Carol Newman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198796961
- eISBN:
- 9780191838613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198796961.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines gender inequality and female empowerment in rural Viet Nam. Using an extensive panel dataset on 2,181 households, it examines how the welfare of women living in rural areas has ...
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This chapter examines gender inequality and female empowerment in rural Viet Nam. Using an extensive panel dataset on 2,181 households, it examines how the welfare of women living in rural areas has evolved during a period of dramatic rural transformation, 2008–14. It finds that, while the economic situation of women has improved, significant gender disparities remain, particularly for female-headed households. Women continue to bear a greater burden of responsibility for income-generating activities within households. Evidence suggests, however, that women are more empowered in 2014 than in 2008, and that this is related to higher levels of household welfare more generally.Less
This chapter examines gender inequality and female empowerment in rural Viet Nam. Using an extensive panel dataset on 2,181 households, it examines how the welfare of women living in rural areas has evolved during a period of dramatic rural transformation, 2008–14. It finds that, while the economic situation of women has improved, significant gender disparities remain, particularly for female-headed households. Women continue to bear a greater burden of responsibility for income-generating activities within households. Evidence suggests, however, that women are more empowered in 2014 than in 2008, and that this is related to higher levels of household welfare more generally.
CLAUDIA TATE
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195108576
- eISBN:
- 9780199855094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195108576.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter begins with snippets from the works of Pauline E. Hopkins, Ella Wright-Pleasant, and Josephine Turpin Washington on the gender rites and the higher education of black women. These depict ...
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This chapter begins with snippets from the works of Pauline E. Hopkins, Ella Wright-Pleasant, and Josephine Turpin Washington on the gender rites and the higher education of black women. These depict black female empowerment despite problems of gender rites and education. The woman is described as a woman and not a man who possesses qualities of intelligence and culture. The chapter examines in detail the gender rites and the high education of black women in the late nineteenth century. It gives an introduction to the mediation of liberal and conservative gender roles for wives and husbands in the domestic novels. In summary, the following are tackled in this chapter: gender rites and the higher education of black women, gender rites and fictive texts, and love as a strategy for revising spousal roles.Less
This chapter begins with snippets from the works of Pauline E. Hopkins, Ella Wright-Pleasant, and Josephine Turpin Washington on the gender rites and the higher education of black women. These depict black female empowerment despite problems of gender rites and education. The woman is described as a woman and not a man who possesses qualities of intelligence and culture. The chapter examines in detail the gender rites and the high education of black women in the late nineteenth century. It gives an introduction to the mediation of liberal and conservative gender roles for wives and husbands in the domestic novels. In summary, the following are tackled in this chapter: gender rites and the higher education of black women, gender rites and fictive texts, and love as a strategy for revising spousal roles.
Donna Aza Weir-Soley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033778
- eISBN:
- 9780813039008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033778.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
Opal Palmer Adisa's first novel, It Begins with Tears, represents a more contemporary revision of the Janie paradigm. Set in a fictional village in rural Jamaica, Adisa's novel interrogates ...
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Opal Palmer Adisa's first novel, It Begins with Tears, represents a more contemporary revision of the Janie paradigm. Set in a fictional village in rural Jamaica, Adisa's novel interrogates contesting ideologies and values vis-à-vis notions of progress and modernity in the late twentieth century. Adisa's text uses a female-centered, Afro–Caribbean spirituality as the bridge between two competing ideologies (modernity and tradition) whose oppositional imperatives threaten the cohesion and stability of the community. Drawing upon the syncretic religious traditions of Jamaica, Adisa uses strong female characters modeled after West African orishas and linked with nature to demonstrate the coterminous relationship between individual female empowerment and sociopolitical viability for the community. Adisa's codification of the erotic as both spiritual and sexual energy takes place at several levels within the text.Less
Opal Palmer Adisa's first novel, It Begins with Tears, represents a more contemporary revision of the Janie paradigm. Set in a fictional village in rural Jamaica, Adisa's novel interrogates contesting ideologies and values vis-à-vis notions of progress and modernity in the late twentieth century. Adisa's text uses a female-centered, Afro–Caribbean spirituality as the bridge between two competing ideologies (modernity and tradition) whose oppositional imperatives threaten the cohesion and stability of the community. Drawing upon the syncretic religious traditions of Jamaica, Adisa uses strong female characters modeled after West African orishas and linked with nature to demonstrate the coterminous relationship between individual female empowerment and sociopolitical viability for the community. Adisa's codification of the erotic as both spiritual and sexual energy takes place at several levels within the text.
Siwan Anderson, Lori Beaman, and Jean-Philippe Platteau (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198829591
- eISBN:
- 9780191868115
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829591.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As a result of widespread mistreatment and overt discrimination in all dimensions of their lives, women lack significant autonomy. The central preoccupation of this book is to explore key sources of ...
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As a result of widespread mistreatment and overt discrimination in all dimensions of their lives, women lack significant autonomy. The central preoccupation of this book is to explore key sources of female empowerment and discuss the current challenges and opportunities for the future. Schematically, three main domains are distinguished. The first is marriage and women’s relative bargaining position within the household. Since in developing countries marriage is essentially universal and generally arranged by the parents, women have little say in the choice of their partner and largely depend on their husband for their livelihoods and well-being. How marriage, divorce, and remarriage practices have evolved and with what effects for women, is therefore of crucial concern. The second domain is the set of options available to women outside of marriage and in the context of their community. Given the importance of household dynamics in determining female well-being, a crucial step towards women’s empowerment consists of improving such options, economic and collective action opportunities in particular. The third domain belongs to the realm of over-arching discriminatory laws and cultural norms. Can the government acting as lawmaker contribute to modifying norms and practices that disadvantage women? Or, to be effective, do legal moves need to be complemented by other initiatives such as the expansion of economic opportunities for women? Do discriminatory social norms necessarily dissolve with improved legal status for women? These questions, and other related issues, are tackled from different perspectives, by top scholars with well-established experience in gender-focused economic and social research.Less
As a result of widespread mistreatment and overt discrimination in all dimensions of their lives, women lack significant autonomy. The central preoccupation of this book is to explore key sources of female empowerment and discuss the current challenges and opportunities for the future. Schematically, three main domains are distinguished. The first is marriage and women’s relative bargaining position within the household. Since in developing countries marriage is essentially universal and generally arranged by the parents, women have little say in the choice of their partner and largely depend on their husband for their livelihoods and well-being. How marriage, divorce, and remarriage practices have evolved and with what effects for women, is therefore of crucial concern. The second domain is the set of options available to women outside of marriage and in the context of their community. Given the importance of household dynamics in determining female well-being, a crucial step towards women’s empowerment consists of improving such options, economic and collective action opportunities in particular. The third domain belongs to the realm of over-arching discriminatory laws and cultural norms. Can the government acting as lawmaker contribute to modifying norms and practices that disadvantage women? Or, to be effective, do legal moves need to be complemented by other initiatives such as the expansion of economic opportunities for women? Do discriminatory social norms necessarily dissolve with improved legal status for women? These questions, and other related issues, are tackled from different perspectives, by top scholars with well-established experience in gender-focused economic and social research.
Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Jacobus de Hoop, and Berk Özler
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226316055
- eISBN:
- 9780226316192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226316192.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Interventions targeting adolescent girls are seen as key to breaking the cycle of poverty in developing countries. Policies that enable them to reach their full potential can have a strong impact not ...
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Interventions targeting adolescent girls are seen as key to breaking the cycle of poverty in developing countries. Policies that enable them to reach their full potential can have a strong impact not only on their own wellbeing, but also that of future generations. This paper summarizes the short-term impacts of a cash transfer program on the empowerment of adolescent girls in Malawi during and immediately after the two-year intervention. The program, which transferred cash directly to school-age girls and their parents, had effects on a broad range of important domains–including increased access to financial resources, improved schooling outcomes, decreased teen pregnancies and early marriages, better health–and generally enabled beneficiaries to improve their agency within their households. Underlying these impacts, the experiment revealed differences in program effects between young women in school at the start of the intervention and those who were not, as well as between young women who received cash transfers conditional on regular school attendance and those who received cash unconditionally. The results point to the potential role that cash transfer programs can play in the lives of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the heterogeneity of effects under different program designs.Less
Interventions targeting adolescent girls are seen as key to breaking the cycle of poverty in developing countries. Policies that enable them to reach their full potential can have a strong impact not only on their own wellbeing, but also that of future generations. This paper summarizes the short-term impacts of a cash transfer program on the empowerment of adolescent girls in Malawi during and immediately after the two-year intervention. The program, which transferred cash directly to school-age girls and their parents, had effects on a broad range of important domains–including increased access to financial resources, improved schooling outcomes, decreased teen pregnancies and early marriages, better health–and generally enabled beneficiaries to improve their agency within their households. Underlying these impacts, the experiment revealed differences in program effects between young women in school at the start of the intervention and those who were not, as well as between young women who received cash transfers conditional on regular school attendance and those who received cash unconditionally. The results point to the potential role that cash transfer programs can play in the lives of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the heterogeneity of effects under different program designs.
Verne A. Dusenbery and Darshan S. Tatla
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075547
- eISBN:
- 9780199082056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075547.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Sikhism
This chapter investigates the philanthropy of contemporary Sikh diaspora in Punjab, a practice of giving that goes back to the earliest decades of Sikh migration from Punjab. Overseas Sikhs have ...
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This chapter investigates the philanthropy of contemporary Sikh diaspora in Punjab, a practice of giving that goes back to the earliest decades of Sikh migration from Punjab. Overseas Sikhs have become connected with Punjab in economic, political, and cultural matters through patronage, financial assistance, and new social practices brought from abroad. The study of diaspora philanthropy becomes a site for analyzing the transmission of material resources, information and values. Some of the issues concerning Sikh diaspora philanthropy in Punjab are then explained. Differences about how, where, and for what purpose money is given reflect the different existing resource bases and the different social make-up of the givers as well as the historical relationship of groups in each block. While some efforts have been made to encourage female empowerment, Sikh diaspora philanthropy seems to act ‘both to challenge and to perpetuate gendered norms within Punjabi society’. The author concludes by pointing out that today’s diaspora philanthropy is less likely to be directed towards religious places.Less
This chapter investigates the philanthropy of contemporary Sikh diaspora in Punjab, a practice of giving that goes back to the earliest decades of Sikh migration from Punjab. Overseas Sikhs have become connected with Punjab in economic, political, and cultural matters through patronage, financial assistance, and new social practices brought from abroad. The study of diaspora philanthropy becomes a site for analyzing the transmission of material resources, information and values. Some of the issues concerning Sikh diaspora philanthropy in Punjab are then explained. Differences about how, where, and for what purpose money is given reflect the different existing resource bases and the different social make-up of the givers as well as the historical relationship of groups in each block. While some efforts have been made to encourage female empowerment, Sikh diaspora philanthropy seems to act ‘both to challenge and to perpetuate gendered norms within Punjabi society’. The author concludes by pointing out that today’s diaspora philanthropy is less likely to be directed towards religious places.
Anna Fedele
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199898404
- eISBN:
- 9780199980130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199898404.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the first gathering of each pilgrimage group and explores the way in which the trip forms part of the pilgrims’ quest for the feminine. The most important meta-empirical beings ...
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This chapter describes the first gathering of each pilgrimage group and explores the way in which the trip forms part of the pilgrims’ quest for the feminine. The most important meta-empirical beings related to the pilgrimage are Mary Magdalene, the Goddess and Mother Earth. Drawing on the writings of Marina Warner, the pilgrims conceptualize Mary Magdalene as a model for female empowerment both complementary and opposed to the Virgin Mary. Neo-shamanism has deeply influenced these pilgrims’ theories and practices, in particular two so-called indigenous traditions from Mexico (the Concheros) and the Andes of Peru.Less
This chapter describes the first gathering of each pilgrimage group and explores the way in which the trip forms part of the pilgrims’ quest for the feminine. The most important meta-empirical beings related to the pilgrimage are Mary Magdalene, the Goddess and Mother Earth. Drawing on the writings of Marina Warner, the pilgrims conceptualize Mary Magdalene as a model for female empowerment both complementary and opposed to the Virgin Mary. Neo-shamanism has deeply influenced these pilgrims’ theories and practices, in particular two so-called indigenous traditions from Mexico (the Concheros) and the Andes of Peru.
Carolyn Martin Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039638
- eISBN:
- 9780252097720
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039638.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Rhodesia's rebirth as Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe's rise to power dashed the hopes of women who had imagined independence as a road to gender equity and economic justice. Using history, literature, ...
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Rhodesia's rebirth as Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe's rise to power dashed the hopes of women who had imagined independence as a road to gender equity and economic justice. Using history, literature, participant observation, and interviews, this book draws on thirty years of experience to survey Zimbabwean feminism from the colonial era to today. The book's analysis shows how actions as seemingly disparate as an ability to bake scones during the revolution and achieving power within a marriage in fact represent complex sources of female empowerment. The book also presents the ways women across Zimbabwean society—rural and urban, professional and domestic—accommodated or confronted post-independence setbacks. Finally, the book offers perspectives on the ways contemporary Zimbabwean women depart from the widespread view that feminism is a Western imposition having little to do with African women.Less
Rhodesia's rebirth as Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe's rise to power dashed the hopes of women who had imagined independence as a road to gender equity and economic justice. Using history, literature, participant observation, and interviews, this book draws on thirty years of experience to survey Zimbabwean feminism from the colonial era to today. The book's analysis shows how actions as seemingly disparate as an ability to bake scones during the revolution and achieving power within a marriage in fact represent complex sources of female empowerment. The book also presents the ways women across Zimbabwean society—rural and urban, professional and domestic—accommodated or confronted post-independence setbacks. Finally, the book offers perspectives on the ways contemporary Zimbabwean women depart from the widespread view that feminism is a Western imposition having little to do with African women.
Rachel Fell McDermott and Jeffrey J. Kripal
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520232396
- eISBN:
- 9780520928176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520232396.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter begins with two depictions of Kālī, both by Western women, exemplifying the extremes of possible interpretation. The first figure is similar to India's “calendar art” style of portraying ...
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This chapter begins with two depictions of Kālī, both by Western women, exemplifying the extremes of possible interpretation. The first figure is similar to India's “calendar art” style of portraying the four-armed Goddess, whereas the second figure is reflective of Western views of the Goddess as powerfully sexual. This chapter discusses Kālī on the Internet, using sources such as websites, Internet news groups, and electronic magazines. Feminist and New Age proponents of Kālī have been criticized by Hindus living in the West as representative of a wave of neocolonialists; to some such critics, these Western interpreters and appropriators of the Goddess are every bit as insidious as those of the past two centuries. This chapter looks at Kālī-associated themes on the Internet, including Kālī and female empowerment, Tantra and sex, Kālī-centered New Age rituals, and Kālī in dance, theater, art, and advertising.Less
This chapter begins with two depictions of Kālī, both by Western women, exemplifying the extremes of possible interpretation. The first figure is similar to India's “calendar art” style of portraying the four-armed Goddess, whereas the second figure is reflective of Western views of the Goddess as powerfully sexual. This chapter discusses Kālī on the Internet, using sources such as websites, Internet news groups, and electronic magazines. Feminist and New Age proponents of Kālī have been criticized by Hindus living in the West as representative of a wave of neocolonialists; to some such critics, these Western interpreters and appropriators of the Goddess are every bit as insidious as those of the past two centuries. This chapter looks at Kālī-associated themes on the Internet, including Kālī and female empowerment, Tantra and sex, Kālī-centered New Age rituals, and Kālī in dance, theater, art, and advertising.
Pierre-André Chiappori
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691171739
- eISBN:
- 9781400885732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691171739.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter considers two examples of applications of matching models under transferable utility (TU). The first example deals with the legalization of abortion by virtue of Roe v. Wade and the ...
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This chapter considers two examples of applications of matching models under transferable utility (TU). The first example deals with the legalization of abortion by virtue of Roe v. Wade and the feminist claim that it empowered all women. The second example deals with the discrepancy between male and female demand for higher education over the last decades. After providing an overview of Roe v. Wade and how it resulted in female empowerment, the chapter describes the model that takes into account preferences and budget constraints, stable matching on the marriage market, and changes in birth control technology. It then examines gender differences in the demand for higher education using the CIW (Chiappori, Iyigun, and Weiss) model, with a focus on equilibrium, preferences for singlehood, comparative statics, empirical implementation, and the Low model showing that higher education results in a deterministic drop in fertility.Less
This chapter considers two examples of applications of matching models under transferable utility (TU). The first example deals with the legalization of abortion by virtue of Roe v. Wade and the feminist claim that it empowered all women. The second example deals with the discrepancy between male and female demand for higher education over the last decades. After providing an overview of Roe v. Wade and how it resulted in female empowerment, the chapter describes the model that takes into account preferences and budget constraints, stable matching on the marriage market, and changes in birth control technology. It then examines gender differences in the demand for higher education using the CIW (Chiappori, Iyigun, and Weiss) model, with a focus on equilibrium, preferences for singlehood, comparative statics, empirical implementation, and the Low model showing that higher education results in a deterministic drop in fertility.
Mina Roces
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834999
- eISBN:
- 9780824871581
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834999.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book is about a fundamental aspect of the feminist project in the Philippines: rethinking the Filipino woman. It focuses on how contemporary women's organizations have represented and ...
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This book is about a fundamental aspect of the feminist project in the Philippines: rethinking the Filipino woman. It focuses on how contemporary women's organizations have represented and refashioned the Filipina in their campaigns to improve women's status. The drive to alter the situation of women included a political aspect (lobbying and changing legislation) and a cultural one (modifying social attitudes and women's own assessments of themselves). The book examines the cultural side of the feminist agenda: how activists have critiqued Filipino womanhood and engaged in fashioning an alternative woman. How did activists theorize the Filipina and how did they use this analysis to lobby for pro-women's legislation or alter social attitudes? What sort of Filipina role models did women's organizations propose, and how were these new ideas disseminated to the general public? What cultural strategies did activists deploy in order to gain a mass following? The book shows how representations of the Filipino woman have been central to debates about women's empowerment. It explores the transnational character of women's activism and offers a seminal study on the important contributions of feminist Catholic nuns. The book provides an account of the contemporary feminist movement in the Philippines, bringing to light how women's organizations have initiated change in cultural attitudes and had a significant impact on contemporary Philippine society.Less
This book is about a fundamental aspect of the feminist project in the Philippines: rethinking the Filipino woman. It focuses on how contemporary women's organizations have represented and refashioned the Filipina in their campaigns to improve women's status. The drive to alter the situation of women included a political aspect (lobbying and changing legislation) and a cultural one (modifying social attitudes and women's own assessments of themselves). The book examines the cultural side of the feminist agenda: how activists have critiqued Filipino womanhood and engaged in fashioning an alternative woman. How did activists theorize the Filipina and how did they use this analysis to lobby for pro-women's legislation or alter social attitudes? What sort of Filipina role models did women's organizations propose, and how were these new ideas disseminated to the general public? What cultural strategies did activists deploy in order to gain a mass following? The book shows how representations of the Filipino woman have been central to debates about women's empowerment. It explores the transnational character of women's activism and offers a seminal study on the important contributions of feminist Catholic nuns. The book provides an account of the contemporary feminist movement in the Philippines, bringing to light how women's organizations have initiated change in cultural attitudes and had a significant impact on contemporary Philippine society.
Corinne T. Field
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469618142
- eISBN:
- 9781469618166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469618142.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
In the fight for equality, early feminists often cited the infantilization of women by white men as a method used to keep them out of positions of power. This book argues that adulthood—and the ...
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In the fight for equality, early feminists often cited the infantilization of women by white men as a method used to keep them out of positions of power. This book argues that adulthood—and the associated political rights, economic opportunities, and other benefits that come with it—became a common political goal for both feminists and African American activists between the American Revolution and the Civil War. The idea that black men and all women were more like children than adults proved difficult to shake and came to serve as a foundation for racial and sexual inequality for generations. In detailing the connections between the struggle for equality and the political and social concepts of adulthood, the book provides the historical context for understanding the dilemmas American women still face today, from “glass ceilings” to a culture obsessed with youth and beauty over that of female empowerment. Drawn from a complex and fascinating past, this book tells the history of how power, gender, and race collided, and how those affected came together to fight against injustice, leaving us with lessons that still resonate today.Less
In the fight for equality, early feminists often cited the infantilization of women by white men as a method used to keep them out of positions of power. This book argues that adulthood—and the associated political rights, economic opportunities, and other benefits that come with it—became a common political goal for both feminists and African American activists between the American Revolution and the Civil War. The idea that black men and all women were more like children than adults proved difficult to shake and came to serve as a foundation for racial and sexual inequality for generations. In detailing the connections between the struggle for equality and the political and social concepts of adulthood, the book provides the historical context for understanding the dilemmas American women still face today, from “glass ceilings” to a culture obsessed with youth and beauty over that of female empowerment. Drawn from a complex and fascinating past, this book tells the history of how power, gender, and race collided, and how those affected came together to fight against injustice, leaving us with lessons that still resonate today.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226443058
- eISBN:
- 9780226443072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226443072.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the daughters of the feminist generation in the United States. These women are unlikely to be involved in consciousness-raising groups and formulating strategies for revolt ...
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This chapter focuses on the daughters of the feminist generation in the United States. These women are unlikely to be involved in consciousness-raising groups and formulating strategies for revolt because they learned feminism not from demonstrations and marches, but from school and through the popular media. Feminism's attempt to create a universal body of knowledge out of a plurality of individual bodies has not been entirely successful. Childbirth remains on contested terrain and female empowerment in relation to birth was reduced to epidural anesthesia and elective cesarean section.Less
This chapter focuses on the daughters of the feminist generation in the United States. These women are unlikely to be involved in consciousness-raising groups and formulating strategies for revolt because they learned feminism not from demonstrations and marches, but from school and through the popular media. Feminism's attempt to create a universal body of knowledge out of a plurality of individual bodies has not been entirely successful. Childbirth remains on contested terrain and female empowerment in relation to birth was reduced to epidural anesthesia and elective cesarean section.
