Tom Tietenberg
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands ...
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This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands preservation. These programs are evaluated against three criteria: implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, and economic effectiveness. The analysis makes clear that the particular characteristics of these different regimes affect the evaluation of their performance. Beyond reporting substantive results for each program, the essay offers insight into the methodological difficulties of ex post evaluations generally. For example, not all studies define economic efficiency or environmental effectiveness in the same way, and studies vary in their choice of comparative benchmark or counterfactual, which can significantly affect results. Ex post evaluations differ as well in terms of both scope (i.e., which outcomes are considered exogenous and which endogenous) and timing (i.e., the point in the life of the program when the evaluation is done). All of these choices can influence the resulting interpretations.Less
This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands preservation. These programs are evaluated against three criteria: implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, and economic effectiveness. The analysis makes clear that the particular characteristics of these different regimes affect the evaluation of their performance. Beyond reporting substantive results for each program, the essay offers insight into the methodological difficulties of ex post evaluations generally. For example, not all studies define economic efficiency or environmental effectiveness in the same way, and studies vary in their choice of comparative benchmark or counterfactual, which can significantly affect results. Ex post evaluations differ as well in terms of both scope (i.e., which outcomes are considered exogenous and which endogenous) and timing (i.e., the point in the life of the program when the evaluation is done). All of these choices can influence the resulting interpretations.
Tim R. McClanahan and Joshua E. Cinner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199754489
- eISBN:
- 9780199918843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754489.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter summarizes the tool box of options for confronting the consequences of climate change through building local-scale adaptive capacity in societies and improving the condition of the ...
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This chapter summarizes the tool box of options for confronting the consequences of climate change through building local-scale adaptive capacity in societies and improving the condition of the natural resources on which people depend for their livelihoods. Building adaptive capacity will require strengthening appropriate aspects of a society’s flexibility, assets, learning and social organizations. The ways of doing this are diverse and will, of course, depend on existing local capacities and needs. Improving the condition of resources tends to require restricting or limiting society’s actions. For coral reef fisheries, options include restricting specific fishing grounds, the time that people can fish, the gear they can use, and the species they can capture. These two broad concepts, of building social capacities and limiting certain types of resource use, interact in complicated ways. Consequently, there is often a need for coupled actions that simultaneously govern resource use and build capacity in society.Less
This chapter summarizes the tool box of options for confronting the consequences of climate change through building local-scale adaptive capacity in societies and improving the condition of the natural resources on which people depend for their livelihoods. Building adaptive capacity will require strengthening appropriate aspects of a society’s flexibility, assets, learning and social organizations. The ways of doing this are diverse and will, of course, depend on existing local capacities and needs. Improving the condition of resources tends to require restricting or limiting society’s actions. For coral reef fisheries, options include restricting specific fishing grounds, the time that people can fish, the gear they can use, and the species they can capture. These two broad concepts, of building social capacities and limiting certain types of resource use, interact in complicated ways. Consequently, there is often a need for coupled actions that simultaneously govern resource use and build capacity in society.
Robin Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations ...
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The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations between the EC and third States in fisheries matters, the marketing of and trade in fishery products, financial assistance to the fisheries sector, and aquaculture. However, the CFP is not just a matter for those with an economic interest in fisheries. It also raises many issues of more general concern, such as the capacity of the EC and its member states to manage important natural resources sustainably, the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment, and relations between developed and developing states. This book addresses the CFP from a legal perspective. It provides a detailed account of the very large body of EC law comprising the CFP, and draws on the European Commission's associated documents to aid interpretation and add context. As a result, the book will be of value to anyone wanting knowledge of the law of the CFP. Although not addressing the Commission's 2009 Green Paper on reform of the CFP, the book should provide a reference point against which to view the reform of parts of the CFP that is anticipated to take place over the next few years.Less
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations between the EC and third States in fisheries matters, the marketing of and trade in fishery products, financial assistance to the fisheries sector, and aquaculture. However, the CFP is not just a matter for those with an economic interest in fisheries. It also raises many issues of more general concern, such as the capacity of the EC and its member states to manage important natural resources sustainably, the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment, and relations between developed and developing states. This book addresses the CFP from a legal perspective. It provides a detailed account of the very large body of EC law comprising the CFP, and draws on the European Commission's associated documents to aid interpretation and add context. As a result, the book will be of value to anyone wanting knowledge of the law of the CFP. Although not addressing the Commission's 2009 Green Paper on reform of the CFP, the book should provide a reference point against which to view the reform of parts of the CFP that is anticipated to take place over the next few years.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter focuses on: the EC's participation in the global instruments discussed in Chapter 3, which lay down the basic norms of current international fisheries law; EC access agreements with ...
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This chapter focuses on: the EC's participation in the global instruments discussed in Chapter 3, which lay down the basic norms of current international fisheries law; EC access agreements with third States; and EC membership of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Negotiating and concluding global fisheries instruments, bilateral access agreements, and membership of RFMOs obviously involves the exercise of treaty-making powers by the EC. The chapter looks at the source and scope of the EC's competence to negotiate and become a party to treaties in the field of fisheries. Finally, it considers EC involvement with some other international fisheries management issues.Less
This chapter focuses on: the EC's participation in the global instruments discussed in Chapter 3, which lay down the basic norms of current international fisheries law; EC access agreements with third States; and EC membership of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Negotiating and concluding global fisheries instruments, bilateral access agreements, and membership of RFMOs obviously involves the exercise of treaty-making powers by the EC. The chapter looks at the source and scope of the EC's competence to negotiate and become a party to treaties in the field of fisheries. Finally, it considers EC involvement with some other international fisheries management issues.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter addresses the common organization of the markets in fishery products. After an introduction to its legal basis and objectives, it considers the subject matter of the common organization ...
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This chapter addresses the common organization of the markets in fishery products. After an introduction to its legal basis and objectives, it considers the subject matter of the common organization of the markets. It then proceeds through the various areas covered by the common organization — including common marketing standards, consumer information, producer organizations, interbranch organizations, and prices and intervention — and ends with a section on enforcement and some conclusions.Less
This chapter addresses the common organization of the markets in fishery products. After an introduction to its legal basis and objectives, it considers the subject matter of the common organization of the markets. It then proceeds through the various areas covered by the common organization — including common marketing standards, consumer information, producer organizations, interbranch organizations, and prices and intervention — and ends with a section on enforcement and some conclusions.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses the roots of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It outlines the various actors, interests, and processes involved in the formulation, adoption, and development of the CFP. The ...
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This chapter discusses the roots of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It outlines the various actors, interests, and processes involved in the formulation, adoption, and development of the CFP. The history of the CFP falls fairly naturally into five periods: the years 1957-73 (covering the conception, birth, and early development of the CFP); 1973-83 (the adoption of an EC system of fisheries management in response to major changes in the international law of the sea); 1983-92 (the challenge of Iberian accession and the consolidation of the EC's fisheries management system); 1993-2002 (the second decade of the fisheries management system); and the period since 2002, which has seen major reform of the CFP and an almost doubling of the EC's membership. Each of these five periods will be looked at in turn.Less
This chapter discusses the roots of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It outlines the various actors, interests, and processes involved in the formulation, adoption, and development of the CFP. The history of the CFP falls fairly naturally into five periods: the years 1957-73 (covering the conception, birth, and early development of the CFP); 1973-83 (the adoption of an EC system of fisheries management in response to major changes in the international law of the sea); 1983-92 (the challenge of Iberian accession and the consolidation of the EC's fisheries management system); 1993-2002 (the second decade of the fisheries management system); and the period since 2002, which has seen major reform of the CFP and an almost doubling of the EC's membership. Each of these five periods will be looked at in turn.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter examines the legal regime governing the management of fisheries in Community waters, i.e., those waters under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of EC Member States. An initial issue is the ...
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This chapter examines the legal regime governing the management of fisheries in Community waters, i.e., those waters under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of EC Member States. An initial issue is the question of how far the competence to adopt management measures for Community waters falls within the competence of the EC, and how far within the competence of Member States. It considers in turn total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas, effort management, technical measures, Member States' delegated powers, access to fishing grounds, the nationality of fishing vessels, enforcement, and capacity adjustment. It also discusses fishing by Third State vessels in Community waters, and the reform of the EC system of fisheries management.Less
This chapter examines the legal regime governing the management of fisheries in Community waters, i.e., those waters under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of EC Member States. An initial issue is the question of how far the competence to adopt management measures for Community waters falls within the competence of the EC, and how far within the competence of Member States. It considers in turn total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas, effort management, technical measures, Member States' delegated powers, access to fishing grounds, the nationality of fishing vessels, enforcement, and capacity adjustment. It also discusses fishing by Third State vessels in Community waters, and the reform of the EC system of fisheries management.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter considers EC law relating to trade in fishery products between Member States, and the legal regime governing trade in fishery products between the EC and third States. The EC is a ...
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This chapter considers EC law relating to trade in fishery products between Member States, and the legal regime governing trade in fishery products between the EC and third States. The EC is a customs union. That means that not only are there in principle no barriers to trade between EC Member States but also that, as far as trade with Third States is concerned, the EC is to be considered as a single unit. It would seem to follow from the latter proposition that external trade relations, at least as far as trade in goods is concerned, ought to fall within the EC's exclusive competence (under the common commercial policy): that is implied in Article 133 EC, and has been confirmed to be so by the Court.Less
This chapter considers EC law relating to trade in fishery products between Member States, and the legal regime governing trade in fishery products between the EC and third States. The EC is a customs union. That means that not only are there in principle no barriers to trade between EC Member States but also that, as far as trade with Third States is concerned, the EC is to be considered as a single unit. It would seem to follow from the latter proposition that external trade relations, at least as far as trade in goods is concerned, ought to fall within the EC's exclusive competence (under the common commercial policy): that is implied in Article 133 EC, and has been confirmed to be so by the Court.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter addresses public expenditure in the fisheries sector. It deals first with two EC financial instruments: the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) and Regulation 861/2006. The latter is ...
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This chapter addresses public expenditure in the fisheries sector. It deals first with two EC financial instruments: the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) and Regulation 861/2006. The latter is complementary in purpose to the EFF and is sometimes referred to as ‘the second fisheries instrument’, i.e., second to the EFF. The EFF and Regulation 861/2006 are not the only sources of EC funding for the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). A further important source is the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF). The EAGF funds the market intervention system (i.e., permanent withdrawal, ‘carry-over’, ‘private storage’, and the ‘compensatory allowance’ for tuna producers) as well as providing some other funding to producer organizations. Some other Community financial instruments provide support in connection with fisheries, albeit not under the CFP. After dealing with the EFF and Regulation 861/2006, the chapter moves on to consider State aid, i.e., aid granted by Member States to the fishing industry other than in conjunction with funds from any EC financial instrument.Less
This chapter addresses public expenditure in the fisheries sector. It deals first with two EC financial instruments: the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) and Regulation 861/2006. The latter is complementary in purpose to the EFF and is sometimes referred to as ‘the second fisheries instrument’, i.e., second to the EFF. The EFF and Regulation 861/2006 are not the only sources of EC funding for the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). A further important source is the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF). The EAGF funds the market intervention system (i.e., permanent withdrawal, ‘carry-over’, ‘private storage’, and the ‘compensatory allowance’ for tuna producers) as well as providing some other funding to producer organizations. Some other Community financial instruments provide support in connection with fisheries, albeit not under the CFP. After dealing with the EFF and Regulation 861/2006, the chapter moves on to consider State aid, i.e., aid granted by Member States to the fishing industry other than in conjunction with funds from any EC financial instrument.
Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses matters in respect of which aquaculture may require regulation. These include: (a) requiring authorization for the establishment and operation of an aquaculture installation; ...
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This chapter discusses matters in respect of which aquaculture may require regulation. These include: (a) requiring authorization for the establishment and operation of an aquaculture installation; (b) preventing and controlling disease in aquaculture installations; (c) regulating possible pollution damage to, or resulting from, aquaculture; (d) controlling the use of alien or genetically modified species in aquaculture; (e) marketing and trade; (f) tuna farming; and (g) public financial assistance for aquaculture.Less
This chapter discusses matters in respect of which aquaculture may require regulation. These include: (a) requiring authorization for the establishment and operation of an aquaculture installation; (b) preventing and controlling disease in aquaculture installations; (c) regulating possible pollution damage to, or resulting from, aquaculture; (d) controlling the use of alien or genetically modified species in aquaculture; (e) marketing and trade; (f) tuna farming; and (g) public financial assistance for aquaculture.
Graham Bell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569725
- eISBN:
- 9780191717741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569725.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Natural selection can be observed and measured in natural populations. This chapter argues that it is commonplace, strong, fluctuating, and oligogenic. The first section here is called Fitness in ...
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Natural selection can be observed and measured in natural populations. This chapter argues that it is commonplace, strong, fluctuating, and oligogenic. The first section here is called Fitness in natural populations and describes the variance of fitness; immigration pressure; local selection coefficients; and the field gradient. The next section, the Phenotypic selection, details the environmental variance of fitness; the cost of selection; the lack of response: genostasis; field studies of selection in Cepaea; selection coefficients; heritability; the Secondary Theorem of Natural Selection; selection gradients; stabilizing selection; fluctuating selection; historical change; multiscale temporal variation; and genetic revolutions. The third section is called Selection experiments in the field and details habitat modification and the Rothamsted Park Grass Experiment. It then gives an introduction to guppies in Trinidad. The fourth section is called Adaptation to the humanized landscape and details the unexpected consequences of harvesting; the unintended consequences of pollution in terms of mining; the unintended consequences of pollution from smoke; the unintended consequences of pollution from carbon dioxide; the unwelcome effects of eradication concerning herbicides and pesticide; the unwelcome consequences of eradication from antibiotics; and human evolution in the humanized environment. Finally, the section called The ghost of selection past details an analysis of allele frequencies and an analysis of divergence.Less
Natural selection can be observed and measured in natural populations. This chapter argues that it is commonplace, strong, fluctuating, and oligogenic. The first section here is called Fitness in natural populations and describes the variance of fitness; immigration pressure; local selection coefficients; and the field gradient. The next section, the Phenotypic selection, details the environmental variance of fitness; the cost of selection; the lack of response: genostasis; field studies of selection in Cepaea; selection coefficients; heritability; the Secondary Theorem of Natural Selection; selection gradients; stabilizing selection; fluctuating selection; historical change; multiscale temporal variation; and genetic revolutions. The third section is called Selection experiments in the field and details habitat modification and the Rothamsted Park Grass Experiment. It then gives an introduction to guppies in Trinidad. The fourth section is called Adaptation to the humanized landscape and details the unexpected consequences of harvesting; the unintended consequences of pollution in terms of mining; the unintended consequences of pollution from smoke; the unintended consequences of pollution from carbon dioxide; the unwelcome effects of eradication concerning herbicides and pesticide; the unwelcome consequences of eradication from antibiotics; and human evolution in the humanized environment. Finally, the section called The ghost of selection past details an analysis of allele frequencies and an analysis of divergence.
Sidney J. Holt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195309454
- eISBN:
- 9780199871261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309454.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter analyzes the idea that extractive use of “renewable” living resources can be sustained by imposing simple management measures. It reviews the history of the analyses and models developed ...
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This chapter analyzes the idea that extractive use of “renewable” living resources can be sustained by imposing simple management measures. It reviews the history of the analyses and models developed to describe the reproductive behavior of marine living resources in relation to exploitation. Many of these were deterministic models and they led to the development of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), an approach to fisheries management that is still dominant although it has been discredited scientifically for many years. The question of sustainability is addressed and problems of the current approaches to multispecies management and ecosystem management are discussed.Less
This chapter analyzes the idea that extractive use of “renewable” living resources can be sustained by imposing simple management measures. It reviews the history of the analyses and models developed to describe the reproductive behavior of marine living resources in relation to exploitation. Many of these were deterministic models and they led to the development of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), an approach to fisheries management that is still dominant although it has been discredited scientifically for many years. The question of sustainability is addressed and problems of the current approaches to multispecies management and ecosystem management are discussed.
Andrea Belgrano, Ursula M. Scharler, Jennifer Dunne, and Robert E. Ulanowicz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564836
- eISBN:
- 9780191713828
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This book provides a synthesis of theoretical and empirical food web research. Whether they are binary systems or weighted networks, food webs are of particular interest to ecologists by providing a ...
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This book provides a synthesis of theoretical and empirical food web research. Whether they are binary systems or weighted networks, food webs are of particular interest to ecologists by providing a macroscopic view of ecosystems. They describe interactions between species and their environment, and subsequent advances in the understanding of their structure, function, and dynamics are of vital importance to ecosystem management and conservation. This book covers issues of structure, function, scaling, complexity, and stability in the contexts of conservation, fisheries, and climate. Although the focus of this volume is upon aquatic food webs (where many of the recent advances have been made), many other issues are addressed.Less
This book provides a synthesis of theoretical and empirical food web research. Whether they are binary systems or weighted networks, food webs are of particular interest to ecologists by providing a macroscopic view of ecosystems. They describe interactions between species and their environment, and subsequent advances in the understanding of their structure, function, and dynamics are of vital importance to ecosystem management and conservation. This book covers issues of structure, function, scaling, complexity, and stability in the contexts of conservation, fisheries, and climate. Although the focus of this volume is upon aquatic food webs (where many of the recent advances have been made), many other issues are addressed.
Manuel Barange, Robert O'Boyle, Kevern L. Cochrane, Michael J. Fogarty, Astrid Jarre, Laurence T. Kell, Fritz W. Köster, Jacquelynne R. King, Carryn L. de Moor, Keith Reid, Mike Sinclair, and Akihiko Yatsu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
The management of marine fisheries is evolving rapidly in response to evidence of overexploitation, climate change impacts, and the recognition of the multiple uses and conservation needs of the ...
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The management of marine fisheries is evolving rapidly in response to evidence of overexploitation, climate change impacts, and the recognition of the multiple uses and conservation needs of the marine ecosystem. This chapter reviews the contribution of ecosystem science to this change in vision, and to its implementation through the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF). The EAF is guided by the need to manage ecosystems for their long‐term benefit, taking into consideration their multiple use and the cumulative and long‐term impacts of such uses. This chapter argues that the EAF provides the foundation for increasing interaction between the ecosystem science and fisheries management communities, as an essential step to achieve sustainability of marine resources.Less
The management of marine fisheries is evolving rapidly in response to evidence of overexploitation, climate change impacts, and the recognition of the multiple uses and conservation needs of the marine ecosystem. This chapter reviews the contribution of ecosystem science to this change in vision, and to its implementation through the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF). The EAF is guided by the need to manage ecosystems for their long‐term benefit, taking into consideration their multiple use and the cumulative and long‐term impacts of such uses. This chapter argues that the EAF provides the foundation for increasing interaction between the ecosystem science and fisheries management communities, as an essential step to achieve sustainability of marine resources.
L. Ciannelli, D. Ø. Hjermann, P. Lehodey, G. Ottersen, J. T. Duffy-Anderson, and N. C. Stenseth
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564836
- eISBN:
- 9780191713828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564836.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the Barents Sea (BS) share key features: they are dominated by gadoids populations, they are heavily fished, and they are under the ...
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The Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the Barents Sea (BS) share key features: they are dominated by gadoids populations, they are heavily fished, and they are under the influence of large-scale climatic fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that climate forcing can impact the species composition and the food webs in each of these ecosystems. However, food webs and species interactions can mediate the relative impact of climatic perturbation on community. For example, a relatively small increase in SST over the western GOA region during the mid-1970s led to a spectacular change in the local species community, but a reverse in climatic conditions that occurred during the late 1980s did not result in similar biological changes. This chapter reviews the food webs of the GOA, EBS, and BS, and relates them to prevailing large-scale climatic phases. The comparative approach adopted in this review is aimed at increasing the understanding of the mechanisms linking climate change and food web dynamics in marine ecosystems.Less
The Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the Barents Sea (BS) share key features: they are dominated by gadoids populations, they are heavily fished, and they are under the influence of large-scale climatic fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that climate forcing can impact the species composition and the food webs in each of these ecosystems. However, food webs and species interactions can mediate the relative impact of climatic perturbation on community. For example, a relatively small increase in SST over the western GOA region during the mid-1970s led to a spectacular change in the local species community, but a reverse in climatic conditions that occurred during the late 1980s did not result in similar biological changes. This chapter reviews the food webs of the GOA, EBS, and BS, and relates them to prevailing large-scale climatic phases. The comparative approach adopted in this review is aimed at increasing the understanding of the mechanisms linking climate change and food web dynamics in marine ecosystems.
Simon Jennings
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564836
- eISBN:
- 9780191713828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564836.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter presents size-based analyses of aquatic food webs, where body size rather than species identity is the principle descriptor of an individual's role in the food web, provides insights ...
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This chapter presents size-based analyses of aquatic food webs, where body size rather than species identity is the principle descriptor of an individual's role in the food web, provides insights into food web structure and function that complement, and extends those from species-based analyses. Focus is given to body size because it underpins predator-prey interactions and dictates how the biological properties of individuals change with size. Thus, size-based food web analyses offer an approach for integrating community and ecosystem ecology with energetic and metabolic theory.Less
This chapter presents size-based analyses of aquatic food webs, where body size rather than species identity is the principle descriptor of an individual's role in the food web, provides insights into food web structure and function that complement, and extends those from species-based analyses. Focus is given to body size because it underpins predator-prey interactions and dictates how the biological properties of individuals change with size. Thus, size-based food web analyses offer an approach for integrating community and ecosystem ecology with energetic and metabolic theory.
Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, ...
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This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.Less
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.
Kevin M. Bailey, Anne B. Hollowed, and Warren S. Wooster
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The impact of climate on fisheries is highly variable, indirect, and complex. Several dominant themes related to climate change and fisheries are considered in some of the chapters in this volume ...
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The impact of climate on fisheries is highly variable, indirect, and complex. Several dominant themes related to climate change and fisheries are considered in some of the chapters in this volume (Chapters 2, 3, and 6), including: complex interactions, formation of patterns over large-scales, high variability over small-scales, and the desirability of forecasting tools. This chapter discusses how these themes are focal issues in many of the world's seas, including the northeast Pacific Ocean. The chapter identifies how established climate-fish links often deteriorate with time, and underscore the role of regime shifts and switches of climatic controlling factors.Less
The impact of climate on fisheries is highly variable, indirect, and complex. Several dominant themes related to climate change and fisheries are considered in some of the chapters in this volume (Chapters 2, 3, and 6), including: complex interactions, formation of patterns over large-scales, high variability over small-scales, and the desirability of forecasting tools. This chapter discusses how these themes are focal issues in many of the world's seas, including the northeast Pacific Ocean. The chapter identifies how established climate-fish links often deteriorate with time, and underscore the role of regime shifts and switches of climatic controlling factors.
Charles R. C. Sheppard, Simon K. Davy, and Graham M. Pilling
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198566359
- eISBN:
- 9780191713934
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566359.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of protein and income for many millions of people. However, the combined effects of ...
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Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of protein and income for many millions of people. However, the combined effects of human activities have led to a rapid decline in the health of reefs worldwide, with many now facing complete destruction. This book provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of ‘boxes’ on specific aspects written by internationally recognised experts. The emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment although pollution, conservation, climate change, and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat's critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance.Less
Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of protein and income for many millions of people. However, the combined effects of human activities have led to a rapid decline in the health of reefs worldwide, with many now facing complete destruction. This book provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of ‘boxes’ on specific aspects written by internationally recognised experts. The emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment although pollution, conservation, climate change, and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat's critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance.
Curt Meine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s ...
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In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s as a new field focused on understanding, protecting, and perpetuating biological diversity at all scales and all levels of biological organization. Conservation biology has deep roots in the growth of biology over several centuries, but its emergence reflects more recent developments in an array of biological sciences (ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, etc.) and natural resource management fields (forestry, wildlife and fisheries management, etc.). Conservation biology was conceived as a “mission‐oriented” field based in the biological sciences, but with an explicit interdisciplinary approach that incorporated insights from the social sciences, humanities, and ethics. Since its founding, conservation biology has: (i) greatly elaborated its research agenda; (ii) built stronger connections with other fields and disciplines; (iii) extended its reach especially into aquatic and marine environments; (iv) developed its professional capacity for training, research, and field application; (v) become an increasingly international field; and (vi) become increasingly active at the interface of conservation science and policy.Less
In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s as a new field focused on understanding, protecting, and perpetuating biological diversity at all scales and all levels of biological organization. Conservation biology has deep roots in the growth of biology over several centuries, but its emergence reflects more recent developments in an array of biological sciences (ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, etc.) and natural resource management fields (forestry, wildlife and fisheries management, etc.). Conservation biology was conceived as a “mission‐oriented” field based in the biological sciences, but with an explicit interdisciplinary approach that incorporated insights from the social sciences, humanities, and ethics. Since its founding, conservation biology has: (i) greatly elaborated its research agenda; (ii) built stronger connections with other fields and disciplines; (iii) extended its reach especially into aquatic and marine environments; (iv) developed its professional capacity for training, research, and field application; (v) become an increasingly international field; and (vi) become increasingly active at the interface of conservation science and policy.
