization and environmental change in their historical context.Less
The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. This rapid harvest of ecologically and economically critical natural resources brought droughts, deadly flash floods, and the collapse of fisheries and the timber industry. Regional rural economies weakened, sending hundreds of thousands of ecological refugees to cities where they overwhelmed the urban infrastructure. Today, the Philippines stands as an example of the profound and sweeping consequences of environmental degradation. This book documents this tragic trajectory, but the story it tells is not one of hopelessness and inevitable defeat. The book traces the struggle for natural resource conservation in the Philippines, from isolated villages to large cities, illustrating innovative ways that conservation and economic growth can effectively coexist. It describes how individuals and institutions at all levels of Philippine society have responded to the environmental change, and gives background information on environmental policy. It argues that recent initiatives to conserve or rehabilitate resources — by local and national government, non-governmental organizations, or communities — can be an important part of sustainable development and nation-building. It also questions whether western environmentalism, which can pit environmental protection against economic need, is appropriate for developing countries. The book offers in-depth case studies of environmental governance and sets the consequences of rapid industrialization and environmental change in their historical context.
Frederick Rowe Davis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310771
- eISBN:
- 9780199790098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310771.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Early in life, Carr developed an appreciation of nature through his own initiative and through hunting and fishing trips with his father. Carr's interest in natural history and herpetology evolved at ...
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Early in life, Carr developed an appreciation of nature through his own initiative and through hunting and fishing trips with his father. Carr's interest in natural history and herpetology evolved at the University of Florida, where a dedicated group of professors taught the scientific method and emphasized the relationship between humans and nature while encouraging organismal studies of Florida taxa. Beyond Carr's passion for field work in Florida and his courses with a dedicated group of professors, he benefited considerably from correspondence with several established herpetologists in America. In combination, Carr's childhood hunting trips, formal university study, and extensive correspondence with American herpetologists provided him with a strong background to begin his career as an instructor at the University of Florida.Less
Early in life, Carr developed an appreciation of nature through his own initiative and through hunting and fishing trips with his father. Carr's interest in natural history and herpetology evolved at the University of Florida, where a dedicated group of professors taught the scientific method and emphasized the relationship between humans and nature while encouraging organismal studies of Florida taxa. Beyond Carr's passion for field work in Florida and his courses with a dedicated group of professors, he benefited considerably from correspondence with several established herpetologists in America. In combination, Carr's childhood hunting trips, formal university study, and extensive correspondence with American herpetologists provided him with a strong background to begin his career as an instructor at the University of Florida.
