Susan Senior Nello
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244096
- eISBN:
- 9780191600371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924409X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Examines the external economic influences that have affected democratic consolidation. The analysis concentrates on the role played by external economic actors, taking as a case study the IMF and a ...
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Examines the external economic influences that have affected democratic consolidation. The analysis concentrates on the role played by external economic actors, taking as a case study the IMF and a comparison of its role with that of the EU. The first section considers the IMF provision of financial and technical assistance to facilitate the political and economic transition process. It also examines the role of the IMF in providing policy advice and acting as a catalyst to obtain financial support from other resources. The second section describes the activities of the IMF in transition countries. The third discusses links between a market‐oriented economy and democratization at a general level, while the fourth indicates how tensions may arise between the two in specific cases of post‐communist transition. The fifth section discusses IMF conditionality as applied to the transition countries with regard to the needs, objectives, and characteristics of the country itself, its ability to bargain with the international organization in question, and the international economic and political environment. The sixth section assesses how appropriate the policy descriptions of the IMF were for the economies in transition and what kind of positive and negative lessons might be drawn from applying conditionality. Lastly, the chapter discusses the implications in this context of proposals for IMF reform.Less
Examines the external economic influences that have affected democratic consolidation. The analysis concentrates on the role played by external economic actors, taking as a case study the IMF and a comparison of its role with that of the EU. The first section considers the IMF provision of financial and technical assistance to facilitate the political and economic transition process. It also examines the role of the IMF in providing policy advice and acting as a catalyst to obtain financial support from other resources. The second section describes the activities of the IMF in transition countries. The third discusses links between a market‐oriented economy and democratization at a general level, while the fourth indicates how tensions may arise between the two in specific cases of post‐communist transition. The fifth section discusses IMF conditionality as applied to the transition countries with regard to the needs, objectives, and characteristics of the country itself, its ability to bargain with the international organization in question, and the international economic and political environment. The sixth section assesses how appropriate the policy descriptions of the IMF were for the economies in transition and what kind of positive and negative lessons might be drawn from applying conditionality. Lastly, the chapter discusses the implications in this context of proposals for IMF reform.
Kent Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378825
- eISBN:
- 9780199852598
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378825.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The collapse of the Doha Round hangs heavily over an already troubled world economy. Some have concluded that this failure is simply the result of a lack of political will and a pre-occupation with ...
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The collapse of the Doha Round hangs heavily over an already troubled world economy. Some have concluded that this failure is simply the result of a lack of political will and a pre-occupation with issues such as terrorism. But as this book reveals, the World Trade Organization needs serious structural changes, not just political backbone. It shows for instance that the WTO—now with 153 members—has become increasingly unwieldy in terms of concluding trade agreements and he suggests that countries organize around specific platform positions, a strategy that would make the “holy grail” of consensus once again possible. The book also argues for financial support for poorer countries so that they can participate effectively in negotiations and it contends that the principle of the “single undertaking” (that “there is no agreement until everything is agreed”) has become a serious and perhaps crippling constraint, and must be modified.Less
The collapse of the Doha Round hangs heavily over an already troubled world economy. Some have concluded that this failure is simply the result of a lack of political will and a pre-occupation with issues such as terrorism. But as this book reveals, the World Trade Organization needs serious structural changes, not just political backbone. It shows for instance that the WTO—now with 153 members—has become increasingly unwieldy in terms of concluding trade agreements and he suggests that countries organize around specific platform positions, a strategy that would make the “holy grail” of consensus once again possible. The book also argues for financial support for poorer countries so that they can participate effectively in negotiations and it contends that the principle of the “single undertaking” (that “there is no agreement until everything is agreed”) has become a serious and perhaps crippling constraint, and must be modified.
Norman Doe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199604005
- eISBN:
- 9780191729331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604005.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Comparative Law
A study of national laws in Europe on the property and finances of religion reveals the high degree of cooperation between States and religion in this field. This chapter examines the property of ...
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A study of national laws in Europe on the property and finances of religion reveals the high degree of cooperation between States and religion in this field. This chapter examines the property of religious organizations — the right to acquire, administer, and dispose of property (including partnership between States and religion in preserving the religious heritage of Europe); the protection of sacred places and objects in criminal law (including relics, clerical vesture and human remains and memorials to the dead). It then addresses State financial support for religion, including the church tax systems in some States, allocations from tax liability, direct subsidies for religious objects (such as places of worship, remuneration for ministers of religion, and religious charities), compensation for the confiscation of religious property, and tax exemptions and concessions for religious organizations.Less
A study of national laws in Europe on the property and finances of religion reveals the high degree of cooperation between States and religion in this field. This chapter examines the property of religious organizations — the right to acquire, administer, and dispose of property (including partnership between States and religion in preserving the religious heritage of Europe); the protection of sacred places and objects in criminal law (including relics, clerical vesture and human remains and memorials to the dead). It then addresses State financial support for religion, including the church tax systems in some States, allocations from tax liability, direct subsidies for religious objects (such as places of worship, remuneration for ministers of religion, and religious charities), compensation for the confiscation of religious property, and tax exemptions and concessions for religious organizations.
Donald W. Katzner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199765355
- eISBN:
- 9780199896806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765355.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter outlines a brief history of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst from its creation to the present. Over the years, the State of Massachusetts has meddled in the University's ...
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This chapter outlines a brief history of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst from its creation to the present. Over the years, the State of Massachusetts has meddled in the University's organizational structure and often been stingy in providing financial support. But the State has never interfered in the intellectual activity taking place within the University.Less
This chapter outlines a brief history of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst from its creation to the present. Over the years, the State of Massachusetts has meddled in the University's organizational structure and often been stingy in providing financial support. But the State has never interfered in the intellectual activity taking place within the University.
Jennifer Lee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804781398
- eISBN:
- 9780804783163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804781398.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Despite their apparent homogeneity as an ethnic group and exhibiting the traditional indicators of middle-class status, Mexican Americans who belong to the middle class have different socioeconomic ...
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Despite their apparent homogeneity as an ethnic group and exhibiting the traditional indicators of middle-class status, Mexican Americans who belong to the middle class have different socioeconomic backgrounds. Some grow up in impoverished households and low-income ethnic communities and are the first in their families to attain middle-class status, while others grow up in well-off households and white middle-class neighborhoods. According to contemporary theories of incorporation, Mexican Americans will follow a path of linear assimilation into the white middle class in which they will sever ties with coethnics and the ethnic community once they achieve upward mobility. This chapter explores whether middle-class Mexican Americans sever ties with their poorer kin or remain connected to them, and whether they provide financial and social support as a way of giving back and retaining salient family obligations.Less
Despite their apparent homogeneity as an ethnic group and exhibiting the traditional indicators of middle-class status, Mexican Americans who belong to the middle class have different socioeconomic backgrounds. Some grow up in impoverished households and low-income ethnic communities and are the first in their families to attain middle-class status, while others grow up in well-off households and white middle-class neighborhoods. According to contemporary theories of incorporation, Mexican Americans will follow a path of linear assimilation into the white middle class in which they will sever ties with coethnics and the ethnic community once they achieve upward mobility. This chapter explores whether middle-class Mexican Americans sever ties with their poorer kin or remain connected to them, and whether they provide financial and social support as a way of giving back and retaining salient family obligations.
Kathryn Talalay
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195113938
- eISBN:
- 9780199853816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113938.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour ...
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The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour accomplished one important thing: it renewed Philippa's faith in her ability as a performer. During 1951 and 1955, Philippa visited and performed in every South and Central American country, and numerous Caribbean islands. American National Theatre and Academy's financial support seldom amounted to more than a contribution toward travel expenses for Philippa, yet the sponsorship provided her with an official stamp of approval. While travelling all over Central and South America, Philippa had realized for the first time in her life an alternative to America's colour obsession.Less
The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour accomplished one important thing: it renewed Philippa's faith in her ability as a performer. During 1951 and 1955, Philippa visited and performed in every South and Central American country, and numerous Caribbean islands. American National Theatre and Academy's financial support seldom amounted to more than a contribution toward travel expenses for Philippa, yet the sponsorship provided her with an official stamp of approval. While travelling all over Central and South America, Philippa had realized for the first time in her life an alternative to America's colour obsession.
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
As major venues for interdisciplinary research programs, centers and institutes are loosely defined units that bring together faculty members from different departments and disciplines with the hope ...
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As major venues for interdisciplinary research programs, centers and institutes are loosely defined units that bring together faculty members from different departments and disciplines with the hope of generating novel academic contributions. Membership in an academic center or institute is generally secondary to a primary appointment in a traditional department, which has financial and personnel policy implications. With few exceptions centers and institutes originate from the faculty members and not the administration. This includes the establishment of soft-money centers or institutes that arise in the context of a gift or grant award. For example, several federal funding agencies award grants explicitly to establish a center or institute. Mechanisms of financial support, performance review, and dissolution are analyzed critically. The chapter concludes with a discussion of service centers. Most of them charge fees for their services based on the actual costs of running the center; they are recharge centers. However, they may generate taxable unrelated business income.Less
As major venues for interdisciplinary research programs, centers and institutes are loosely defined units that bring together faculty members from different departments and disciplines with the hope of generating novel academic contributions. Membership in an academic center or institute is generally secondary to a primary appointment in a traditional department, which has financial and personnel policy implications. With few exceptions centers and institutes originate from the faculty members and not the administration. This includes the establishment of soft-money centers or institutes that arise in the context of a gift or grant award. For example, several federal funding agencies award grants explicitly to establish a center or institute. Mechanisms of financial support, performance review, and dissolution are analyzed critically. The chapter concludes with a discussion of service centers. Most of them charge fees for their services based on the actual costs of running the center; they are recharge centers. However, they may generate taxable unrelated business income.
Courtney Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469648590
- eISBN:
- 9781469648613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648590.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
The EBCI government recognizes that small- business owners on the Qualla Boundary face very distinctive challenges, and its sovereign status allows it to aid in ways particular to Native Nations. ...
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The EBCI government recognizes that small- business owners on the Qualla Boundary face very distinctive challenges, and its sovereign status allows it to aid in ways particular to Native Nations. These small- business entrepreneurs have access to a variety of valuable support mechanisms, ranging from intergenerational business advantages (as seen in family enterprises) to federal and Native Nation government interventions, which can enhance opportunities and mitigate challenges. It is in these relationships that we see how Native Nations deploy economic sovereignty in a small- business context.
The EBCI government offers support specific to the needs of American Indian businesses located on trust land and for Eastern Band business owners. This includes financial support (e.g., loans – especially those that address the needs of trust land as collateral), the establishment of their own Tribal Employment Rights Commission (TERO) office, small business training (such as the Indianpreneurship course), and the managing of their Chamber of Commerce.Less
The EBCI government recognizes that small- business owners on the Qualla Boundary face very distinctive challenges, and its sovereign status allows it to aid in ways particular to Native Nations. These small- business entrepreneurs have access to a variety of valuable support mechanisms, ranging from intergenerational business advantages (as seen in family enterprises) to federal and Native Nation government interventions, which can enhance opportunities and mitigate challenges. It is in these relationships that we see how Native Nations deploy economic sovereignty in a small- business context.
The EBCI government offers support specific to the needs of American Indian businesses located on trust land and for Eastern Band business owners. This includes financial support (e.g., loans – especially those that address the needs of trust land as collateral), the establishment of their own Tribal Employment Rights Commission (TERO) office, small business training (such as the Indianpreneurship course), and the managing of their Chamber of Commerce.
Ami Ayalon
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195087802
- eISBN:
- 9780199854516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195087802.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter shows the process where newspapers became a standard commodity. The process was prolonged and arduous but gradually journalism became a profession capable of sustaining its members. ...
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This chapter shows the process where newspapers became a standard commodity. The process was prolonged and arduous but gradually journalism became a profession capable of sustaining its members. Nearly all newspapers were sold to subscribers who received them at their door. A modest rise in subscription rates was recorded throughout the region. In principle, producing a journal involved four basic activities: gathering material, writing and editing, printing, and distribution. However, the straitened economic circumstances of the region were not the only obstacle that the Arab press had to contend with. But the harsh economic environment did not constitute a major impediment to journalistic progress. To cover the expenses, three channels were used to generate income: advertising, circulation, and accepting financial support.Less
This chapter shows the process where newspapers became a standard commodity. The process was prolonged and arduous but gradually journalism became a profession capable of sustaining its members. Nearly all newspapers were sold to subscribers who received them at their door. A modest rise in subscription rates was recorded throughout the region. In principle, producing a journal involved four basic activities: gathering material, writing and editing, printing, and distribution. However, the straitened economic circumstances of the region were not the only obstacle that the Arab press had to contend with. But the harsh economic environment did not constitute a major impediment to journalistic progress. To cover the expenses, three channels were used to generate income: advertising, circulation, and accepting financial support.
Lawrence Stone
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202547
- eISBN:
- 9780191675393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202547.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Few if any break-ups of marriage in the 18th century are recorded in such intimate detail as the Grafton affair, based as it is upon a remarkable set of private correspondence between the husband and ...
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Few if any break-ups of marriage in the 18th century are recorded in such intimate detail as the Grafton affair, based as it is upon a remarkable set of private correspondence between the husband and his wife, the mother and her children, and the husband and his lawyers and agents. In some ways, it is a highly atypical case, but in others it is representative of its time and of the majority of such break-ups. It is atypical in that the protagonists were highly prominent persons and members of the super-rich. The story is, however, perfectly typical in that all the legal proceedings were collusive, based on considerations of mutual advantage, so that only some highly selective aspects of the full story emerged in open court.Less
Few if any break-ups of marriage in the 18th century are recorded in such intimate detail as the Grafton affair, based as it is upon a remarkable set of private correspondence between the husband and his wife, the mother and her children, and the husband and his lawyers and agents. In some ways, it is a highly atypical case, but in others it is representative of its time and of the majority of such break-ups. It is atypical in that the protagonists were highly prominent persons and members of the super-rich. The story is, however, perfectly typical in that all the legal proceedings were collusive, based on considerations of mutual advantage, so that only some highly selective aspects of the full story emerged in open court.
JOY G. DRYFOOS
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195137859
- eISBN:
- 9780199846948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137859.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In finding a way to put together the fragmented pieces into intensive, long-term programs, this chapter explores how these efforts can be supported through public and private ventures. Many of the ...
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In finding a way to put together the fragmented pieces into intensive, long-term programs, this chapter explores how these efforts can be supported through public and private ventures. Many of the strategies that must be implemented in order to assure Safe Passage are the responsibilities of legislative and administrative bodies. Programs cannot function without financial and policy supports. A summary of the resources that come from the state and federal governmental bodies is also presented. Most of the federal funds flow to states through block grants. States then have some flexibility in determining how to use and distribute the funds within their boundaries. Fewer dollars are disbursed by the federal government via grants directly to local community agencies or schools.Less
In finding a way to put together the fragmented pieces into intensive, long-term programs, this chapter explores how these efforts can be supported through public and private ventures. Many of the strategies that must be implemented in order to assure Safe Passage are the responsibilities of legislative and administrative bodies. Programs cannot function without financial and policy supports. A summary of the resources that come from the state and federal governmental bodies is also presented. Most of the federal funds flow to states through block grants. States then have some flexibility in determining how to use and distribute the funds within their boundaries. Fewer dollars are disbursed by the federal government via grants directly to local community agencies or schools.
Shaul Stampfer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781874774792
- eISBN:
- 9781800341128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781874774792.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter deals with the Kolel Perushim. This was a new type of institution found in Kovno. Like the yeshiva it became an important element in the provision of a traditional Jewish education. A ...
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This chapter deals with the Kolel Perushim. This was a new type of institution found in Kovno. Like the yeshiva it became an important element in the provision of a traditional Jewish education. A kolel was, and is, an institution that regularly distributes money to a defined group of married men, usually young, who devote all their time to Torah study. Perushim are men who leave their families to study Torah in temporary celibacy, almost always in a place other than where their families live. The Kolel Perushim, then, was a framework for financial support for a group of married students. The chapter traces the founding and early history of the Kolel Perushim. It then explores how the institution operates and any opposition and conflict it encountered. Finally, this chapter takes a look at the kolel established by Yisra'el Brodsky.Less
This chapter deals with the Kolel Perushim. This was a new type of institution found in Kovno. Like the yeshiva it became an important element in the provision of a traditional Jewish education. A kolel was, and is, an institution that regularly distributes money to a defined group of married men, usually young, who devote all their time to Torah study. Perushim are men who leave their families to study Torah in temporary celibacy, almost always in a place other than where their families live. The Kolel Perushim, then, was a framework for financial support for a group of married students. The chapter traces the founding and early history of the Kolel Perushim. It then explores how the institution operates and any opposition and conflict it encountered. Finally, this chapter takes a look at the kolel established by Yisra'el Brodsky.
Chak Kwan and Graham Bowpitt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344311
- eISBN:
- 9781447302551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344311.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter looks at the first case study on human dignity, which is set in Hong Kong. It reveals that Hong Kong can be considered as a good case study of a capitalist welfare system's attitudes ...
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This chapter looks at the first case study on human dignity, which is set in Hong Kong. It reveals that Hong Kong can be considered as a good case study of a capitalist welfare system's attitudes towards the dignity of economically weak citizens. The discussion is able to determine that human dignity in Hong Kong appears to be narrowly defined as a ‘contribution to society’ and ‘labour market participation’. The chapter also shows that workfare practices in Hong Kong have forced a large number of poor citizens out of the public welfare system, without providing them with enough financial support.Less
This chapter looks at the first case study on human dignity, which is set in Hong Kong. It reveals that Hong Kong can be considered as a good case study of a capitalist welfare system's attitudes towards the dignity of economically weak citizens. The discussion is able to determine that human dignity in Hong Kong appears to be narrowly defined as a ‘contribution to society’ and ‘labour market participation’. The chapter also shows that workfare practices in Hong Kong have forced a large number of poor citizens out of the public welfare system, without providing them with enough financial support.
Caroline Glendinning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348562
- eISBN:
- 9781447301615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348562.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter provides an overview of different models of financial support for informal carers (that is, the kin and close friends) of older people. These models reflect the institutional and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of different models of financial support for informal carers (that is, the kin and close friends) of older people. These models reflect the institutional and cultural traditions of the broader societies and welfare states of which they are a part. The chapter first argues that the issue of paying informal carers needs to be understood from several different policy perspectives. It then outlines four models of providing financial support for informal care, illustrated with examples from specific countries. The different models are evaluated against a series of questions relating to sustainability; the implications for economic well-being and concepts of citizenship that derive from labour market participation; the balance between individual, family, and social rights and responsibilities; and the quality of care. Finally, the chapter argues that, in order to address these wider policy issues, a number of additional measures to paying informal carers of older people are required.Less
This chapter provides an overview of different models of financial support for informal carers (that is, the kin and close friends) of older people. These models reflect the institutional and cultural traditions of the broader societies and welfare states of which they are a part. The chapter first argues that the issue of paying informal carers needs to be understood from several different policy perspectives. It then outlines four models of providing financial support for informal care, illustrated with examples from specific countries. The different models are evaluated against a series of questions relating to sustainability; the implications for economic well-being and concepts of citizenship that derive from labour market participation; the balance between individual, family, and social rights and responsibilities; and the quality of care. Finally, the chapter argues that, in order to address these wider policy issues, a number of additional measures to paying informal carers of older people are required.
Tirtsah Levie Bernfeld
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781904113577
- eISBN:
- 9781800340435
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781904113577.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter evaluates the financial support for poor-relief institutions in the Portuguese community, which continued for two centuries. This was made possible by a combination of measures: a ...
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This chapter evaluates the financial support for poor-relief institutions in the Portuguese community, which continued for two centuries. This was made possible by a combination of measures: a constant process of ad hoc adaptation and revision; extracting promises of legacies from the rich; the productive investment of capital; and, finally, taking out loans from other charitable institutions and from individuals. Curbing expenditure and stimulating income became the basis of financial policy. Although the growing tax burden increased the risk both of losing affluent existing members of the community and of failing to attract the well-to-do from other parts, more income had to be generated by higher taxation. Private charity also constituted an important supporting element in the reception and relief of the poor. Contributions to charity were not confined to the elite, but came from various income groups. By and large, it would seem that the average contribution donated by non-Jewish philanthropists was far exceeded by that made by Portuguese Jews.Less
This chapter evaluates the financial support for poor-relief institutions in the Portuguese community, which continued for two centuries. This was made possible by a combination of measures: a constant process of ad hoc adaptation and revision; extracting promises of legacies from the rich; the productive investment of capital; and, finally, taking out loans from other charitable institutions and from individuals. Curbing expenditure and stimulating income became the basis of financial policy. Although the growing tax burden increased the risk both of losing affluent existing members of the community and of failing to attract the well-to-do from other parts, more income had to be generated by higher taxation. Private charity also constituted an important supporting element in the reception and relief of the poor. Contributions to charity were not confined to the elite, but came from various income groups. By and large, it would seem that the average contribution donated by non-Jewish philanthropists was far exceeded by that made by Portuguese Jews.
Melvin Delgado
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231163019
- eISBN:
- 9780231538428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231163019.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The family can be a particularly powerful asset in the lives of baby boomers of color and its importance increases as boomers enter later life. This chapter focuses on the importance of the family ...
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The family can be a particularly powerful asset in the lives of baby boomers of color and its importance increases as boomers enter later life. This chapter focuses on the importance of the family and four specific aspects: grandparents raising grandchildren; family support; transmission of cultural history and values; and financial support. These four dimensions are not mutually exclusive and not equally represented in strength across all boomer families. It is important not to romanticize or underappreciate families, and thus attention will be paid to the rewards and challenges associated with viewing family as a boomer asset. The chapter also considers the challenges in thinking about families and boomers from an asset perspective, in order to prepare social workers for this form of practice.Less
The family can be a particularly powerful asset in the lives of baby boomers of color and its importance increases as boomers enter later life. This chapter focuses on the importance of the family and four specific aspects: grandparents raising grandchildren; family support; transmission of cultural history and values; and financial support. These four dimensions are not mutually exclusive and not equally represented in strength across all boomer families. It is important not to romanticize or underappreciate families, and thus attention will be paid to the rewards and challenges associated with viewing family as a boomer asset. The chapter also considers the challenges in thinking about families and boomers from an asset perspective, in order to prepare social workers for this form of practice.
Jan Pahl
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348562
- eISBN:
- 9781447301615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348562.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter draws together 20 years of research in Britain on the costs of caring for a child with a disability and reflects upon the impact of that research on policy in the UK, in particular ...
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This chapter draws together 20 years of research in Britain on the costs of caring for a child with a disability and reflects upon the impact of that research on policy in the UK, in particular policy related to financial support. It begins by reviewing some of the work that has been done on the link between research and policy. Over the past 20 years there have been real changes in social security benefits for disabled children, in terms of the reasons for which they are paid, the amounts paid, and the person to whom they are paid. Research provided a bedrock of information on which government departments, the media, voluntary organizations, and think-tanks could build.Less
This chapter draws together 20 years of research in Britain on the costs of caring for a child with a disability and reflects upon the impact of that research on policy in the UK, in particular policy related to financial support. It begins by reviewing some of the work that has been done on the link between research and policy. Over the past 20 years there have been real changes in social security benefits for disabled children, in terms of the reasons for which they are paid, the amounts paid, and the person to whom they are paid. Research provided a bedrock of information on which government departments, the media, voluntary organizations, and think-tanks could build.
I.S. GLASS
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550258
- eISBN:
- 9780191718700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550258.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter begins by discussing the development of astrophysics. It then mentions several well-known scientists who made their mark in this area of study and how their discoveries shed light to old ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the development of astrophysics. It then mentions several well-known scientists who made their mark in this area of study and how their discoveries shed light to old theories and gave birth to new ones. It also examines the talents and traits of the scientists mentioned in this study. It states that an important motivation for many scientists seems to e, and in the past to have been, the acquisition of a kind of immortality through their achievements. It narrates the different ways in which these scientists to gained financial support. It explains that most of the scientists discussed in this study tended to remain productive even when old.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the development of astrophysics. It then mentions several well-known scientists who made their mark in this area of study and how their discoveries shed light to old theories and gave birth to new ones. It also examines the talents and traits of the scientists mentioned in this study. It states that an important motivation for many scientists seems to e, and in the past to have been, the acquisition of a kind of immortality through their achievements. It narrates the different ways in which these scientists to gained financial support. It explains that most of the scientists discussed in this study tended to remain productive even when old.
Chris Grover and Linda Piggott (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447318323
- eISBN:
- 9781447318347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447318323.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This book focuses on policies, primarily in the United Kingdom, which are designed to facilitate the participation of disabled people in wage work. The book takes a critical approach to these ...
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This book focuses on policies, primarily in the United Kingdom, which are designed to facilitate the participation of disabled people in wage work. The book takes a critical approach to these policies by examining three main issues. First, the way in which eligibility rules and assessment procedures increasingly mean disabled people have responsibility for their own financial support as the legitimacy of their benefit receipt is questioned. Second, the book examines policies that are supposed to support disabled people into paid work. Problems with the supply side focus of policies upon employability are highlighted, as are those associated with demand side interventions in labour markets where the fear is that disabled workers will be less productive than other workers. The market-based nature of provision to ‘support’ people into wage work is highlighted as being particularly disadvantageous to disabled people. Third, the book examines the nature of ‘work’ in the agenda to get more disabled people into paid employment. It questions the narrow definition of work and productivity that frame policies, and which pose a challenge to disabled people as they are based on norms of productive capacity to which they are often unable to conform. Alternative ways of understanding and valuing the contribution that disabled people make are considered. The book argues that the focus upon increasing the participation of disabled people in wage work is problematic for the core demands of the disabled people movement, is counter to the social model of disability and means many disabled people face an increasingly precarious financial future.Less
This book focuses on policies, primarily in the United Kingdom, which are designed to facilitate the participation of disabled people in wage work. The book takes a critical approach to these policies by examining three main issues. First, the way in which eligibility rules and assessment procedures increasingly mean disabled people have responsibility for their own financial support as the legitimacy of their benefit receipt is questioned. Second, the book examines policies that are supposed to support disabled people into paid work. Problems with the supply side focus of policies upon employability are highlighted, as are those associated with demand side interventions in labour markets where the fear is that disabled workers will be less productive than other workers. The market-based nature of provision to ‘support’ people into wage work is highlighted as being particularly disadvantageous to disabled people. Third, the book examines the nature of ‘work’ in the agenda to get more disabled people into paid employment. It questions the narrow definition of work and productivity that frame policies, and which pose a challenge to disabled people as they are based on norms of productive capacity to which they are often unable to conform. Alternative ways of understanding and valuing the contribution that disabled people make are considered. The book argues that the focus upon increasing the participation of disabled people in wage work is problematic for the core demands of the disabled people movement, is counter to the social model of disability and means many disabled people face an increasingly precarious financial future.
Claire Callender
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447304470
- eISBN:
- 9781447307662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447304470.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Radical reforms of higher education's funding and student finances are being introduced in England in 2012/13. This chapter unpacks the drivers for these reforms, locating them in a broader ...
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Radical reforms of higher education's funding and student finances are being introduced in England in 2012/13. This chapter unpacks the drivers for these reforms, locating them in a broader historical and policy context. It describes the proposed 2012/13 Higher Education changes and analyses their potential impact against their stated aims. It argues that the reforms herald a fundamental change in the role of the state in HE provision and in the balance of public and private contributions towards its costs, reflecting shifts in beliefs about HE, its purpose and role in society, and who should have access to it and pay for it. The reforms are driven by ideological, political, and economic factors which together are leading to deleterious policy change. The new policies are untested with unknown consequences and unforeseen unintended consequences. It is unclear, whether the reforms will meet their stated aims, or stand the test of time.Less
Radical reforms of higher education's funding and student finances are being introduced in England in 2012/13. This chapter unpacks the drivers for these reforms, locating them in a broader historical and policy context. It describes the proposed 2012/13 Higher Education changes and analyses their potential impact against their stated aims. It argues that the reforms herald a fundamental change in the role of the state in HE provision and in the balance of public and private contributions towards its costs, reflecting shifts in beliefs about HE, its purpose and role in society, and who should have access to it and pay for it. The reforms are driven by ideological, political, and economic factors which together are leading to deleterious policy change. The new policies are untested with unknown consequences and unforeseen unintended consequences. It is unclear, whether the reforms will meet their stated aims, or stand the test of time.
