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After critiquing principle-based and case-based approaches to bioethics, this chapter develops and defends a conception of gender justice, as central to analyses of issues in women’s health care. Autonomy, rights, and justice are among the key concepts that it considers. Classical pragmatists and feminist standpoint theorists are enlisted in support of epistemological and ethical reasons for attributing “privileged status” to women’s decisions about their health.

Despite popular claims to the contrary, Israel’s feminist movement is not foreign based but a reflection of the country’s vibrant civil society. It has drawn on feminist theory, including that which developed within the Middle East, especially since the late 1960’s. In order to avoid being coopted by national interests, Israeli feminists have engaged in grassroots activities, often with substantial success. However, inter-ethnic tensions have led the movement to fracture, as anticipated by recent feminist theorists.

This chapter argues that Josiah Royce's concept of error can be a fruitful addition to contemporary accounts of feminist epistemology. In particular, it contends that Royce's concept of error can illuminate the problems that arise when multiple individuals who have different forms of epistemic privilege give conflicting accounts of an incident. Moreover, this chapter claims that Royce's account of communal inquiry provides us with a potential basis for developing error sensitivity within communities. In order to illustrate these claims, this chapter draws upon the work of Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, and other feminist theorists to highlight how epistemologically privileged accounts can come into conflict in addition examining how Royce's account of error develops through The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, The Problem of Christianity, and “Error and Truth.”

This chapter reports on Egyptian feminist activism to make the experiences and thoughts of these feminists heard and empowered. The chapter quotes brave women who spoke up for gender equality from 1919 to 2018, in opposition to the censorship of state feminism, Islamic extremists, and the traditional belief that a woman’s place is in the home subordinate to her father or husband. Following feminist standpoint theory, grassroots feminist organizers were interviewed, including a teenager who participated in the front lines of the revolution of January 2011 that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Interviewees were pessimistic about freedom under current president General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, whose government jails activists, even for social media posts. However, groups such as Girls Revolution and Young Egyptian Feminists League rely on the relative safety of social media to lobby for equal rights. The internet and cell phones provide women with the ability to organize from the safety of their homes, without scrutiny from police or family—a global phenomenon. With increased access to education and the internet, a “social nonmovement” is occurring, described by Iranian Asef Bayat as lifestyle rebellions that gradually create real change.