Mamta Murthi, Anne-Catherine Guio, and Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292043
- eISBN:
- 9780191684852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292043.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables ...
More
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.Less
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.
Lawrence M. Kahn and Kerry L. Papps
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199665853
- eISBN:
- 9780191745805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665853.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Public and Welfare
Using 1980–2000 Census data to study the impact of source country characteristics on married adult immigrants' labour supply assimilation profiles, this chapter shows that immigrant women from ...
More
Using 1980–2000 Census data to study the impact of source country characteristics on married adult immigrants' labour supply assimilation profiles, this chapter shows that immigrant women from countries with high female labour supply persistently work more than those from low female supply countries. While both groups of women work less than comparable natives on arrival, women from high female participation countries eventually close the gap with natives entirely, and women from low female labour supply countries eliminate most of it. Men's labour supply is unaffected by source country female participation, suggesting that the findings on women reflect notions of gender roles.Less
Using 1980–2000 Census data to study the impact of source country characteristics on married adult immigrants' labour supply assimilation profiles, this chapter shows that immigrant women from countries with high female labour supply persistently work more than those from low female supply countries. While both groups of women work less than comparable natives on arrival, women from high female participation countries eventually close the gap with natives entirely, and women from low female labour supply countries eliminate most of it. Men's labour supply is unaffected by source country female participation, suggesting that the findings on women reflect notions of gender roles.
Patricia Penn Hilden
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228837
- eISBN:
- 9780191678837
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228837.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This is a study of the working women of Belgium from 1830 to 1914. The author argues that the success of Belgium's industrial revolution was uniquely dependent on female labour. She examines the ...
More
This is a study of the working women of Belgium from 1830 to 1914. The author argues that the success of Belgium's industrial revolution was uniquely dependent on female labour. She examines the widespread participation of Belgian women in the labour market, and explores their role in the emergent politics of Belgium's working class. This is an important scholarly study which makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the relations between socialism and feminism, to labour history, and to the history of Belgium.Less
This is a study of the working women of Belgium from 1830 to 1914. The author argues that the success of Belgium's industrial revolution was uniquely dependent on female labour. She examines the widespread participation of Belgian women in the labour market, and explores their role in the emergent politics of Belgium's working class. This is an important scholarly study which makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the relations between socialism and feminism, to labour history, and to the history of Belgium.
Valentine M. Moghadam
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290230
- eISBN:
- 9780191684807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290230.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The ‘feminization of labour’, or what others would refer to as the ‘globalization of female labour’ has been an emerging phenomenon. In several countries around the world, it is observable that the ...
More
The ‘feminization of labour’, or what others would refer to as the ‘globalization of female labour’ has been an emerging phenomenon. In several countries around the world, it is observable that the literacy, educational attainment, life expectancy, participation in decision-making process on both national and international levels, and the participation of women as members of the labour force have all been on the increase throughout the recent years. While industrialization in most countries suggest a mutual relationship between overall development and the increase in the employment of women, there are still, however, significant gaps between the advancement of men and women because of instances of gender discrimination. Through taking empirical, theoretical, and historical approaches, this book attempts to look into the effects of economic development on the status and lives of women across the globe.Less
The ‘feminization of labour’, or what others would refer to as the ‘globalization of female labour’ has been an emerging phenomenon. In several countries around the world, it is observable that the literacy, educational attainment, life expectancy, participation in decision-making process on both national and international levels, and the participation of women as members of the labour force have all been on the increase throughout the recent years. While industrialization in most countries suggest a mutual relationship between overall development and the increase in the employment of women, there are still, however, significant gaps between the advancement of men and women because of instances of gender discrimination. Through taking empirical, theoretical, and historical approaches, this book attempts to look into the effects of economic development on the status and lives of women across the globe.
Patricia Penn Hilden
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228837
- eISBN:
- 9780191678837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228837.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the spread of female industrial labour in Belgium during the later part of the 19th century. It describes employment of women in many new occupations that became available as ...
More
This chapter examines the spread of female industrial labour in Belgium during the later part of the 19th century. It describes employment of women in many new occupations that became available as the process of industrial transformation continued. During this period, bourgeois attitudes toward women's work grew more extreme because of extensive social unrest and the mass explosion of working class resentment in 1886.Less
This chapter examines the spread of female industrial labour in Belgium during the later part of the 19th century. It describes employment of women in many new occupations that became available as the process of industrial transformation continued. During this period, bourgeois attitudes toward women's work grew more extreme because of extensive social unrest and the mass explosion of working class resentment in 1886.
Eleanor Gordon
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201434
- eISBN:
- 9780191674884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201434.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
Although it is hard to gauge the extent of women's participation, they definitely played an active part in the general unions of the 1830s and the Chartist Movement and formed their own lodges. This ...
More
Although it is hard to gauge the extent of women's participation, they definitely played an active part in the general unions of the 1830s and the Chartist Movement and formed their own lodges. This chapter gives an account of the women's participation in the general Scottish trade unions. The majority of the half-million Scottish working women were confined to a limited range of jobs: agriculture, textile, domestic service, and clothing. These four occupations accounted for 90% of the female labour force in the middle of the second half of the 19th century in Scotland. As early as in 1833 the women power-loom weavers in Glasgow had formed an association — the Sentinel newspaper reported that one contributor ‘expressed his gratification that they had organized themselves into a society for the protection of the industry’.Less
Although it is hard to gauge the extent of women's participation, they definitely played an active part in the general unions of the 1830s and the Chartist Movement and formed their own lodges. This chapter gives an account of the women's participation in the general Scottish trade unions. The majority of the half-million Scottish working women were confined to a limited range of jobs: agriculture, textile, domestic service, and clothing. These four occupations accounted for 90% of the female labour force in the middle of the second half of the 19th century in Scotland. As early as in 1833 the women power-loom weavers in Glasgow had formed an association — the Sentinel newspaper reported that one contributor ‘expressed his gratification that they had organized themselves into a society for the protection of the industry’.
Leah Platt Boustan, Carola Frydman, and Robert A. Margo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226163895
- eISBN:
- 9780226163925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226163925.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter provides additional evidence on the U-shaped relationship between the process of economic development and women’s labor force participation. The experience of the United States is ...
More
This chapter provides additional evidence on the U-shaped relationship between the process of economic development and women’s labor force participation. The experience of the United States is studied in a comparative perspective relative to a sample of rich economies observed over the period 1890-2005. The analysis confirms the existence of a U-shaped female labor supply function, coming from both cross-country and within country variation. Further analysis of a large cross section of economies observed over the post-WWII period suggests that the timing of a country’s transition to a modern path of economic development affects the shape of women’s labor supply.Less
This chapter provides additional evidence on the U-shaped relationship between the process of economic development and women’s labor force participation. The experience of the United States is studied in a comparative perspective relative to a sample of rich economies observed over the period 1890-2005. The analysis confirms the existence of a U-shaped female labor supply function, coming from both cross-country and within country variation. Further analysis of a large cross section of economies observed over the post-WWII period suggests that the timing of a country’s transition to a modern path of economic development affects the shape of women’s labor supply.
Elyssa Faison
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252967
- eISBN:
- 9780520934184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252967.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on the 1929 ban on night work for women and children and the sense of crisis the ban provoked among managers of female labor. The end of night work sparked concerns about the use ...
More
This chapter focuses on the 1929 ban on night work for women and children and the sense of crisis the ban provoked among managers of female labor. The end of night work sparked concerns about the use of workers' free time, an increase in which managers feared would result in labor organizing and actions against employers or in immoral sexual activities. Managers' attempts to discipline textile workers in accordance with their construction as future wives and mothers intensified after the prohibition of night work. Company managers implemented new educational, cultural, and physical-exercise programs in order to direct every working and nonworking hour of their female employees. This shift toward bodily management signaled a new strategy by companies to combat labor organizing and the increasingly large and violent strikes of the post-Depression era.Less
This chapter focuses on the 1929 ban on night work for women and children and the sense of crisis the ban provoked among managers of female labor. The end of night work sparked concerns about the use of workers' free time, an increase in which managers feared would result in labor organizing and actions against employers or in immoral sexual activities. Managers' attempts to discipline textile workers in accordance with their construction as future wives and mothers intensified after the prohibition of night work. Company managers implemented new educational, cultural, and physical-exercise programs in order to direct every working and nonworking hour of their female employees. This shift toward bodily management signaled a new strategy by companies to combat labor organizing and the increasingly large and violent strikes of the post-Depression era.
Elyssa Faison
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252967
- eISBN:
- 9780520934184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252967.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter shows that much continuity existed in the management of female factory labor during wartime and into the postwar era. By the early 1940s, the textile industry had almost totally ...
More
This chapter shows that much continuity existed in the management of female factory labor during wartime and into the postwar era. By the early 1940s, the textile industry had almost totally collapsed, as the war cut off Japanese access to raw cotton and to foreign markets for finished goods. But textile-industry labor management provided a template for the state as it sought to mobilize women to work in the war economy. With defeat came the temporary resurgence of the industry, which for about two decades after the war was used to jump-start Japan's war-ravaged economy. Analysis of the Omi Kenshi Spinning strike of 1954 and Japan's Olympic gold-medal women's volleyball team of 1964, which was composed of female textile employees, help to understand better bhow postwar labor-management practices and the position of women in factory labor compared to the prewar situation.Less
This chapter shows that much continuity existed in the management of female factory labor during wartime and into the postwar era. By the early 1940s, the textile industry had almost totally collapsed, as the war cut off Japanese access to raw cotton and to foreign markets for finished goods. But textile-industry labor management provided a template for the state as it sought to mobilize women to work in the war economy. With defeat came the temporary resurgence of the industry, which for about two decades after the war was used to jump-start Japan's war-ravaged economy. Analysis of the Omi Kenshi Spinning strike of 1954 and Japan's Olympic gold-medal women's volleyball team of 1964, which was composed of female textile employees, help to understand better bhow postwar labor-management practices and the position of women in factory labor compared to the prewar situation.
Marilyn Strathern
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520064232
- eISBN:
- 9780520910713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520064232.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses the exploitation of female labor. “Egalitarianism” rests on everyone owning their own labor. Egalitarianism in hunter-gatherer economies is partly described. The term “gift ...
More
This chapter discusses the exploitation of female labor. “Egalitarianism” rests on everyone owning their own labor. Egalitarianism in hunter-gatherer economies is partly described. The term “gift economy” is a shorthand for describing a relationship between production and consumption in which consumptive production shapes people's motivations and the form in which they recognize productive activities. Men and women must be conceptualized as different for the sexual division of labor to operate, and as unequal since the work of one sex is accorded more social value than the work of the other. Hagen wives are clearly put into the position of “helping” their husbands to gain names while they themselves gain none. The Western concept of exploitation rests ultimately on the idea that violence can be carried out to a supposed intrinsic relation between the self as subject and its realization in the objects of its activities.Less
This chapter discusses the exploitation of female labor. “Egalitarianism” rests on everyone owning their own labor. Egalitarianism in hunter-gatherer economies is partly described. The term “gift economy” is a shorthand for describing a relationship between production and consumption in which consumptive production shapes people's motivations and the form in which they recognize productive activities. Men and women must be conceptualized as different for the sexual division of labor to operate, and as unequal since the work of one sex is accorded more social value than the work of the other. Hagen wives are clearly put into the position of “helping” their husbands to gain names while they themselves gain none. The Western concept of exploitation rests ultimately on the idea that violence can be carried out to a supposed intrinsic relation between the self as subject and its realization in the objects of its activities.
Bonnie H. Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719062674
- eISBN:
- 9781781700273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719062674.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter argues that in service industries such as security, demand for a service is inseparable from the demand for the kind of people seen as suitable for providing the service. One important ...
More
This chapter argues that in service industries such as security, demand for a service is inseparable from the demand for the kind of people seen as suitable for providing the service. One important example is women providing services in sectors that were once dominated by men. The massive movement of women into paid employment can be considered as a significant innovation. The chapter traces such variability of innovation to the complexity of a ‘relational matrix’ within which innovation is embedded. The matrix includes several kinds of key actors such as employers, service providers, potential employees, clients, and targets to whom service work is directed on behalf of clients. Gender distributions either limit or enable innovations. For instance, employers can use female labour in innovative ways only to the extent that they have female service providers on hand or can recruit them from potential employees as well taking into account the appropriateness of gendered roles in the market. An analysis of Canada's security industry is used to explore these issues using various data sources.Less
This chapter argues that in service industries such as security, demand for a service is inseparable from the demand for the kind of people seen as suitable for providing the service. One important example is women providing services in sectors that were once dominated by men. The massive movement of women into paid employment can be considered as a significant innovation. The chapter traces such variability of innovation to the complexity of a ‘relational matrix’ within which innovation is embedded. The matrix includes several kinds of key actors such as employers, service providers, potential employees, clients, and targets to whom service work is directed on behalf of clients. Gender distributions either limit or enable innovations. For instance, employers can use female labour in innovative ways only to the extent that they have female service providers on hand or can recruit them from potential employees as well taking into account the appropriateness of gendered roles in the market. An analysis of Canada's security industry is used to explore these issues using various data sources.
Mary C. Brinton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754866
- eISBN:
- 9780804768207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754866.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the clerical sector in the United States and Japan. It first outlines the historically transformative role of the clerical sector in increasing American female labor force ...
More
This chapter examines the clerical sector in the United States and Japan. It first outlines the historically transformative role of the clerical sector in increasing American female labor force participation, especially for the married population. It shows that the early cultural labeling of clerical work as “female” and women's subsequent near-monopolization of most of the numerically largest clerical occupations opened up a culturally sanctioned space for women in the American labor force that was preserved even when demands were high for full employment for men, as in the early post-WWII era. Next, the chapter outlines recent historical trends in women's clerical sector participation in Japan. It shows that although large numbers of women do hold clerical jobs, their presence in these positions does not increase their lifetime labor force attachment. The final section discusses in more general terms what the contrast between the United States and Japan tells us about the conditions necessary for clerical sector expansion to have a transformative effect on married women's labor force participation and rewards.Less
This chapter examines the clerical sector in the United States and Japan. It first outlines the historically transformative role of the clerical sector in increasing American female labor force participation, especially for the married population. It shows that the early cultural labeling of clerical work as “female” and women's subsequent near-monopolization of most of the numerically largest clerical occupations opened up a culturally sanctioned space for women in the American labor force that was preserved even when demands were high for full employment for men, as in the early post-WWII era. Next, the chapter outlines recent historical trends in women's clerical sector participation in Japan. It shows that although large numbers of women do hold clerical jobs, their presence in these positions does not increase their lifetime labor force attachment. The final section discusses in more general terms what the contrast between the United States and Japan tells us about the conditions necessary for clerical sector expansion to have a transformative effect on married women's labor force participation and rewards.
Fred C. Pampel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645254
- eISBN:
- 9780226645278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645278.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
This chapter examines gender equality and relative levels of violent mortality. It focuses on how differences in female labor force participation affect sex differences in suicide and homicide ...
More
This chapter examines gender equality and relative levels of violent mortality. It focuses on how differences in female labor force participation affect sex differences in suicide and homicide mortality across ages, nations, and time periods. It also considers the consequences of family changes involving marriage, divorce, and childbearing that relate closely to women's work. It gives the theoretical arguments concerning gender equality and sex differentials in suicide and homicide mortality.Less
This chapter examines gender equality and relative levels of violent mortality. It focuses on how differences in female labor force participation affect sex differences in suicide and homicide mortality across ages, nations, and time periods. It also considers the consequences of family changes involving marriage, divorce, and childbearing that relate closely to women's work. It gives the theoretical arguments concerning gender equality and sex differentials in suicide and homicide mortality.
Elyssa Faison
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252967
- eISBN:
- 9780520934184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252967.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
At a time when industrial labor was regarded as potentially the most volatile of Japan' s “social problems,” female labor in particular threatened to undermine a newly imagined national moral order ...
More
At a time when industrial labor was regarded as potentially the most volatile of Japan' s “social problems,” female labor in particular threatened to undermine a newly imagined national moral order based on the family system. This chapter notes that the cultural meaning of labor-management practices and workers' responses to them must be evaluated in light of contemporary socially and culturally contested meanings of womanhood, Japanese and various colonial ethnicities, and the development of working-class subjectivities among women. During the early decades of Japan's modernity, major demographic, technological and social changes occurring simultaneously with imperial expansion created internal boundaries between a “traditional” countryside and modern urban centers in which the containment of female workers as women played an important role.Less
At a time when industrial labor was regarded as potentially the most volatile of Japan' s “social problems,” female labor in particular threatened to undermine a newly imagined national moral order based on the family system. This chapter notes that the cultural meaning of labor-management practices and workers' responses to them must be evaluated in light of contemporary socially and culturally contested meanings of womanhood, Japanese and various colonial ethnicities, and the development of working-class subjectivities among women. During the early decades of Japan's modernity, major demographic, technological and social changes occurring simultaneously with imperial expansion created internal boundaries between a “traditional” countryside and modern urban centers in which the containment of female workers as women played an important role.
Laurel Bossen and Hill Gates
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804799553
- eISBN:
- 9781503601079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804799553.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter challenges assumptions that footbinding was confined to the urban elite and that women with bound feet were unproductive. On the contrary, footbinding was very common among poor ...
More
This chapter challenges assumptions that footbinding was confined to the urban elite and that women with bound feet were unproductive. On the contrary, footbinding was very common among poor villagers who could not afford to support unproductive members. Examining the enormous historical importance of women’s work in China’s handcraft textile production, this chapter argues for the importance of handwork performed by footbound daughters. Emphasizing the work girls performed before marriage, this chapter also considers the misdirections and omissions that have sidetracked queries about a practice that debilitated hundreds of millions of Chinese girls and women. Feminist historians and economic historians alike have underestimated the significance of hand labor by young girls and failed to examine its links to footbinding.Less
This chapter challenges assumptions that footbinding was confined to the urban elite and that women with bound feet were unproductive. On the contrary, footbinding was very common among poor villagers who could not afford to support unproductive members. Examining the enormous historical importance of women’s work in China’s handcraft textile production, this chapter argues for the importance of handwork performed by footbound daughters. Emphasizing the work girls performed before marriage, this chapter also considers the misdirections and omissions that have sidetracked queries about a practice that debilitated hundreds of millions of Chinese girls and women. Feminist historians and economic historians alike have underestimated the significance of hand labor by young girls and failed to examine its links to footbinding.
Frances Mccall Rosenbluth
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754866
- eISBN:
- 9780804768207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754866.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter first sets out the book's main argument, that low levels of fertility in Japan and in much of the developed world may not be freely chosen, but rather reflect how hard it is for women to ...
More
This chapter first sets out the book's main argument, that low levels of fertility in Japan and in much of the developed world may not be freely chosen, but rather reflect how hard it is for women to work in the labor market and care for their families at the same time. Rather than give up on the labor market in the face of childcare burdens or an inhospitable workplace, many women seem to be striving all the harder, even when it means delaying, curtailing, or forgoing having children. The chapter then sets out some alternative hypotheses to the idea that low fertility reflects constraints on female labor market participation. It presents some evidence for the argument offered here, comparing Japan with other countries, and comparing different regions of Japan that have different labor market properties. It concludes with an overview of the subsequent chapters.Less
This chapter first sets out the book's main argument, that low levels of fertility in Japan and in much of the developed world may not be freely chosen, but rather reflect how hard it is for women to work in the labor market and care for their families at the same time. Rather than give up on the labor market in the face of childcare burdens or an inhospitable workplace, many women seem to be striving all the harder, even when it means delaying, curtailing, or forgoing having children. The chapter then sets out some alternative hypotheses to the idea that low fertility reflects constraints on female labor market participation. It presents some evidence for the argument offered here, comparing Japan with other countries, and comparing different regions of Japan that have different labor market properties. It concludes with an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Nicholas Barr and Peter Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311303
- eISBN:
- 9780199893461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311303.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Over the long haul, declining mortality and fertility and earlier retirements have raised pension costs to unsustainable levels in many countries. Women have increased their labor market activities ...
More
Over the long haul, declining mortality and fertility and earlier retirements have raised pension costs to unsustainable levels in many countries. Women have increased their labor market activities and acquired additional rights and voting powers. The need to reform pension systems is presented in light of these trends.Less
Over the long haul, declining mortality and fertility and earlier retirements have raised pension costs to unsustainable levels in many countries. Women have increased their labor market activities and acquired additional rights and voting powers. The need to reform pension systems is presented in light of these trends.
Frances McCall Rosenbluth (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754866
- eISBN:
- 9780804768207
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to one of Japan's thorniest public policy issues: why are women increasingly forgoing motherhood? At the heart of the matter lies a paradox: although the ...
More
This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to one of Japan's thorniest public policy issues: why are women increasingly forgoing motherhood? At the heart of the matter lies a paradox: although the overall trend among rich countries is for fertility to decrease as female labor participation increases, gender-friendly countries resist the trend. Conversely, gender-unfriendly countries have lower fertility rates than they would have if they changed their labor markets to encourage the hiring of women—and therein lies Japan's problem. The authors argue that the combination of an inhospitable labor market for women and insufficient support for childcare pushes women toward working harder to promote their careers, to the detriment of childbearing. The book provides policy recommendations for solving not just Japan's fertility issue, but those of other modern democracies facing a similar crisis.Less
This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to one of Japan's thorniest public policy issues: why are women increasingly forgoing motherhood? At the heart of the matter lies a paradox: although the overall trend among rich countries is for fertility to decrease as female labor participation increases, gender-friendly countries resist the trend. Conversely, gender-unfriendly countries have lower fertility rates than they would have if they changed their labor markets to encourage the hiring of women—and therein lies Japan's problem. The authors argue that the combination of an inhospitable labor market for women and insufficient support for childcare pushes women toward working harder to promote their careers, to the detriment of childbearing. The book provides policy recommendations for solving not just Japan's fertility issue, but those of other modern democracies facing a similar crisis.
Fred C. Pampel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645254
- eISBN:
- 9780226645278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645278.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Having presented theoretical arguments concerning the interactive relationships among cohort size, collectivism, and fertility, this chapter tests these arguments using the total fertility rate. It ...
More
Having presented theoretical arguments concerning the interactive relationships among cohort size, collectivism, and fertility, this chapter tests these arguments using the total fertility rate. It first describes cross-national and temporal patterns of the total fertility rate and then examines the determinants of those patterns. It shows that the small average relationship between relative cohort size and fertility varies substantially across nations, years, and levels of female labor force participation, which lends support to the basic thesis that institutional environments for social protection shape the meaning and consequences of relative cohort size for fertility. To make sense of the sometimes complex models, the chapter summarizes the implications of the statistical interactions by comparing coefficients across nations, time periods, and levels of female labor force participation. It reviews both the findings and the support they give to the theoretical claims of heterogeneity in relationships across sociopolitical contexts.Less
Having presented theoretical arguments concerning the interactive relationships among cohort size, collectivism, and fertility, this chapter tests these arguments using the total fertility rate. It first describes cross-national and temporal patterns of the total fertility rate and then examines the determinants of those patterns. It shows that the small average relationship between relative cohort size and fertility varies substantially across nations, years, and levels of female labor force participation, which lends support to the basic thesis that institutional environments for social protection shape the meaning and consequences of relative cohort size for fertility. To make sense of the sometimes complex models, the chapter summarizes the implications of the statistical interactions by comparing coefficients across nations, time periods, and levels of female labor force participation. It reviews both the findings and the support they give to the theoretical claims of heterogeneity in relationships across sociopolitical contexts.
Leah Platt Boustan, Carola Frydman, and Robert A. Margo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226163895
- eISBN:
- 9780226163925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226163925.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Black women were more likely than white women to participate in the labor force from 1870 until at least 1980 and to hold jobs in agriculture or manufacturing. Differences in observables cannot ...
More
Black women were more likely than white women to participate in the labor force from 1870 until at least 1980 and to hold jobs in agriculture or manufacturing. Differences in observables cannot account for most of this racial gap in labor force participation for the 100 years after Emancipation. The unexplained racial gap may be due to racial differences in stigma associated with women’s work, which Goldin (1977) suggested could be traced to cultural norms rooted in slavery. In both nineteenth and twentieth century data, we find evidence of inter-generation transmission of labor force participation from mother to daughter, which is consistent with the role of cultural norms.Less
Black women were more likely than white women to participate in the labor force from 1870 until at least 1980 and to hold jobs in agriculture or manufacturing. Differences in observables cannot account for most of this racial gap in labor force participation for the 100 years after Emancipation. The unexplained racial gap may be due to racial differences in stigma associated with women’s work, which Goldin (1977) suggested could be traced to cultural norms rooted in slavery. In both nineteenth and twentieth century data, we find evidence of inter-generation transmission of labor force participation from mother to daughter, which is consistent with the role of cultural norms.
