Markus Siegel and Tobias H. Donner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity ...
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This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.Less
This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.
Peter Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151588
- eISBN:
- 9781400839698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151588.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter begins by looking at a very literal form of marks of identity—fingerprints—then examines the obsession of modern societies with issues of identity. While the notion of identity is not ...
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This chapter begins by looking at a very literal form of marks of identity—fingerprints—then examines the obsession of modern societies with issues of identity. While the notion of identity is not new—especially as a philosophical topic—a widespread concern with one's personal identity, and its relations to “the others” among whom one lives, seems to have emerged with greater intensity with the Enlightenment, and to gain force throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and into modern time. To the extent that a characteristic of modernity is a new valuation of the individual, the obsession with identity follows almost inevitably.Less
This chapter begins by looking at a very literal form of marks of identity—fingerprints—then examines the obsession of modern societies with issues of identity. While the notion of identity is not new—especially as a philosophical topic—a widespread concern with one's personal identity, and its relations to “the others” among whom one lives, seems to have emerged with greater intensity with the Enlightenment, and to gain force throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and into modern time. To the extent that a characteristic of modernity is a new valuation of the individual, the obsession with identity follows almost inevitably.
Mike Redmayne
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198267805
- eISBN:
- 9780191714856
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the ...
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As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.Less
As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.
Ted R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304114
- eISBN:
- 9780199790012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304114.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been ...
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This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been identified by DNA-fingerprinting. Both the adaptive and proximate causes of clutch size variation in the species are discussed. Other topics include age at first reproduction, timing of breeding, nest sites, incubation, nesting success, reproductive lifespan, and captive breeding.Less
This chapter summarizes the reproductive strategy of the House Sparrow. Although monogamy is the primary mating system of the species, significant rates of extra-pair fertilizations have been identified by DNA-fingerprinting. Both the adaptive and proximate causes of clutch size variation in the species are discussed. Other topics include age at first reproduction, timing of breeding, nest sites, incubation, nesting success, reproductive lifespan, and captive breeding.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
The discovery and characterisation of tandem repeat DNA has been of fundamental importance in the analysis of human genetic variation. The nature and origins of satellite, minisatellite, and ...
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The discovery and characterisation of tandem repeat DNA has been of fundamental importance in the analysis of human genetic variation. The nature and origins of satellite, minisatellite, and microsatellite DNA are reviewed. The diverse applications arising from study of highly polymorphic tandem repeats are described including application to mapping the human genome and disease genes, to forensic practice through techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, and to studies of human origins and evolutionary relationships. The consequences for gene expression are reviewed, including at the variable number tandem repeat upstream of the insulin gene associated with type 1 diabetes. The role of tandem repeats in human disease is discussed, including unstable trinucleotide repeat expansions seen in neurological diseases. Gain of function effects through polyglutamine expansions in Huntington disease and other conditions; loss of function mechanisms involving Fragile X and Friedrich ataxia; and RNA-mediated mechanisms seen in myotonic dystrophy are all reviewed.Less
The discovery and characterisation of tandem repeat DNA has been of fundamental importance in the analysis of human genetic variation. The nature and origins of satellite, minisatellite, and microsatellite DNA are reviewed. The diverse applications arising from study of highly polymorphic tandem repeats are described including application to mapping the human genome and disease genes, to forensic practice through techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, and to studies of human origins and evolutionary relationships. The consequences for gene expression are reviewed, including at the variable number tandem repeat upstream of the insulin gene associated with type 1 diabetes. The role of tandem repeats in human disease is discussed, including unstable trinucleotide repeat expansions seen in neurological diseases. Gain of function effects through polyglutamine expansions in Huntington disease and other conditions; loss of function mechanisms involving Fragile X and Friedrich ataxia; and RNA-mediated mechanisms seen in myotonic dystrophy are all reviewed.
James Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237197
- eISBN:
- 9780191717314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237197.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter surveys the extensive recent literature on the problems of deciding what is meant by an I(0) process, and then deciding how to test for the property. A formidable difficulty exists in ...
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This chapter surveys the extensive recent literature on the problems of deciding what is meant by an I(0) process, and then deciding how to test for the property. A formidable difficulty exists in the construction of consistent and asymptotically correctly sized tests for the I(0) hypothesis, and this may appear to place a question mark over the validity of a large area of econometric theory and practice. To overcome these difficulties in practical applications, the chapter proposes that a slightly different question needs to be posed, relating to the adequacy of approximation to asymptotic inference criteria in finite samples. A simulation-based test, aimed at discriminating between data sets on this basis, is examined in a Monte Carlo experiment.Less
This chapter surveys the extensive recent literature on the problems of deciding what is meant by an I(0) process, and then deciding how to test for the property. A formidable difficulty exists in the construction of consistent and asymptotically correctly sized tests for the I(0) hypothesis, and this may appear to place a question mark over the validity of a large area of econometric theory and practice. To overcome these difficulties in practical applications, the chapter proposes that a slightly different question needs to be posed, relating to the adequacy of approximation to asymptotic inference criteria in finite samples. A simulation-based test, aimed at discriminating between data sets on this basis, is examined in a Monte Carlo experiment.
Stefan Petrow
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201656
- eISBN:
- 9780191674976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201656.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Close supervision provided the authorities, particularly the police department, the chance to check on the activities of criminals. Accumulating information on past convictions of criminals and ...
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Close supervision provided the authorities, particularly the police department, the chance to check on the activities of criminals. Accumulating information on past convictions of criminals and rapidly and accurately identifying those reconvicted was an essential task that formed the basis of supervision. This chapter focuses on the methods employed by the Metropolitan Police under the supervision of the Home Office in classifying and categorizing information using scientific techniques. The chapter begins with a discussion of the registration of criminals. This is followed by an examination on how criminals were identified by photography, anthropometry, and fingerprinting. The chapter also discusses the sub-branches that were created from the main developments for identifying criminals. The closing section of this chapter tackles and surveys the debate, culminating in the Prevention of Crime Act 1908, on how best to punish habitual criminals. This section focuses on the erosion of individual liberty in the late-Victorian and Edwardian years.Less
Close supervision provided the authorities, particularly the police department, the chance to check on the activities of criminals. Accumulating information on past convictions of criminals and rapidly and accurately identifying those reconvicted was an essential task that formed the basis of supervision. This chapter focuses on the methods employed by the Metropolitan Police under the supervision of the Home Office in classifying and categorizing information using scientific techniques. The chapter begins with a discussion of the registration of criminals. This is followed by an examination on how criminals were identified by photography, anthropometry, and fingerprinting. The chapter also discusses the sub-branches that were created from the main developments for identifying criminals. The closing section of this chapter tackles and surveys the debate, culminating in the Prevention of Crime Act 1908, on how best to punish habitual criminals. This section focuses on the erosion of individual liberty in the late-Victorian and Edwardian years.
Richard Passingham
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199230136
- eISBN:
- 9780191696428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230136.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In general, an animal's brain size is in direct proportion to its body size, hence humans have bigger brains than other primates. The issue, however, is not the relativity of the brain sizes but how ...
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In general, an animal's brain size is in direct proportion to its body size, hence humans have bigger brains than other primates. The issue, however, is not the relativity of the brain sizes but how the anatomical areas of the brain, the cyto-architectonic areas connect with each other to carry out the specialized functions of the brain. This chapter discusses the physical differences between the human brain and the brain of chimpanzees and macaques. In addition to brain size, the neocortex size as well as the anatomy of the prefrontal and parietal cortices, and the Wernicke's and Broca's areas have also been examined to determine how the connectional fingerprints — or the connections between the functions of these anatomical areas — translate into functional fingerprints — or the response of the brain to different stimuli in different situations.Less
In general, an animal's brain size is in direct proportion to its body size, hence humans have bigger brains than other primates. The issue, however, is not the relativity of the brain sizes but how the anatomical areas of the brain, the cyto-architectonic areas connect with each other to carry out the specialized functions of the brain. This chapter discusses the physical differences between the human brain and the brain of chimpanzees and macaques. In addition to brain size, the neocortex size as well as the anatomy of the prefrontal and parietal cortices, and the Wernicke's and Broca's areas have also been examined to determine how the connectional fingerprints — or the connections between the functions of these anatomical areas — translate into functional fingerprints — or the response of the brain to different stimuli in different situations.
Peter Coles
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567622
- eISBN:
- 9780191718250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567622.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
After discussing such esoteric subjects as chaos theory, quantum mechanics, and the anthropic principle, this final chapter focuses on some broader aspects of the role of probability in everyday ...
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After discussing such esoteric subjects as chaos theory, quantum mechanics, and the anthropic principle, this final chapter focuses on some broader aspects of the role of probability in everyday life. One particular area that this chapter explores is the role of probability in the courtroom. It looks at a specific example of forensic statistics which has been involved in some high-profile court cases and which demonstrates how careful probabilistic reasoning is needed to understand scientific evidence: DNA fingerprinting. The chapter also examines how a relatively simple statistical test can lead to total confusion. In this version, it is known as Simpson's paradox. The case of a mother who was convicted of murdering her two sons due to the testimony of a paediatrician summoned as an expert witness is also considered, along with the interplay between science, society, and statistics.Less
After discussing such esoteric subjects as chaos theory, quantum mechanics, and the anthropic principle, this final chapter focuses on some broader aspects of the role of probability in everyday life. One particular area that this chapter explores is the role of probability in the courtroom. It looks at a specific example of forensic statistics which has been involved in some high-profile court cases and which demonstrates how careful probabilistic reasoning is needed to understand scientific evidence: DNA fingerprinting. The chapter also examines how a relatively simple statistical test can lead to total confusion. In this version, it is known as Simpson's paradox. The case of a mother who was convicted of murdering her two sons due to the testimony of a paediatrician summoned as an expert witness is also considered, along with the interplay between science, society, and statistics.
Lucy Johnston
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195393705
- eISBN:
- 9780199979271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter considers whether human gait conveys information to observers about one’s vulnerability to attack. Specifically, it describes a program of research in which the “kinematic fingerprint” ...
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This chapter considers whether human gait conveys information to observers about one’s vulnerability to attack. Specifically, it describes a program of research in which the “kinematic fingerprint” of physical vulnerability is assessed. Observers of point-light-defined body motions form impressions of physical vulnerability that achieve a high level of consensus. Additionally, the authors examine factors that contribute to these perceptions (e.g., manner of dress) and that can mitigate these perceptions (e.g., changing gait).Less
This chapter considers whether human gait conveys information to observers about one’s vulnerability to attack. Specifically, it describes a program of research in which the “kinematic fingerprint” of physical vulnerability is assessed. Observers of point-light-defined body motions form impressions of physical vulnerability that achieve a high level of consensus. Additionally, the authors examine factors that contribute to these perceptions (e.g., manner of dress) and that can mitigate these perceptions (e.g., changing gait).
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226498065
- eISBN:
- 9780226498089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226498089.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter investigates why latent fingerprint comparisons have thus far proved intractable to probabilistic analysis. It explains that forensic DNA researchers did not claim that DNA fingerprints ...
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This chapter investigates why latent fingerprint comparisons have thus far proved intractable to probabilistic analysis. It explains that forensic DNA researchers did not claim that DNA fingerprints were unique to individuals and that they developed probability estimates by collecting samples and building databases of DNA profiles from samples drawn from various so-called racial or ethnic populations. The chapter also considers the work of the latent print examiner and comments on the court's usual practice of allowing them to “testify about identity as if it were fact, not opinion.”Less
This chapter investigates why latent fingerprint comparisons have thus far proved intractable to probabilistic analysis. It explains that forensic DNA researchers did not claim that DNA fingerprints were unique to individuals and that they developed probability estimates by collecting samples and building databases of DNA profiles from samples drawn from various so-called racial or ethnic populations. The chapter also considers the work of the latent print examiner and comments on the court's usual practice of allowing them to “testify about identity as if it were fact, not opinion.”
Rex Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- July 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198865568
- eISBN:
- 9780191897948
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198865568.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
The task of identifying the individual has given rise to a number of technical innovations, including fingerprint analysis and DNA profiling. A range of methods has also been created for storing and ...
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The task of identifying the individual has given rise to a number of technical innovations, including fingerprint analysis and DNA profiling. A range of methods has also been created for storing and classifying people’s identities, such as identity cards and digital records. Identification Practices and Twentieth-Century Fiction tests the hypothesis that these techniques and methods, as practised in the UK and US in the long twentieth century, are inherently related to the literary representation of self-identity from the same period. Until now, the question of ‘who one is’ in the sense of formal identification has remained detached from the question of ‘who one is’ in terms of the representation of unique individuality. Placing these two questions in dialogue allows for a re-evaluation of the various ways in which uniqueness has been constructed during the period and for a reassessment of the historical and literary historical context of such construction. In chapters ranging across the development of fingerprinting, the institution of identity cards during the Second World War, DNA profiling and contemporary digital surveillance, and an analysis of writing by authors including Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, Elizabeth Bowen, J. G. Ballard, Don DeLillo, and Jennifer Egan, Identification Practices and Twentieth-Century Fiction makes an original contribution to Literary Studies, History, and Cultural Studies.Less
The task of identifying the individual has given rise to a number of technical innovations, including fingerprint analysis and DNA profiling. A range of methods has also been created for storing and classifying people’s identities, such as identity cards and digital records. Identification Practices and Twentieth-Century Fiction tests the hypothesis that these techniques and methods, as practised in the UK and US in the long twentieth century, are inherently related to the literary representation of self-identity from the same period. Until now, the question of ‘who one is’ in the sense of formal identification has remained detached from the question of ‘who one is’ in terms of the representation of unique individuality. Placing these two questions in dialogue allows for a re-evaluation of the various ways in which uniqueness has been constructed during the period and for a reassessment of the historical and literary historical context of such construction. In chapters ranging across the development of fingerprinting, the institution of identity cards during the Second World War, DNA profiling and contemporary digital surveillance, and an analysis of writing by authors including Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, Elizabeth Bowen, J. G. Ballard, Don DeLillo, and Jennifer Egan, Identification Practices and Twentieth-Century Fiction makes an original contribution to Literary Studies, History, and Cultural Studies.
Andrew J. Lawson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199698226
- eISBN:
- 9780191804908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199698226.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter describes the cave of Mayenne-Sciences and its artwork. Nearly sixty individual motifs have been isolated. As well as various red handprints and fingerprints and other simple signs, ...
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This chapter describes the cave of Mayenne-Sciences and its artwork. Nearly sixty individual motifs have been isolated. As well as various red handprints and fingerprints and other simple signs, there are sixteen animal figures, including nine horses, two mammoths, a bison, and four indeterminate animals, mainly painted in black.Less
This chapter describes the cave of Mayenne-Sciences and its artwork. Nearly sixty individual motifs have been isolated. As well as various red handprints and fingerprints and other simple signs, there are sixteen animal figures, including nine horses, two mammoths, a bison, and four indeterminate animals, mainly painted in black.
Joe Nickell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125343
- eISBN:
- 9780813135229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125343.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter investigates if the photographs and videotapes of the assassin of President John F. Kennedy really depict ex-marine Lee Harvey Oswald. The first scientific attempt to identify felons ...
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This chapter investigates if the photographs and videotapes of the assassin of President John F. Kennedy really depict ex-marine Lee Harvey Oswald. The first scientific attempt to identify felons began in 1860. Fingerprints are the mainstay of identification. However, in some cases where there are too few ridge characteristics to make a positive fingerprint identification, the pattern of tiny pores along the ridges is employed, a method known as poroscopy. Like fingerprints, the patterns of the palms and the soles of the feet may prove valuable. Lip impressions, bite marks, and dental X-rays are other methods for identification. It examines Eddowes's theory explaining that Lee Harvey Oswald has a double. However this theory was contradicted by other experts.Less
This chapter investigates if the photographs and videotapes of the assassin of President John F. Kennedy really depict ex-marine Lee Harvey Oswald. The first scientific attempt to identify felons began in 1860. Fingerprints are the mainstay of identification. However, in some cases where there are too few ridge characteristics to make a positive fingerprint identification, the pattern of tiny pores along the ridges is employed, a method known as poroscopy. Like fingerprints, the patterns of the palms and the soles of the feet may prove valuable. Lip impressions, bite marks, and dental X-rays are other methods for identification. It examines Eddowes's theory explaining that Lee Harvey Oswald has a double. However this theory was contradicted by other experts.
James B. Jacobs
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195176582
- eISBN:
- 9780199850020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176582.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter focuses on a range of other gun control proposals, including mandatory trigger locks, safe storage laws, one-gun-per-month limitation on individual gun purchases, ammunition controls, ...
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This chapter focuses on a range of other gun control proposals, including mandatory trigger locks, safe storage laws, one-gun-per-month limitation on individual gun purchases, ammunition controls, ballistic fingerprinting, and holding gun manufacturers civilly liable for the consequences of gun violence. Safety locks, smart guns, and safe storage laws ought to be seen as proposals seeking to protect consumers and their families from unsafe guns or perhaps from safe guns stored unsafely. The NRA and other gun owners' rights organizations preach gun safety to owners and users and sponsor educational training programs. While trigger lock proposals seek to regulate manufacturers, safe storage laws seek to regulate individual gun owners.Less
This chapter focuses on a range of other gun control proposals, including mandatory trigger locks, safe storage laws, one-gun-per-month limitation on individual gun purchases, ammunition controls, ballistic fingerprinting, and holding gun manufacturers civilly liable for the consequences of gun violence. Safety locks, smart guns, and safe storage laws ought to be seen as proposals seeking to protect consumers and their families from unsafe guns or perhaps from safe guns stored unsafely. The NRA and other gun owners' rights organizations preach gun safety to owners and users and sponsor educational training programs. While trigger lock proposals seek to regulate manufacturers, safe storage laws seek to regulate individual gun owners.
Angelica Goodden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199683833
- eISBN:
- 9780191766190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683833.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, European Literature
Rousseau's signatures, the craftsman's fingerprint and the writer's eloquence, are discussed in terms of his lifetime's devotion to praxis and doxa respectively, the convergence of hand and voice ...
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Rousseau's signatures, the craftsman's fingerprint and the writer's eloquence, are discussed in terms of his lifetime's devotion to praxis and doxa respectively, the convergence of hand and voice through a deep involvement with craft and moral teaching, and the craftsman's preoccupation with durability. He realized that craft and life were intimately connected and mutually supportive: though writing is inevitably done at second hand, detached from reality itself, it is seen as a vital residue. Rousseau ‘made’ a world by projecting it, but also by deeply honouring the dignity of manual work.Less
Rousseau's signatures, the craftsman's fingerprint and the writer's eloquence, are discussed in terms of his lifetime's devotion to praxis and doxa respectively, the convergence of hand and voice through a deep involvement with craft and moral teaching, and the craftsman's preoccupation with durability. He realized that craft and life were intimately connected and mutually supportive: though writing is inevitably done at second hand, detached from reality itself, it is seen as a vital residue. Rousseau ‘made’ a world by projecting it, but also by deeply honouring the dignity of manual work.
Richard E. Passingham
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- August 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198844570
- eISBN:
- 9780191880094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198844570.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter explains why this book is organized as it is. Each neocortical area has a unique pattern of inputs and outputs. This means that the challenge is to understand the transformation that ...
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This chapter explains why this book is organized as it is. Each neocortical area has a unique pattern of inputs and outputs. This means that the challenge is to understand the transformation that each of the prefrontal (PF) areas performs from input to output. Functional brain imaging allows us to visualize the human brain at work, but it does not have the spatial resolution to identify the mechanisms that support the transformations that the brain performs. It is neurophysiological recordings from cells that tell us how these are achieved. Chapters 3–8 are therefore mainly devoted to studies that have been carried out on the PF cortex of macaque monkeys because the methods are necessarily invasive. Apart from recording, the methods include making selective lesions in an area; it is these that identify the contribution that is unique to that area. The book ends by reviewing the evolution of the human PF cortex; and the final two chapters discuss the ways in which the human PF cortex is specialized in terms of function. In doing so, they attempt to account for the intellectual gap between humans and other primates.Less
This chapter explains why this book is organized as it is. Each neocortical area has a unique pattern of inputs and outputs. This means that the challenge is to understand the transformation that each of the prefrontal (PF) areas performs from input to output. Functional brain imaging allows us to visualize the human brain at work, but it does not have the spatial resolution to identify the mechanisms that support the transformations that the brain performs. It is neurophysiological recordings from cells that tell us how these are achieved. Chapters 3–8 are therefore mainly devoted to studies that have been carried out on the PF cortex of macaque monkeys because the methods are necessarily invasive. Apart from recording, the methods include making selective lesions in an area; it is these that identify the contribution that is unique to that area. The book ends by reviewing the evolution of the human PF cortex; and the final two chapters discuss the ways in which the human PF cortex is specialized in terms of function. In doing so, they attempt to account for the intellectual gap between humans and other primates.
Ken H. Pollock, James D. Nichols, and K. Ullas Karanth
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199558520
- eISBN:
- 9780191774546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558520.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Ecology
The challenges of estimating demographic parameters of carnivores include low population densities, large home-ranges, extensive seasonal movements, and long dispersal distances. Intensive sampling ...
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The challenges of estimating demographic parameters of carnivores include low population densities, large home-ranges, extensive seasonal movements, and long dispersal distances. Intensive sampling methods are often expensive and logistically difficult to deploy. Many carnivores are also nocturnal, elusive, and wary, making direct visual counts impossible. Indirect detections based on photos, tracks, scats, etc., therefore become necessary. Explicit estimation of detection probability and absolute abundance metrics are preferred, and the pitfalls of relative abundance indices are considered. Capture–recapture models based on photo-identification and/or DNA fingerprinting of individuals are often useful for carnivores. Occupancy modelling from sign surveys offers advantages for measuring species' distributions by jointly modelling the proportion of area occupied and the species' detection probability as functions of important auxiliary variables.Less
The challenges of estimating demographic parameters of carnivores include low population densities, large home-ranges, extensive seasonal movements, and long dispersal distances. Intensive sampling methods are often expensive and logistically difficult to deploy. Many carnivores are also nocturnal, elusive, and wary, making direct visual counts impossible. Indirect detections based on photos, tracks, scats, etc., therefore become necessary. Explicit estimation of detection probability and absolute abundance metrics are preferred, and the pitfalls of relative abundance indices are considered. Capture–recapture models based on photo-identification and/or DNA fingerprinting of individuals are often useful for carnivores. Occupancy modelling from sign surveys offers advantages for measuring species' distributions by jointly modelling the proportion of area occupied and the species' detection probability as functions of important auxiliary variables.
Luiz Pessoa
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019569
- eISBN:
- 9780262314756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019569.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter describes a general framework for understanding brain function, one that addresses the relationship between brain and behavior. To do so, it first characterizes the mapping between ...
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This chapter describes a general framework for understanding brain function, one that addresses the relationship between brain and behavior. To do so, it first characterizes the mapping between structure and function. The chapter argues that a network perspective should supplant the common strategy of understanding the brain in terms of individual regions. Yet, although this perspective is needed for a fuller characterization of the mind-brain, it should not be viewed as a panacea. For one thing, it does not dissolve the challenges posed by the many-to-many mapping between regions and functions – however useful the network approach may be, we should not anticipate a one-to-one mapping when it is adopted. The chapter also describes how the function of brain regions can be characterized in a multidimensional manner using diversity profiles, which can also be used to describe the way different brain regions participate in networks.Less
This chapter describes a general framework for understanding brain function, one that addresses the relationship between brain and behavior. To do so, it first characterizes the mapping between structure and function. The chapter argues that a network perspective should supplant the common strategy of understanding the brain in terms of individual regions. Yet, although this perspective is needed for a fuller characterization of the mind-brain, it should not be viewed as a panacea. For one thing, it does not dissolve the challenges posed by the many-to-many mapping between regions and functions – however useful the network approach may be, we should not anticipate a one-to-one mapping when it is adopted. The chapter also describes how the function of brain regions can be characterized in a multidimensional manner using diversity profiles, which can also be used to describe the way different brain regions participate in networks.
Michael Lynch, Simon A. Cole, and Ruth McNally
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226498065
- eISBN:
- 9780226498089
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226498089.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
DNA profiling—commonly known as DNA fingerprinting—is often heralded as unassailable criminal evidence, a veritable “truth machine” that can overturn convictions based on eyewitness testimony, ...
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DNA profiling—commonly known as DNA fingerprinting—is often heralded as unassailable criminal evidence, a veritable “truth machine” that can overturn convictions based on eyewitness testimony, confessions, and other forms of forensic evidence. But DNA evidence is far from infallible. This book traces the controversial history of DNA fingerprinting by looking at court cases in the United States and United Kingdom beginning in the mid-1980s, when the practice was invented, and continuing until the present. It covers techniques of DNA profiling, DNA evidence, statistics and probability, and the controversy of DNA databases, ultimately presenting compelling evidence of the obstacles and opportunities at the intersection of science, technology, sociology, and law.Less
DNA profiling—commonly known as DNA fingerprinting—is often heralded as unassailable criminal evidence, a veritable “truth machine” that can overturn convictions based on eyewitness testimony, confessions, and other forms of forensic evidence. But DNA evidence is far from infallible. This book traces the controversial history of DNA fingerprinting by looking at court cases in the United States and United Kingdom beginning in the mid-1980s, when the practice was invented, and continuing until the present. It covers techniques of DNA profiling, DNA evidence, statistics and probability, and the controversy of DNA databases, ultimately presenting compelling evidence of the obstacles and opportunities at the intersection of science, technology, sociology, and law.
