Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of ...
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Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of federal criminal provisions enacted since the Civil War have appeared since 1970. The most dramatic growth was in drug cases, which composed 5% of the federal caseload in 1947 but amounted to 36 percent just 50 years later. An Armed Career Criminal Act in 1984 allowed federal prosecutors to charge suspects who had three local felony convictions. Later laws made carjacking a federal crime and gave the FBI authority over “deadbeat dads” who cross state lines and terrorism involving abortion clinics. A few measures were struck down by the Supreme Court, including one involving use of firearms at schools and another allowing federal civil cases by sexual‐assault victims. In the executive branch, the administration of President George H. W. Bush created a program called ‘Operation Triggerlock’ to pursue firearms cases, and both Bush and successor Bill Clinton directed the FBI to put more emphasis on investigating local violent crime. By 2001, the federal government had taken a prominent role in many categories of crime prosecution that once were the province of states and localities.Less
Over the years, Congress has consistently increased the jurisdiction of federal courts over crime, from 17 specified offenses when the nation was founded to several thousand now. More than 40% of federal criminal provisions enacted since the Civil War have appeared since 1970. The most dramatic growth was in drug cases, which composed 5% of the federal caseload in 1947 but amounted to 36 percent just 50 years later. An Armed Career Criminal Act in 1984 allowed federal prosecutors to charge suspects who had three local felony convictions. Later laws made carjacking a federal crime and gave the FBI authority over “deadbeat dads” who cross state lines and terrorism involving abortion clinics. A few measures were struck down by the Supreme Court, including one involving use of firearms at schools and another allowing federal civil cases by sexual‐assault victims. In the executive branch, the administration of President George H. W. Bush created a program called ‘Operation Triggerlock’ to pursue firearms cases, and both Bush and successor Bill Clinton directed the FBI to put more emphasis on investigating local violent crime. By 2001, the federal government had taken a prominent role in many categories of crime prosecution that once were the province of states and localities.
Maylene Shung King, Paula Proudlock, and Lori Michelson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195314083
- eISBN:
- 9780199865550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314083.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the ...
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Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the 1990s, the high incidence of firearm deaths and injuries spurred government policy and law reform, culminating in a new Firearms Control Act, which replaced the ineffective and outdated Arms and Ammunition Act. This chapter considers the role research played in this complex process by examining the activities and impact of a research and advocacy project undertaken by an academic policy research organization called the Child Health Policy Institute (CHPI) at the University of Cape Town. The chapter describes the political context within which the project was initiated; outlines the research findings and how they were disseminated and utilized in relation to the law reform process; describes the law reform process and broader advocacy strategy related to it; and reflects on lessons learned.Less
Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the 1990s, the high incidence of firearm deaths and injuries spurred government policy and law reform, culminating in a new Firearms Control Act, which replaced the ineffective and outdated Arms and Ammunition Act. This chapter considers the role research played in this complex process by examining the activities and impact of a research and advocacy project undertaken by an academic policy research organization called the Child Health Policy Institute (CHPI) at the University of Cape Town. The chapter describes the political context within which the project was initiated; outlines the research findings and how they were disseminated and utilized in relation to the law reform process; describes the law reform process and broader advocacy strategy related to it; and reflects on lessons learned.
Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim Voth
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151496
- eISBN:
- 9781400848430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151496.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter discusses wartime spending and the rise of the fiscal-military state. The need to borrow was intimately related to the cost of war. After 1500, a “military revolution” transformed ...
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This chapter discusses wartime spending and the rise of the fiscal-military state. The need to borrow was intimately related to the cost of war. After 1500, a “military revolution” transformed warfare in Europe. The invention of gunpowder meant that old medieval city walls no longer offered protection. The increasing use of cannon therefore required an entirely new set of protective walls. These new fortifications meant that wars became longer, with many sieges lasting more than a year. Then, the rise of firearms translated into a need to train soldiers. All these changes—the arms used, the rise of permanent, large armies and navies, new fortifications, and high frequency and great length of conflict—made wars vastly more expensive. Success in war therefore depended in the early modern period on financial resources. Eventually, states run by a successful military-fiscal complex dominated the map of Europe.Less
This chapter discusses wartime spending and the rise of the fiscal-military state. The need to borrow was intimately related to the cost of war. After 1500, a “military revolution” transformed warfare in Europe. The invention of gunpowder meant that old medieval city walls no longer offered protection. The increasing use of cannon therefore required an entirely new set of protective walls. These new fortifications meant that wars became longer, with many sieges lasting more than a year. Then, the rise of firearms translated into a need to train soldiers. All these changes—the arms used, the rise of permanent, large armies and navies, new fortifications, and high frequency and great length of conflict—made wars vastly more expensive. Success in war therefore depended in the early modern period on financial resources. Eventually, states run by a successful military-fiscal complex dominated the map of Europe.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow ...
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This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow and arrow marginally survived this time, although these seem to have been most useful as a means of sending propaganda messages in and out of besieged strongholds. Officers carried pistols and swords, as did the cavalry, and royalist cavalry sometimes added a small pole-axe; dragoons — mounted foot soldiers on inferior horses — usually carried firelock muskets or carbines as well as swords; and foot regiments were composed of musketeers (normally with less advanced matchlock muskets) and pikemen, both of whom also carried swords. Homely weapons played a larger part early in the war than they did after it had settled down and supplies and logistics had improved.Less
This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow and arrow marginally survived this time, although these seem to have been most useful as a means of sending propaganda messages in and out of besieged strongholds. Officers carried pistols and swords, as did the cavalry, and royalist cavalry sometimes added a small pole-axe; dragoons — mounted foot soldiers on inferior horses — usually carried firelock muskets or carbines as well as swords; and foot regiments were composed of musketeers (normally with less advanced matchlock muskets) and pikemen, both of whom also carried swords. Homely weapons played a larger part early in the war than they did after it had settled down and supplies and logistics had improved.
John Landers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199279579
- eISBN:
- 9780191719448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279579.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
The introduction of gunpowder to warfare represented the beginning of the large-scale exploitation of chemical energy by human societies. The introduction of firearms to land warfare affected all ...
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The introduction of gunpowder to warfare represented the beginning of the large-scale exploitation of chemical energy by human societies. The introduction of firearms to land warfare affected all three mobile arms but the infantry most of all, because it radically shifted the relative power of distance and shock weapons in a historically unprecedented manner. In two centuries, gunpowder altered the battlefield beyond recognition as new troop types, tactics, and organisation hierarchies were introduced. The introduction of firearms was the most profound and far-reaching discontinuity in technological development because military hardware and organisation on land and sea were transformed, and the consequences stretched beyond the narrowly military sphere to the economic and financial foundations of the state.Less
The introduction of gunpowder to warfare represented the beginning of the large-scale exploitation of chemical energy by human societies. The introduction of firearms to land warfare affected all three mobile arms but the infantry most of all, because it radically shifted the relative power of distance and shock weapons in a historically unprecedented manner. In two centuries, gunpowder altered the battlefield beyond recognition as new troop types, tactics, and organisation hierarchies were introduced. The introduction of firearms was the most profound and far-reaching discontinuity in technological development because military hardware and organisation on land and sea were transformed, and the consequences stretched beyond the narrowly military sphere to the economic and financial foundations of the state.
Vernon W. Ruttan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195188042
- eISBN:
- 9780199783410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195188047.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Economic historians have characterized the American system of manufacturing, or more appropriately the New England armory system, as the assembly of complex products produced from individual ...
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Economic historians have characterized the American system of manufacturing, or more appropriately the New England armory system, as the assembly of complex products produced from individual interchangeable parts. Its first important application was the manufacture of firearms at the U.S. army armories in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and Springfield, Massachusetts. During the second half of the 19th century, “armory practice” spread to other branches of manufacturing, such as sewing machine and bicycle manufacture and, in the early twentieth century, to the “Fordist system” of mass production of automobiles.Less
Economic historians have characterized the American system of manufacturing, or more appropriately the New England armory system, as the assembly of complex products produced from individual interchangeable parts. Its first important application was the manufacture of firearms at the U.S. army armories in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and Springfield, Massachusetts. During the second half of the 19th century, “armory practice” spread to other branches of manufacturing, such as sewing machine and bicycle manufacture and, in the early twentieth century, to the “Fordist system” of mass production of automobiles.
Angela Stroud
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469627892
- eISBN:
- 9781469627915
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627892.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Although the rate of gun ownership in U.S. households has declined from an estimated 50 percent in 1970 to approximately 32 percent today, Americans' propensity for carrying concealed firearms has ...
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Although the rate of gun ownership in U.S. households has declined from an estimated 50 percent in 1970 to approximately 32 percent today, Americans' propensity for carrying concealed firearms has risen sharply in recent years. Today, more than 11 million Americans hold concealed handgun licenses, an increase from 4.5 million in 2007. Yet, despite increasing numbers of firearms and expanding opportunities for gun owners to carry concealed firearms in public places, we know little about the reasons for obtaining a concealed carry permit or what a publicly armed citizenry means for society. Angela Stroud draws on in-depth interviews with permit holders and on field observations at licensing courses to understand how social and cultural factors shape the practice of obtaining a permit to carry a concealed firearm. Stroud's subjects usually first insist that a gun is simply a tool for protection, but she shows how much more the license represents: possessing a concealed firearm is a practice shaped by race, class, gender, and cultural definitions that separate "good guys" from those who represent threats. This work goes beyond the existing literature on guns in American culture, most of which concentrates on the effects of the gun lobby on public policy and perception. Focusing on how respondents view the world around them, this book demonstrates that the value gun owners place on their firearms is an expression of their sense of self and how they see their social environment.Less
Although the rate of gun ownership in U.S. households has declined from an estimated 50 percent in 1970 to approximately 32 percent today, Americans' propensity for carrying concealed firearms has risen sharply in recent years. Today, more than 11 million Americans hold concealed handgun licenses, an increase from 4.5 million in 2007. Yet, despite increasing numbers of firearms and expanding opportunities for gun owners to carry concealed firearms in public places, we know little about the reasons for obtaining a concealed carry permit or what a publicly armed citizenry means for society. Angela Stroud draws on in-depth interviews with permit holders and on field observations at licensing courses to understand how social and cultural factors shape the practice of obtaining a permit to carry a concealed firearm. Stroud's subjects usually first insist that a gun is simply a tool for protection, but she shows how much more the license represents: possessing a concealed firearm is a practice shaped by race, class, gender, and cultural definitions that separate "good guys" from those who represent threats. This work goes beyond the existing literature on guns in American culture, most of which concentrates on the effects of the gun lobby on public policy and perception. Focusing on how respondents view the world around them, this book demonstrates that the value gun owners place on their firearms is an expression of their sense of self and how they see their social environment.
Maurice Punch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424730
- eISBN:
- 9781447303350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424730.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Most police officers in Britain will never hold a firearm, face a gun or fire one. And the majority has consistently shown no desire to carry firearms routinely. Moreover, in the vast majority of ...
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Most police officers in Britain will never hold a firearm, face a gun or fire one. And the majority has consistently shown no desire to carry firearms routinely. Moreover, in the vast majority of incidents where firearms were deployed, no shots were fired. And on the few instances where firearms were used, more than half of the bullets missed their target. And in extreme cases where people were unfortunate to be struck by police bullets, half survived. In sum, whatever the intentions are, the majority of police shootings do not kill. This holds true for the Netherlands as well as the United States despite the common notion that American officers are ‘quick on the trigger’. This book examines the police use of firearms and its correlation to two related issues of policing. One is the command and control dimensions that Greenwood neglects and the second is the nature of accountability in major and critical incidents. The chapter also examines the connection of these three elements to the transformations in the police firearms use that emerged after the Stockwell incident. It also discusses the issues concerning the shift of British policing from the traditional ethos of policing to a more aggressive and paramilitary policing.Less
Most police officers in Britain will never hold a firearm, face a gun or fire one. And the majority has consistently shown no desire to carry firearms routinely. Moreover, in the vast majority of incidents where firearms were deployed, no shots were fired. And on the few instances where firearms were used, more than half of the bullets missed their target. And in extreme cases where people were unfortunate to be struck by police bullets, half survived. In sum, whatever the intentions are, the majority of police shootings do not kill. This holds true for the Netherlands as well as the United States despite the common notion that American officers are ‘quick on the trigger’. This book examines the police use of firearms and its correlation to two related issues of policing. One is the command and control dimensions that Greenwood neglects and the second is the nature of accountability in major and critical incidents. The chapter also examines the connection of these three elements to the transformations in the police firearms use that emerged after the Stockwell incident. It also discusses the issues concerning the shift of British policing from the traditional ethos of policing to a more aggressive and paramilitary policing.
Maurice Punch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424730
- eISBN:
- 9781447303350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424730.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter retraces the history of the unarmed ‘Bobby’ of 1829 and outlines the developments in the police use of firearms including development policy and practice in this area. It specifically ...
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This chapter retraces the history of the unarmed ‘Bobby’ of 1829 and outlines the developments in the police use of firearms including development policy and practice in this area. It specifically examines the development of police firearm use and firearm policy in the UK since the Second World War. Focus is given on the restraint paradigm of the UK police wherein the minimization of risk and preservation of life are very central. In addition to discussing the development of firearm use and firearm policy in the UK, the chapter also discusses policy in the Netherlands on the use of firearm by police. It discusses the Dutch ‘shoot to live’ approach wherein the use of fatal force and firearms is based on violence as the last resort.Less
This chapter retraces the history of the unarmed ‘Bobby’ of 1829 and outlines the developments in the police use of firearms including development policy and practice in this area. It specifically examines the development of police firearm use and firearm policy in the UK since the Second World War. Focus is given on the restraint paradigm of the UK police wherein the minimization of risk and preservation of life are very central. In addition to discussing the development of firearm use and firearm policy in the UK, the chapter also discusses policy in the Netherlands on the use of firearm by police. It discusses the Dutch ‘shoot to live’ approach wherein the use of fatal force and firearms is based on violence as the last resort.
P. E. H. Hair and Robin Law
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205623
- eISBN:
- 9780191676703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
Like many other parts of the world before 1700, western Africa was linguistically and ethnically fragmented. In consequence, it had multiple polities of varying size, structure, and potential. Down ...
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Like many other parts of the world before 1700, western Africa was linguistically and ethnically fragmented. In consequence, it had multiple polities of varying size, structure, and potential. Down to the late seventeenth century, the European impact on western Africa remained limited, and the specifically English impact less significant than that of the Portuguese and Dutch. In Guinea, in contrast to Portuguese Angola, direct influence was restricted to the immediate coastal area; Europeans, including the English, rarely penetrated the interior. The impact of their trade was felt more widely, with slaves in particular sometimes being brought from considerable distances inland. In the longer run, the growth of slave exports, together with imports of firearms, would have a profound effect in at least some areas of the interior, provoking dramatic political upheavals and stimulating the militarization of social structures; but only the beginnings of this process were visible by 1700.Less
Like many other parts of the world before 1700, western Africa was linguistically and ethnically fragmented. In consequence, it had multiple polities of varying size, structure, and potential. Down to the late seventeenth century, the European impact on western Africa remained limited, and the specifically English impact less significant than that of the Portuguese and Dutch. In Guinea, in contrast to Portuguese Angola, direct influence was restricted to the immediate coastal area; Europeans, including the English, rarely penetrated the interior. The impact of their trade was felt more widely, with slaves in particular sometimes being brought from considerable distances inland. In the longer run, the growth of slave exports, together with imports of firearms, would have a profound effect in at least some areas of the interior, provoking dramatic political upheavals and stimulating the militarization of social structures; but only the beginnings of this process were visible by 1700.
Maurice Punch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424730
- eISBN:
- 9781447303350
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424730.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
The shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell underground station in 2005 raised acute issues about operational practice, legitimacy, accountability and policy making regarding police use of ...
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The shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell underground station in 2005 raised acute issues about operational practice, legitimacy, accountability and policy making regarding police use of fatal force. It dramatically exposed a policy, referred to popularly as ‘shoot to kill’, which came not from Parliament but from the non-statutory ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers). This book unravels these often misunderstood matters with a fresh look at firearms practice and policy in a traditionally ‘unarmed’ police service.Less
The shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell underground station in 2005 raised acute issues about operational practice, legitimacy, accountability and policy making regarding police use of fatal force. It dramatically exposed a policy, referred to popularly as ‘shoot to kill’, which came not from Parliament but from the non-statutory ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers). This book unravels these often misunderstood matters with a fresh look at firearms practice and policy in a traditionally ‘unarmed’ police service.
Michael D. Stein and Sandro Galea
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197510384
- eISBN:
- 9780197510414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0042
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter studies how states with stricter firearm legislation have fewer fatal police shootings—defined as the rate of people killed by law enforcement agencies. The authors of a 2017 study used ...
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This chapter studies how states with stricter firearm legislation have fewer fatal police shootings—defined as the rate of people killed by law enforcement agencies. The authors of a 2017 study used two data sources to show this relationship: the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence’s legislative scorecard for firearm laws; and The Counted, an online database produced by The Guardian to assess the number of fatal police shootings. The analysis showed that, even after controlling for age, education, violent crime rates, and household gun ownership, states with the strongest firearm legislation had a 51% lower incidence of fatal police shootings compared to states with the weakest firearm laws. The study also assessed the relationship between different types of legislation and rates of fatal police shootings. Laws that strengthen background checks, promote child and consumer safety, and reduce gun trafficking are linked to lower rates of fatal police shootings.Less
This chapter studies how states with stricter firearm legislation have fewer fatal police shootings—defined as the rate of people killed by law enforcement agencies. The authors of a 2017 study used two data sources to show this relationship: the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence’s legislative scorecard for firearm laws; and The Counted, an online database produced by The Guardian to assess the number of fatal police shootings. The analysis showed that, even after controlling for age, education, violent crime rates, and household gun ownership, states with the strongest firearm legislation had a 51% lower incidence of fatal police shootings compared to states with the weakest firearm laws. The study also assessed the relationship between different types of legislation and rates of fatal police shootings. Laws that strengthen background checks, promote child and consumer safety, and reduce gun trafficking are linked to lower rates of fatal police shootings.
Peter Earle
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381731
- eISBN:
- 9781781382301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381731.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
William engaged in many other activities during his slaving years. They include trade to the Mediterranean, the shipment of mahogany and other West Indian goods from Jamaica and Honduras and the ...
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William engaged in many other activities during his slaving years. They include trade to the Mediterranean, the shipment of mahogany and other West Indian goods from Jamaica and Honduras and the trade in cured fish from the Shetland Islands which is well documented in his letter book. Perhaps the most interesting of his non-slaving activities was as a supplier of trade goods to other slave merchants. He had a shop and warehouses in Liverpool where he kept in stock or arranged for the delivery of such goods as decorative bracelets (maneloes) made in Birmingham and Bristol, knives from Sheffield, and hand-guns and cutlasses from Birmingham. This chapter ends with William’s death in 1788 and discusses his gradual retirement and acquisition of such signs of gentrification as a country house.Less
William engaged in many other activities during his slaving years. They include trade to the Mediterranean, the shipment of mahogany and other West Indian goods from Jamaica and Honduras and the trade in cured fish from the Shetland Islands which is well documented in his letter book. Perhaps the most interesting of his non-slaving activities was as a supplier of trade goods to other slave merchants. He had a shop and warehouses in Liverpool where he kept in stock or arranged for the delivery of such goods as decorative bracelets (maneloes) made in Birmingham and Bristol, knives from Sheffield, and hand-guns and cutlasses from Birmingham. This chapter ends with William’s death in 1788 and discusses his gradual retirement and acquisition of such signs of gentrification as a country house.
Maurice Punch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424730
- eISBN:
- 9781447303350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424730.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter discusses the nature of firearms and the damage they can do. It discusses the role of guns on incidents such as on massacres with legal weapons, and on diverse scenarios in policing for ...
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This chapter discusses the nature of firearms and the damage they can do. It discusses the role of guns on incidents such as on massacres with legal weapons, and on diverse scenarios in policing for the use of firearms. It also discusses the tension and emotion of firing at humans in conflict situations as well as police mistakes and accidents with weapons. All of these are argued to be strictly considered on policies and practices of the police use of firearms and fatal force. In this chapter, the countries of the UK, the US, and the Netherlands are examined as these three societies have contrasting approaches to the use of firearms and force. Throughout the chapter, the notion that the police service is an emergency agency that responds to many mundane and challenging incidents which may require mobilization of fatal force and firearms is considered. The chapter also considers the policy of ‘to arm or not to arm’.Less
This chapter discusses the nature of firearms and the damage they can do. It discusses the role of guns on incidents such as on massacres with legal weapons, and on diverse scenarios in policing for the use of firearms. It also discusses the tension and emotion of firing at humans in conflict situations as well as police mistakes and accidents with weapons. All of these are argued to be strictly considered on policies and practices of the police use of firearms and fatal force. In this chapter, the countries of the UK, the US, and the Netherlands are examined as these three societies have contrasting approaches to the use of firearms and force. Throughout the chapter, the notion that the police service is an emergency agency that responds to many mundane and challenging incidents which may require mobilization of fatal force and firearms is considered. The chapter also considers the policy of ‘to arm or not to arm’.
Richard J. Garrett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099937
- eISBN:
- 9789882206809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099937.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines Portuguese small arms or guns that were used for military defense in Macau. It describes early Portuguese firearms and traces and evolution of handheld firearms. It suggests ...
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This chapter examines Portuguese small arms or guns that were used for military defense in Macau. It describes early Portuguese firearms and traces and evolution of handheld firearms. It suggests that the Portuguese firearms significantly influenced that Chinese and the Japanese who adopted them as models for their own arms. It provides relevant photographs of Macau's handheld weapons.Less
This chapter examines Portuguese small arms or guns that were used for military defense in Macau. It describes early Portuguese firearms and traces and evolution of handheld firearms. It suggests that the Portuguese firearms significantly influenced that Chinese and the Japanese who adopted them as models for their own arms. It provides relevant photographs of Macau's handheld weapons.
James B. Jacobs
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195176582
- eISBN:
- 9780199850020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176582.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter provides a brief historical tour of federal firearms regulation and some background on state and local gun controls. It traces the history of federal and state gun control from the 1920s ...
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This chapter provides a brief historical tour of federal firearms regulation and some background on state and local gun controls. It traces the history of federal and state gun control from the 1920s to the present, emphasizing the continuity from the 1938 Federal Firearms Act (FFA) to the 1968 Gun Control Act (GCA) to the 1993 Brady Law. It holds that it is likely that future federal gun control legislation will build upon the foundation that has been established over the past 75 years. Up until now the principal federal policy is that law-abiding adults should be allowed to purchase and possess firearms, at least in their homes, but that dangerous classes of people should be denied access to guns and should be punished for possessing them. Furthermore, both federal and state criminal laws provide very serious punishment for crimes committed with a firearm.Less
This chapter provides a brief historical tour of federal firearms regulation and some background on state and local gun controls. It traces the history of federal and state gun control from the 1920s to the present, emphasizing the continuity from the 1938 Federal Firearms Act (FFA) to the 1968 Gun Control Act (GCA) to the 1993 Brady Law. It holds that it is likely that future federal gun control legislation will build upon the foundation that has been established over the past 75 years. Up until now the principal federal policy is that law-abiding adults should be allowed to purchase and possess firearms, at least in their homes, but that dangerous classes of people should be denied access to guns and should be punished for possessing them. Furthermore, both federal and state criminal laws provide very serious punishment for crimes committed with a firearm.
Justin A. Joyce
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526126160
- eISBN:
- 9781526138743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526126160.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter traces the changing iconography of guns within an array of literary texts from the nineteenth century and cinematic texts of the twentieth century. This chapter outlines the shifting ...
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This chapter traces the changing iconography of guns within an array of literary texts from the nineteenth century and cinematic texts of the twentieth century. This chapter outlines the shifting emphases within the Western; for though the gun has always been important to the Western, the genre’s representations of gun violence have varied through its history. This chapter argues that the Western's changing iconographic emphases, from aim to speed, codes violence morally upright and justifiable at different moments within the genre’s long history.Less
This chapter traces the changing iconography of guns within an array of literary texts from the nineteenth century and cinematic texts of the twentieth century. This chapter outlines the shifting emphases within the Western; for though the gun has always been important to the Western, the genre’s representations of gun violence have varied through its history. This chapter argues that the Western's changing iconographic emphases, from aim to speed, codes violence morally upright and justifiable at different moments within the genre’s long history.
Peter Ramsay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199581061
- eISBN:
- 9780191741005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581061.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, ...
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This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, threat offences, public order offences, and possession offences. The review of the law is not meant to cover every relevant power but rather to argue that while subjective security interests were protected in different ways, this protection remained piecemeal, implicit or justified in a traditional moralized language quite different from the later more explicit and systematic development of a liability for failure to reassure.Less
This chapter reviews the protection of subjective security interests in the criminal law of an earlier period before the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It considers vagrancy, nuisance, the bind over, threat offences, public order offences, and possession offences. The review of the law is not meant to cover every relevant power but rather to argue that while subjective security interests were protected in different ways, this protection remained piecemeal, implicit or justified in a traditional moralized language quite different from the later more explicit and systematic development of a liability for failure to reassure.
Matthew J. Lacombe
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691207445
- eISBN:
- 9780691207469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691207445.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on the National Rifle Association's (NRA) efforts during its quasi-governmental phase. Looking at the National Firearms Act and Federal Firearms Act from the 1930s, as well as ...
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This chapter focuses on the National Rifle Association's (NRA) efforts during its quasi-governmental phase. Looking at the National Firearms Act and Federal Firearms Act from the 1930s, as well as the Gun Control Act of 1968, the chapter explores how the NRA used this worldview to influence gun policy outcomes during its quasi-governmental phase. The chapter also demonstrates how the NRA harnessed this worldview to advance its political agenda during a period in which it abstained from partisan politics. The chapter then shifts to investigate how these were intertwined with — and often went beyond — other potential sources of power, such as the NRA's financial resources. It digs into a wide range of archival materials to identify how the NRA mobilized gun owners to defeat or weaken gun control legislation in the 1930s through the 1960s. Ultimately, the chapter aims to show that the NRA's ideational resources had independent impacts on key policy outcomes — that they mattered above and beyond any other advantages and resources that the NRA may have had.Less
This chapter focuses on the National Rifle Association's (NRA) efforts during its quasi-governmental phase. Looking at the National Firearms Act and Federal Firearms Act from the 1930s, as well as the Gun Control Act of 1968, the chapter explores how the NRA used this worldview to influence gun policy outcomes during its quasi-governmental phase. The chapter also demonstrates how the NRA harnessed this worldview to advance its political agenda during a period in which it abstained from partisan politics. The chapter then shifts to investigate how these were intertwined with — and often went beyond — other potential sources of power, such as the NRA's financial resources. It digs into a wide range of archival materials to identify how the NRA mobilized gun owners to defeat or weaken gun control legislation in the 1930s through the 1960s. Ultimately, the chapter aims to show that the NRA's ideational resources had independent impacts on key policy outcomes — that they mattered above and beyond any other advantages and resources that the NRA may have had.
Jan Arno Hessbruegge
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190655020
- eISBN:
- 9780190655051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190655020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
Although overshadowed by the right to interstate self-defense, the right to personal self-defense also forms part of international law. It is a general principle of law recognized by nations, because ...
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Although overshadowed by the right to interstate self-defense, the right to personal self-defense also forms part of international law. It is a general principle of law recognized by nations, because it can be, found in the major natural law traditions of the world and all domestic criminal law systems. In international law, it has had its deepest impact on human rights law, even though it is not a human right itself. The right to personal self-defence interacts with human rights on three levels: State-to-individual level: Within tight boundaries, the right to defend oneself and others justifies infringements of basic human rights by state authorities. It marks the sole case where law enforcement agents may intentionally and without judicial sentence kill in peacetime. Use of lethal force by the military may exceptionally also come to be assessed by self-defence standards. Individual-to-individual level: International human rights law establishes boundaries on how broadly domestic laws on personal self-defense between private persons may be drawn. While states must recognize a reasonable right to self-defense, international law does not grant a right to firearms as a means of self-defense. Individual-to-state level: In exceptional circumstances, the right to personal self-defense also sharpens the human rights of individuals, allowing them to forcibly resist certain type of human rights violations committed by state agents. However, even in the face of genocide or other mass atrocities state practice regrettably does not recognize a collective right to organized armed resistance.Less
Although overshadowed by the right to interstate self-defense, the right to personal self-defense also forms part of international law. It is a general principle of law recognized by nations, because it can be, found in the major natural law traditions of the world and all domestic criminal law systems. In international law, it has had its deepest impact on human rights law, even though it is not a human right itself. The right to personal self-defence interacts with human rights on three levels: State-to-individual level: Within tight boundaries, the right to defend oneself and others justifies infringements of basic human rights by state authorities. It marks the sole case where law enforcement agents may intentionally and without judicial sentence kill in peacetime. Use of lethal force by the military may exceptionally also come to be assessed by self-defence standards. Individual-to-individual level: International human rights law establishes boundaries on how broadly domestic laws on personal self-defense between private persons may be drawn. While states must recognize a reasonable right to self-defense, international law does not grant a right to firearms as a means of self-defense. Individual-to-state level: In exceptional circumstances, the right to personal self-defense also sharpens the human rights of individuals, allowing them to forcibly resist certain type of human rights violations committed by state agents. However, even in the face of genocide or other mass atrocities state practice regrettably does not recognize a collective right to organized armed resistance.
