Andreas Herberg‐Rothe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202690
- eISBN:
- 9780191707834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202690.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The problem with Clausewitz's world-renowned formula depends on an internal tension within his concept of policy/politics. This tension invalidates neither his formula nor his theory, but it has to ...
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The problem with Clausewitz's world-renowned formula depends on an internal tension within his concept of policy/politics. This tension invalidates neither his formula nor his theory, but it has to be unfolded in order that the formula could serve as an analytical tool. Otherwise, the formula would become a dogma. Clausewitz emphasized this fundamental tension only indirectly by saying that war is the continuation of policy, but with ‘other means’. Peter Paret has clearly revealed this tension by declaring: ‘The readiness to fight and the readiness to compromise lie at the core of politics’. By following up this tension in Clausewitz's work, this chapter introduces a ‘small’ change in the understanding of what Clausewitz endorses with a ‘state’: nothing else than any kind of community. By taking this ‘small’ change into account, it argues that Clausewitz's trinity enables a general theory of war.Less
The problem with Clausewitz's world-renowned formula depends on an internal tension within his concept of policy/politics. This tension invalidates neither his formula nor his theory, but it has to be unfolded in order that the formula could serve as an analytical tool. Otherwise, the formula would become a dogma. Clausewitz emphasized this fundamental tension only indirectly by saying that war is the continuation of policy, but with ‘other means’. Peter Paret has clearly revealed this tension by declaring: ‘The readiness to fight and the readiness to compromise lie at the core of politics’. By following up this tension in Clausewitz's work, this chapter introduces a ‘small’ change in the understanding of what Clausewitz endorses with a ‘state’: nothing else than any kind of community. By taking this ‘small’ change into account, it argues that Clausewitz's trinity enables a general theory of war.
Joe Foweraker and Todd Landman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199240463
- eISBN:
- 9780191696831
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240463.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Collective action in modern history has come to be defined by people fighting for their rights. This study identifies the main connections made between collective action and individual rights, in ...
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Collective action in modern history has come to be defined by people fighting for their rights. This study identifies the main connections made between collective action and individual rights, in theory and history, and sets out to test them in the comparative context of modernising authoritarian regimes in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Spain. The study employs new evidence and innovative methods to illuminate the political relationship between social mobilisation and the language of rights, and shows that the fight for rights is fundamental to the achievement of democracy. In large measure it is this fight that will continue to decide the chances of democratic advance in the new millennium. This affirmation offers a direct challenge to the claims of Robert Putnam in Making Democracy Work, where democracy is seen to be the result of good behaviour in the form of the civic community. To the dismay of those peoples still aspiring to make democracy, Putnam's civicness may take centuries to accumulate. This book, in contrast, defend the political potency of the promise of rights, and argue that the bad behaviour of the fight for rights may achieve democracy in the space of one or two generations. The study demonstrates strong grounds for optimism, and constitutes a robust defence of democracy as the result of the collective struggle for individual rights. But the fight for rights is always conflictual and often dangerous, and the outcome is never certain. Successes are partial and reversible, and democratic advance tends to occur piecemeal, and against the odds.Less
Collective action in modern history has come to be defined by people fighting for their rights. This study identifies the main connections made between collective action and individual rights, in theory and history, and sets out to test them in the comparative context of modernising authoritarian regimes in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Spain. The study employs new evidence and innovative methods to illuminate the political relationship between social mobilisation and the language of rights, and shows that the fight for rights is fundamental to the achievement of democracy. In large measure it is this fight that will continue to decide the chances of democratic advance in the new millennium. This affirmation offers a direct challenge to the claims of Robert Putnam in Making Democracy Work, where democracy is seen to be the result of good behaviour in the form of the civic community. To the dismay of those peoples still aspiring to make democracy, Putnam's civicness may take centuries to accumulate. This book, in contrast, defend the political potency of the promise of rights, and argue that the bad behaviour of the fight for rights may achieve democracy in the space of one or two generations. The study demonstrates strong grounds for optimism, and constitutes a robust defence of democracy as the result of the collective struggle for individual rights. But the fight for rights is always conflictual and often dangerous, and the outcome is never certain. Successes are partial and reversible, and democratic advance tends to occur piecemeal, and against the odds.
Emma Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263211
- eISBN:
- 9780191734427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263211.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter emphasizes several concluding remarks. It pinpoints a few interesting points for criticism, such as the omission of horse-racing and fighting sports. The chapter highlights the fact that ...
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This chapter emphasizes several concluding remarks. It pinpoints a few interesting points for criticism, such as the omission of horse-racing and fighting sports. The chapter highlights the fact that popular culture emerged as the outcome of negotiations between different sections of society. These negotiations were sometimes considered as acrimonious or harmonious, but are always complex.Less
This chapter emphasizes several concluding remarks. It pinpoints a few interesting points for criticism, such as the omission of horse-racing and fighting sports. The chapter highlights the fact that popular culture emerged as the outcome of negotiations between different sections of society. These negotiations were sometimes considered as acrimonious or harmonious, but are always complex.
Charles Barman and Ray Barman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099760
- eISBN:
- 9789882207363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099760.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This is one of the fullest descriptions of the fighting in Hong Kong in 1941 and subsequent imprisonment of Hong Kongers, but in addition it is the view of a mature professional soldier, one who had ...
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This is one of the fullest descriptions of the fighting in Hong Kong in 1941 and subsequent imprisonment of Hong Kongers, but in addition it is the view of a mature professional soldier, one who had signed on in 1919 and in his long service had seen much, spending time on the North West Frontier in India. The author of this book was a Quartermaster Sergeant in the Royal Artillery during the battle for Hong Kong in December 1941. His job was to keep the artillery supplied and so he criss-crossed the mainland and Hong Kong Island during the fighting, getting a broader view of what was going on than most participants. Fortunately he kept a diary during those terrible days. At the end of the battle, with his fellow soldiers, he became a prisoner of war, but he continued somehow to maintain his diary. He spent most of the war in the Argyle Street camp and provided the most complete coverage of life there.Less
This is one of the fullest descriptions of the fighting in Hong Kong in 1941 and subsequent imprisonment of Hong Kongers, but in addition it is the view of a mature professional soldier, one who had signed on in 1919 and in his long service had seen much, spending time on the North West Frontier in India. The author of this book was a Quartermaster Sergeant in the Royal Artillery during the battle for Hong Kong in December 1941. His job was to keep the artillery supplied and so he criss-crossed the mainland and Hong Kong Island during the fighting, getting a broader view of what was going on than most participants. Fortunately he kept a diary during those terrible days. At the end of the battle, with his fellow soldiers, he became a prisoner of war, but he continued somehow to maintain his diary. He spent most of the war in the Argyle Street camp and provided the most complete coverage of life there.
George M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies ...
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In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.Less
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.
Gordon W. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189599
- eISBN:
- 9780199868445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189599.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter provides a brief background on the nature of personality traits and what is required to establish their validity. The popular Aggression Questionnaire is singled out and described in ...
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This chapter provides a brief background on the nature of personality traits and what is required to establish their validity. The popular Aggression Questionnaire is singled out and described in some detail in regard to its relationships with a number of other personality variables. Also highlighted are a number of personality theories including the macho and Machiavellian personality each having special relevance for sports aggression. The strength of one's identification with an athlete or sports team is similarly shown to be predictive of aggression. The question of the value of training in the martial arts as a means of reducing the student's aggression is addressed against the background of existing research. Biological influences including sex differences, chromosomes, and testosterone are examined with respect to aggression. The question of parallels between fighting fish and a schoolyard fight is raised in a concluding section.Less
This chapter provides a brief background on the nature of personality traits and what is required to establish their validity. The popular Aggression Questionnaire is singled out and described in some detail in regard to its relationships with a number of other personality variables. Also highlighted are a number of personality theories including the macho and Machiavellian personality each having special relevance for sports aggression. The strength of one's identification with an athlete or sports team is similarly shown to be predictive of aggression. The question of the value of training in the martial arts as a means of reducing the student's aggression is addressed against the background of existing research. Biological influences including sex differences, chromosomes, and testosterone are examined with respect to aggression. The question of parallels between fighting fish and a schoolyard fight is raised in a concluding section.
Duana Fullwiley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691123165
- eISBN:
- 9781400840410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691123165.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter further explores issues of patients' tenacity to shape science, through advocacy on an international level, and investigates the ways that making a disease public in Africa often entails ...
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This chapter further explores issues of patients' tenacity to shape science, through advocacy on an international level, and investigates the ways that making a disease public in Africa often entails locating it within discourses of humanitarian “crisis,” emergency, and global health prioritization. In this way, tireless patient advocates of African origin living in France created the sickle cell disease umbrella organization of the International Organization for the Fight against Sickle Cell (OILD), which succeeded in getting sickle cell anemia the attention of the World Health Organization and the United Nations in 2008. The OILD's strategy of making sickle cell visible to these multilateral institutions consisted of linking the disease to other pressing global health problems for development through means that often deployed uncertainty as “data.”Less
This chapter further explores issues of patients' tenacity to shape science, through advocacy on an international level, and investigates the ways that making a disease public in Africa often entails locating it within discourses of humanitarian “crisis,” emergency, and global health prioritization. In this way, tireless patient advocates of African origin living in France created the sickle cell disease umbrella organization of the International Organization for the Fight against Sickle Cell (OILD), which succeeded in getting sickle cell anemia the attention of the World Health Organization and the United Nations in 2008. The OILD's strategy of making sickle cell visible to these multilateral institutions consisted of linking the disease to other pressing global health problems for development through means that often deployed uncertainty as “data.”
David P. Farrington and Brandon C. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304091
- eISBN:
- 9780199944071
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304091.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
After decades of rigorous study in the United States and across the Western world, a great deal is known about the early risk factors for offending. High impulsiveness, low attainment, criminal ...
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After decades of rigorous study in the United States and across the Western world, a great deal is known about the early risk factors for offending. High impulsiveness, low attainment, criminal parents, parental conflict, and growing up in a deprived, high-crime neighborhood are among the most important factors. There is also a growing body of high quality scientific evidence on the effectiveness of early prevention programs designed to prevent children from embarking on a life of crime. Drawing on the latest evidence, this is the first book to assess the early causes of offending and what works best to prevent it. Preschool intellectual enrichment, child skills training, parent management training, and home visiting programs are among the most effective early prevention programs. The authors of this book, who are both criminologists, outline a policy strategy—early prevention—that uses this current research knowledge and brings into sharper focus what America's national crime fighting priority ought to be. At a time when unacceptable crime levels in America, rising criminal justice costs, and a punitive crime policy have spurred a growing interest in the early prevention of delinquency, the book lays the groundwork for change with a comprehensive national prevention strategy to save children from a life of crime.Less
After decades of rigorous study in the United States and across the Western world, a great deal is known about the early risk factors for offending. High impulsiveness, low attainment, criminal parents, parental conflict, and growing up in a deprived, high-crime neighborhood are among the most important factors. There is also a growing body of high quality scientific evidence on the effectiveness of early prevention programs designed to prevent children from embarking on a life of crime. Drawing on the latest evidence, this is the first book to assess the early causes of offending and what works best to prevent it. Preschool intellectual enrichment, child skills training, parent management training, and home visiting programs are among the most effective early prevention programs. The authors of this book, who are both criminologists, outline a policy strategy—early prevention—that uses this current research knowledge and brings into sharper focus what America's national crime fighting priority ought to be. At a time when unacceptable crime levels in America, rising criminal justice costs, and a punitive crime policy have spurred a growing interest in the early prevention of delinquency, the book lays the groundwork for change with a comprehensive national prevention strategy to save children from a life of crime.
Eyal Zamir and Barak Medina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Economic analysis of law is a powerful analytical methodology. However, as a purely consequentialist approach, which determines the desirability of acts and rules solely by assessing the ...
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Economic analysis of law is a powerful analytical methodology. However, as a purely consequentialist approach, which determines the desirability of acts and rules solely by assessing the goodness of their outcomes, standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is normatively objectionable. Moderate deontology prioritizes such values as autonomy, basic liberties, truth-telling, and promise-keeping over the promotion of good outcomes. It holds that there are constraints on promoting the good. Such constraints may be overridden only if enough good (or bad) is at stake. While moderate deontology conforms to prevailing moral intuitions and legal doctrines, it is arguably lacking in methodological rigor and precision. This book examines the possibility of combining economic methodology and deontological morality through explicit and direct incorporation of moral constraints (and options) into economic models. It argues that the normative flaws of economic analysis can be rectified without relinquishing its methodological advantages, and that moral constraints can be formalized so as to make their analysis more rigorous. The book discusses various substantive and methodological choices involved in modeling deontological constraints. It proposes to determine the permissibility of any act or rule infringing a deontological constraint by means of mathematical threshold functions. The book presents the general structure of threshold functions, analyzes their elements, and addresses possible objections to this proposal. It then illustrates the implementation of constrained CBA in several legal fields, including the fight against terrorism, freedom of speech, anti-discrimination law, contract law, and legal paternalism.Less
Economic analysis of law is a powerful analytical methodology. However, as a purely consequentialist approach, which determines the desirability of acts and rules solely by assessing the goodness of their outcomes, standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is normatively objectionable. Moderate deontology prioritizes such values as autonomy, basic liberties, truth-telling, and promise-keeping over the promotion of good outcomes. It holds that there are constraints on promoting the good. Such constraints may be overridden only if enough good (or bad) is at stake. While moderate deontology conforms to prevailing moral intuitions and legal doctrines, it is arguably lacking in methodological rigor and precision. This book examines the possibility of combining economic methodology and deontological morality through explicit and direct incorporation of moral constraints (and options) into economic models. It argues that the normative flaws of economic analysis can be rectified without relinquishing its methodological advantages, and that moral constraints can be formalized so as to make their analysis more rigorous. The book discusses various substantive and methodological choices involved in modeling deontological constraints. It proposes to determine the permissibility of any act or rule infringing a deontological constraint by means of mathematical threshold functions. The book presents the general structure of threshold functions, analyzes their elements, and addresses possible objections to this proposal. It then illustrates the implementation of constrained CBA in several legal fields, including the fight against terrorism, freedom of speech, anti-discrimination law, contract law, and legal paternalism.
Paul A. Moore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Fighting success and dominance in crayfish depends on a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most intrinsic factors studied to date are related to the physical size of the crayfish. Larger ...
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Fighting success and dominance in crayfish depends on a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most intrinsic factors studied to date are related to the physical size of the crayfish. Larger crayfish or those with larger chelae often have advantages in agonistic interactions. Age, sex, and reproductive status can influence the physical size of the carapace and major chelae. These and other factors (e.g., social history) may also influence the intrinsic neurochemistry of individuals. Extrinsic factors that lead to increased dominance include the availability of resources, signal transmission properties, and status pheromones in the environment. Presently, it is largely unknown how these factors interact together to produce dominance. From an ultimate perspective, the evolutionary consequence of aggression and dominance is assumed to be tied to reproductive success or increased resource holding potential. This chapter uses a multidisciplinary and multilevel approach to address the question “what makes a crayfish dominant?”Less
Fighting success and dominance in crayfish depends on a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most intrinsic factors studied to date are related to the physical size of the crayfish. Larger crayfish or those with larger chelae often have advantages in agonistic interactions. Age, sex, and reproductive status can influence the physical size of the carapace and major chelae. These and other factors (e.g., social history) may also influence the intrinsic neurochemistry of individuals. Extrinsic factors that lead to increased dominance include the availability of resources, signal transmission properties, and status pheromones in the environment. Presently, it is largely unknown how these factors interact together to produce dominance. From an ultimate perspective, the evolutionary consequence of aggression and dominance is assumed to be tied to reproductive success or increased resource holding potential. This chapter uses a multidisciplinary and multilevel approach to address the question “what makes a crayfish dominant?”
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.11
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's motivation and goals, and describes the structure of the discussion.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's motivation and goals, and describes the structure of the discussion.
Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter presents the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) as mediating between a Fight-Flight-Freezing system (FFFS) that controls pure avoidance (of punishment or frustration), and a Behavioural ...
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This chapter presents the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) as mediating between a Fight-Flight-Freezing system (FFFS) that controls pure avoidance (of punishment or frustration), and a Behavioural Approach System (BAS) that controls pure approach (to reward or safety). The BIS is activated when both the FFFS and BAS are concurrently activated. Its output increases the avoidance tendency as well as generating risk assessment, changes in arousal, and changes in attention. The BIS, as evidenced by anti-anxiety drug action, has immense species-generality and by implication, phylogenetic age. It is argued that it will, therefore, have distributed neural control with multiple evolved modules each providing a ‘rule of thumb’ that allows appropriate output under some but not all circumstances. The observed outputs of the BIS will often be the result of output from a range of parallel neural pathways.Less
This chapter presents the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) as mediating between a Fight-Flight-Freezing system (FFFS) that controls pure avoidance (of punishment or frustration), and a Behavioural Approach System (BAS) that controls pure approach (to reward or safety). The BIS is activated when both the FFFS and BAS are concurrently activated. Its output increases the avoidance tendency as well as generating risk assessment, changes in arousal, and changes in attention. The BIS, as evidenced by anti-anxiety drug action, has immense species-generality and by implication, phylogenetic age. It is argued that it will, therefore, have distributed neural control with multiple evolved modules each providing a ‘rule of thumb’ that allows appropriate output under some but not all circumstances. The observed outputs of the BIS will often be the result of output from a range of parallel neural pathways.
Reuven Firestone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195154948
- eISBN:
- 9780199849239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154948.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter offers a new reading based on a different method of analysis. Rather than categorizing verses according to where they fit in the traditional “evolutionary theory” of warring in the ...
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This chapter offers a new reading based on a different method of analysis. Rather than categorizing verses according to where they fit in the traditional “evolutionary theory” of warring in the Qurʾān, it groups them according to the following: verses expressing nonmilitant means of propagating or defending the faith; verses expressing restrictions on fighting; verses expressing conflict between God's command and the reaction of Muḥammad's followers; and verses strongly advocating war for God's religion. Taken together, the verses in the four categories point out that pre-Islamic fighting was non-ideological and was conducted either for material gain or revenge. Fighting in the fully developed Islamic system became a highly ideological issue despite the added benefit of material gain in the form of spoils. The transition was difficult and not entirely successful.Less
This chapter offers a new reading based on a different method of analysis. Rather than categorizing verses according to where they fit in the traditional “evolutionary theory” of warring in the Qurʾān, it groups them according to the following: verses expressing nonmilitant means of propagating or defending the faith; verses expressing restrictions on fighting; verses expressing conflict between God's command and the reaction of Muḥammad's followers; and verses strongly advocating war for God's religion. Taken together, the verses in the four categories point out that pre-Islamic fighting was non-ideological and was conducted either for material gain or revenge. Fighting in the fully developed Islamic system became a highly ideological issue despite the added benefit of material gain in the form of spoils. The transition was difficult and not entirely successful.
David P. Farrington and Brandon C. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304091
- eISBN:
- 9780199944071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304091.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This introductory chapter explains the theme of this volume, which is about saving children from a life of crime. This book aims to change national policies to focus on early childhood prevention ...
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This introductory chapter explains the theme of this volume, which is about saving children from a life of crime. This book aims to change national policies to focus on early childhood prevention rather than on locking up offenders. It covers the full range of the most important early crime risk and protective factors and effective early prevention strategies to reduce offending. It outlines a policy strategy that uses this current research knowledge to bring into sharper focus where our national crime fighting priorities ought to be. It proposes prevention efforts targeted on the childhood years.Less
This introductory chapter explains the theme of this volume, which is about saving children from a life of crime. This book aims to change national policies to focus on early childhood prevention rather than on locking up offenders. It covers the full range of the most important early crime risk and protective factors and effective early prevention strategies to reduce offending. It outlines a policy strategy that uses this current research knowledge to bring into sharper focus where our national crime fighting priorities ought to be. It proposes prevention efforts targeted on the childhood years.
Cindy D. Ness
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814758403
- eISBN:
- 9780814759073
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814758403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In low-income U.S. cities, street fights between teenage girls are common. These fights take place at school, on street corners, or in parks, when one girl provokes another to the point that she must ...
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In low-income U.S. cities, street fights between teenage girls are common. These fights take place at school, on street corners, or in parks, when one girl provokes another to the point that she must either “step up” or be labeled a “punk.” Typically, when girls engage in violence that is not strictly self-defense, they are labeled “delinquent,” their actions taken as a sign of emotional pathology. However, this book demonstrates that in poor urban areas this kind of street fighting is seen as a normal part of girlhood and a necessary way to earn respect among peers, as well as a way for girls to attain a sense of mastery and self-esteem in a social setting where legal opportunities for achievement are not otherwise easily available. The author of this book spent almost two years in west and northeast Philadelphia to get a sense of how teenage girls experience inflicting physical harm and the meanings they assign to it. While most existing work on girls' violence deals exclusively with gangs, the book sheds new light on the everyday street fighting of urban girls, arguing that different cultural standards associated with race and class influence the relationship that girls have to physical aggression.Less
In low-income U.S. cities, street fights between teenage girls are common. These fights take place at school, on street corners, or in parks, when one girl provokes another to the point that she must either “step up” or be labeled a “punk.” Typically, when girls engage in violence that is not strictly self-defense, they are labeled “delinquent,” their actions taken as a sign of emotional pathology. However, this book demonstrates that in poor urban areas this kind of street fighting is seen as a normal part of girlhood and a necessary way to earn respect among peers, as well as a way for girls to attain a sense of mastery and self-esteem in a social setting where legal opportunities for achievement are not otherwise easily available. The author of this book spent almost two years in west and northeast Philadelphia to get a sense of how teenage girls experience inflicting physical harm and the meanings they assign to it. While most existing work on girls' violence deals exclusively with gangs, the book sheds new light on the everyday street fighting of urban girls, arguing that different cultural standards associated with race and class influence the relationship that girls have to physical aggression.
Joshua M. Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158884
- eISBN:
- 9781400848256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of ...
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This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of memory; couplings (entanglement of passion and reason); endogenous dynamics of connection strength; growing the 2011 Arab Spring; jury processes; endogenous dynamics of network structure; multiple social levels; the 18th Brumaire of Agent_Zero; prices and seasonal economic cycles; and mutual escalation spirals. Each of these extensions is explained in detail. In particular, the affective, deliberative, and social components of Agent_Zero are modeled as independent; they all affect disposition and they are entangled. This part also presents examples involving the activation of the yellow spatial sites as well as violent occupation by Blue Agent_Zero actors.Less
This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of memory; couplings (entanglement of passion and reason); endogenous dynamics of connection strength; growing the 2011 Arab Spring; jury processes; endogenous dynamics of network structure; multiple social levels; the 18th Brumaire of Agent_Zero; prices and seasonal economic cycles; and mutual escalation spirals. Each of these extensions is explained in detail. In particular, the affective, deliberative, and social components of Agent_Zero are modeled as independent; they all affect disposition and they are entangled. This part also presents examples involving the activation of the yellow spatial sites as well as violent occupation by Blue Agent_Zero actors.
Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199290451
- eISBN:
- 9780191710490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290451.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter examines the realities of Renaissance combat in France. Sword fighting during the Renaissance was predominantly offensive — it taught how to kill as rapidly and as efficiently as ...
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This chapter examines the realities of Renaissance combat in France. Sword fighting during the Renaissance was predominantly offensive — it taught how to kill as rapidly and as efficiently as possible. The key to self-defence was to seize the initiative; relentless thrusting and cutting blows prevented the possibility of a counter-attack. The best form of defence is attack — strike first and ask questions later. Without armour combats were likely to be short, and speed and surprise were essential to survival. This is significant because accused under interrogation and supplicants for letters of pardon invariably painted killing as an involuntary act of self-defence. In order to understand the economy of violence, the terminology must be clear to distinguish between battles, encounters, and duels. Paying close attention to the terminology also permits us to study the pace of change in combat techniques and modes of killing.Less
This chapter examines the realities of Renaissance combat in France. Sword fighting during the Renaissance was predominantly offensive — it taught how to kill as rapidly and as efficiently as possible. The key to self-defence was to seize the initiative; relentless thrusting and cutting blows prevented the possibility of a counter-attack. The best form of defence is attack — strike first and ask questions later. Without armour combats were likely to be short, and speed and surprise were essential to survival. This is significant because accused under interrogation and supplicants for letters of pardon invariably painted killing as an involuntary act of self-defence. In order to understand the economy of violence, the terminology must be clear to distinguish between battles, encounters, and duels. Paying close attention to the terminology also permits us to study the pace of change in combat techniques and modes of killing.
Rebecca Klatch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217133
- eISBN:
- 9780520922341
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217133.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The 1960s was not just an era of civil rights, anti-war protest, women's liberation, hippies, marijuana, and rock festivals. The untold story of the 1960s is in fact about the New Right. For young ...
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The 1960s was not just an era of civil rights, anti-war protest, women's liberation, hippies, marijuana, and rock festivals. The untold story of the 1960s is in fact about the New Right. For young conservatives the decade was about Barry Goldwater, Ayn Rand, an important war in the fight against communism, and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). This book examines the generation that came into political consciousness during the 1960s, telling the story of both the New Right and the New Left, and including the voices of women as well as men. The result is a narrative that explains how politics became central to the identities of a generation of people, and how changes in the political landscape of the 1980s and 1990s affected this identity.Less
The 1960s was not just an era of civil rights, anti-war protest, women's liberation, hippies, marijuana, and rock festivals. The untold story of the 1960s is in fact about the New Right. For young conservatives the decade was about Barry Goldwater, Ayn Rand, an important war in the fight against communism, and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). This book examines the generation that came into political consciousness during the 1960s, telling the story of both the New Right and the New Left, and including the voices of women as well as men. The result is a narrative that explains how politics became central to the identities of a generation of people, and how changes in the political landscape of the 1980s and 1990s affected this identity.
Jerome Neu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195314311
- eISBN:
- 9780199871780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314311.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Because speech can also be conduct, words deeds, the First Amendment cannot provide blanket protection for all offensive speech. This is especially true for what J.L. Austin calls “performative ...
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Because speech can also be conduct, words deeds, the First Amendment cannot provide blanket protection for all offensive speech. This is especially true for what J.L. Austin calls “performative utterances.” We must try to be clear on the principles at stake‐‐as claims to freedom of speech meet claims of self‐defense and provocation‐‐as we seek to draw legal boundaries to control fighting words, obscenity, and hate speech.Less
Because speech can also be conduct, words deeds, the First Amendment cannot provide blanket protection for all offensive speech. This is especially true for what J.L. Austin calls “performative utterances.” We must try to be clear on the principles at stake‐‐as claims to freedom of speech meet claims of self‐defense and provocation‐‐as we seek to draw legal boundaries to control fighting words, obscenity, and hate speech.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly ...
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When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly partisan military action was only the first of many ways in which Rhode Island participated in the war notwithstanding the sizable Quaker presence in the government. Rhode Island housed and provisioned Massachusetts and Plymouth troops; their troops fought at Nipsachuck; they bought arms from Boston and stored ammunition for Plymouth; and the government transported Massachusetts and Plymouth troops to the largest battle of the war, the Great Swamp Fight, and sheltered English casualties. But participation remained local: no colony‐wide commander was appointed, no colony‐wide army formed.Less
When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly partisan military action was only the first of many ways in which Rhode Island participated in the war notwithstanding the sizable Quaker presence in the government. Rhode Island housed and provisioned Massachusetts and Plymouth troops; their troops fought at Nipsachuck; they bought arms from Boston and stored ammunition for Plymouth; and the government transported Massachusetts and Plymouth troops to the largest battle of the war, the Great Swamp Fight, and sheltered English casualties. But participation remained local: no colony‐wide commander was appointed, no colony‐wide army formed.
