Stephen M. Shuster
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral ...
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A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.Less
A quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.
Thomas Gregor and Donald Tuzin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228511
- eISBN:
- 9780520935815
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228511.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
One of the great riddles of cultural history is the remarkable parallel that exists between the peoples of Amazonia and those of Melanesia. Although the two regions are separated by half a world in ...
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One of the great riddles of cultural history is the remarkable parallel that exists between the peoples of Amazonia and those of Melanesia. Although the two regions are separated by half a world in distance and at least 40,000 years of history, their cultures nonetheless reveal striking similarities in the areas of sex and gender. In both Amazonia and Melanesia, male–female differences infuse social organization and self-conception. They are the core of religion, symbolism, and cosmology, and they permeate ideas about body imagery, procreation, growth, men's cults, and rituals of initiation. The contributors to this book illuminate the various ways in which sex and gender are elaborated, obsessed over, and internalized, shaping subjective experiences common to entire cultural regions, and beyond. Through comparison of the life ways of Melanesia and Amazonia, they expand the study of gender, as well as the comparative method in anthropology, in new directions.Less
One of the great riddles of cultural history is the remarkable parallel that exists between the peoples of Amazonia and those of Melanesia. Although the two regions are separated by half a world in distance and at least 40,000 years of history, their cultures nonetheless reveal striking similarities in the areas of sex and gender. In both Amazonia and Melanesia, male–female differences infuse social organization and self-conception. They are the core of religion, symbolism, and cosmology, and they permeate ideas about body imagery, procreation, growth, men's cults, and rituals of initiation. The contributors to this book illuminate the various ways in which sex and gender are elaborated, obsessed over, and internalized, shaping subjective experiences common to entire cultural regions, and beyond. Through comparison of the life ways of Melanesia and Amazonia, they expand the study of gender, as well as the comparative method in anthropology, in new directions.
Hans Kruuk
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565871
- eISBN:
- 9780191728228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565871.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
This chapter describes methods of diet analysis, including the major inaccuracies resulting from faecal analyses. The food composition of all species is discussed in some detail, including food ...
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This chapter describes methods of diet analysis, including the major inaccuracies resulting from faecal analyses. The food composition of all species is discussed in some detail, including food intake in weight and calories. All species are fish eaters, and for most fishes are the dominant prey. Exceptions are the sea otter and the clawless/small-clawed species, taking mostly invertebrates (large crustaceans); the sea otter, predominantly sea urchins and molluscs. Fish species taken are often slow, bottom-living ones. Diets of males and females, where studied, tend to be different. There are differences in diets between otter species, noticeable especially when several are sympatric. Most species consume a daily amount of 15-20% of their body weight, the sea otter 20-30%.Less
This chapter describes methods of diet analysis, including the major inaccuracies resulting from faecal analyses. The food composition of all species is discussed in some detail, including food intake in weight and calories. All species are fish eaters, and for most fishes are the dominant prey. Exceptions are the sea otter and the clawless/small-clawed species, taking mostly invertebrates (large crustaceans); the sea otter, predominantly sea urchins and molluscs. Fish species taken are often slow, bottom-living ones. Diets of males and females, where studied, tend to be different. There are differences in diets between otter species, noticeable especially when several are sympatric. Most species consume a daily amount of 15-20% of their body weight, the sea otter 20-30%.
Nancy Woloch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691002590
- eISBN:
- 9781400866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter assesses Muller v. Oregon (1908), its significance, and the law it upheld: Oregon's ten-hour law of 1903. Convicted of violating Oregon's law of 1903 that barred the employment of women ...
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This chapter assesses Muller v. Oregon (1908), its significance, and the law it upheld: Oregon's ten-hour law of 1903. Convicted of violating Oregon's law of 1903 that barred the employment of women in factories and laundries for more than ten hours a day, Curt Muller—the owner of a Portland laundry—challenged the constitutionality of the law, which he claimed violated his right of freedom to contract under the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. On February 24, 1908, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Oregon law. This decision marked a momentous triumph for progressive reformers and a turning point in the movement for protective laws. At the same time, by declaring woman “in a class by herself,” the Supreme Court embedded in constitutional law an axiom of female difference. The Muller decision thus pushed public policy forward toward modern labor standards and simultaneously distanced it from sexual equality.Less
This chapter assesses Muller v. Oregon (1908), its significance, and the law it upheld: Oregon's ten-hour law of 1903. Convicted of violating Oregon's law of 1903 that barred the employment of women in factories and laundries for more than ten hours a day, Curt Muller—the owner of a Portland laundry—challenged the constitutionality of the law, which he claimed violated his right of freedom to contract under the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. On February 24, 1908, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Oregon law. This decision marked a momentous triumph for progressive reformers and a turning point in the movement for protective laws. At the same time, by declaring woman “in a class by herself,” the Supreme Court embedded in constitutional law an axiom of female difference. The Muller decision thus pushed public policy forward toward modern labor standards and simultaneously distanced it from sexual equality.
Vera John-Steiner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195307702
- eISBN:
- 9780199847587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter explores the role of women in collaboration: whether collaboration is a more congenial mode of production for women, how widespread the female commitment really is, and if it is ...
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This chapter explores the role of women in collaboration: whether collaboration is a more congenial mode of production for women, how widespread the female commitment really is, and if it is preferable as a phenomenon in cultural and historic context. This chapter explicitly argues that variations in men and women collaborative engagement are the result of social rather than biological forces. In terms of their social structure in history, women, minorities and economically oppressed groups have been disciplined to be accommodating in more interdependent modes of work and were limited from higher education and public institutions. Although changes and variations in gender roles are well recorded by anthropologists and historians, there is still a tendency in society to view male/female differences as universal. Many scientists, philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists recognize the complex nature of gender-linked practices and behaviour, providing information about the differences, complementarity, and shared humanity across the sexes.Less
This chapter explores the role of women in collaboration: whether collaboration is a more congenial mode of production for women, how widespread the female commitment really is, and if it is preferable as a phenomenon in cultural and historic context. This chapter explicitly argues that variations in men and women collaborative engagement are the result of social rather than biological forces. In terms of their social structure in history, women, minorities and economically oppressed groups have been disciplined to be accommodating in more interdependent modes of work and were limited from higher education and public institutions. Although changes and variations in gender roles are well recorded by anthropologists and historians, there is still a tendency in society to view male/female differences as universal. Many scientists, philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists recognize the complex nature of gender-linked practices and behaviour, providing information about the differences, complementarity, and shared humanity across the sexes.
Daniel S. Hamermesh
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198791379
- eISBN:
- 9780191833847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198791379.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
We develop a theory of sorting across occupations based on looks and derive its implications for testing for the source of earnings differentials. These differentials are examined using the 1977 ...
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We develop a theory of sorting across occupations based on looks and derive its implications for testing for the source of earnings differentials. These differentials are examined using the 1977 Quality of Employment, the 1971 Quality of American Life, and the 1981 Canadian Quality of Life surveys. Plain people earn less than people of average looks, who earn less than the good-looking. The penalty for plainness is 5 to 10 percent. The effects are slightly larger for men than women; but unattractive women are less likely than others to participate in the labor force and are more likely to be married to men with unexpectedly low human capital. Better-looking people sort into occupations where beauty is likely to be more productive; but the impact of individuals’ looks on their earnings is mostly independent of occupation.Less
We develop a theory of sorting across occupations based on looks and derive its implications for testing for the source of earnings differentials. These differentials are examined using the 1977 Quality of Employment, the 1971 Quality of American Life, and the 1981 Canadian Quality of Life surveys. Plain people earn less than people of average looks, who earn less than the good-looking. The penalty for plainness is 5 to 10 percent. The effects are slightly larger for men than women; but unattractive women are less likely than others to participate in the labor force and are more likely to be married to men with unexpectedly low human capital. Better-looking people sort into occupations where beauty is likely to be more productive; but the impact of individuals’ looks on their earnings is mostly independent of occupation.
