T. A. Cavanaugh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272198
- eISBN:
- 9780191604157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272190.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter analyzes the intended/foreseen (i/f) distinction: how to name it, how to make it, and how to apply it to the classic cases of euthanasia/terminal sedation, craniotomy/hysterectomy, and ...
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This chapter analyzes the intended/foreseen (i/f) distinction: how to name it, how to make it, and how to apply it to the classic cases of euthanasia/terminal sedation, craniotomy/hysterectomy, and terror bombing/tactical bombing. Addressing the problem of closeness Foot moots, inadequate responses to this problem are considered such as paring one’s intentions, the counter-factual test, and conceptual necessity. The chapter presents an account of the i/f distinction based on the resources found in Aquinas, Anscombe, and Bratman who indicate how intention characteristically differs from foresight insofar as the former is while the latter is not a plan of action formed in deliberation embodying practical knowledge.Less
This chapter analyzes the intended/foreseen (i/f) distinction: how to name it, how to make it, and how to apply it to the classic cases of euthanasia/terminal sedation, craniotomy/hysterectomy, and terror bombing/tactical bombing. Addressing the problem of closeness Foot moots, inadequate responses to this problem are considered such as paring one’s intentions, the counter-factual test, and conceptual necessity. The chapter presents an account of the i/f distinction based on the resources found in Aquinas, Anscombe, and Bratman who indicate how intention characteristically differs from foresight insofar as the former is while the latter is not a plan of action formed in deliberation embodying practical knowledge.
Philippa Foot
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199252848
- eISBN:
- 9780191597411
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925284X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Moral Dilemmas is the second volume of collected essays by the eminent moral philosopher Philippa Foot. It fills the gap between her 1978 collection Virtues and Vices and her acclaimed monograph ...
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Moral Dilemmas is the second volume of collected essays by the eminent moral philosopher Philippa Foot. It fills the gap between her 1978 collection Virtues and Vices and her acclaimed monograph Natural Goodness, published in 2001. Moral Dilemmas contains the best of Prof. Foot's work from the late 1970s to the 1990s. In these essays, she develops further her influential critique of the ’non‐cognitivist’ approaches that have dominated moral philosophy over the last fifty years. She shows why it is a mistake to think of evaluations in general (or moral judgements in particular) as distinguished from ‘statements of fact’ by a special connection with the feelings, attitudes, or commitments of an individual speaker. Instead, she portrays thoughts about the goodness or badness of human action as like (though also unlike) the evaluation of other operations of human beings, and those of all living things. She also discusses moral relativism, utilitarianism, and moral dilemmas, as well as some subjects of special relevance to medical ethics. This work contains a select bibliography of the publications of Philippa Foot. With Prof. Foot's other two books, these essays present her distinctive and lasting contributions to twentieth‐century moral philosophy.Less
Moral Dilemmas is the second volume of collected essays by the eminent moral philosopher Philippa Foot. It fills the gap between her 1978 collection Virtues and Vices and her acclaimed monograph Natural Goodness, published in 2001. Moral Dilemmas contains the best of Prof. Foot's work from the late 1970s to the 1990s. In these essays, she develops further her influential critique of the ’non‐cognitivist’ approaches that have dominated moral philosophy over the last fifty years. She shows why it is a mistake to think of evaluations in general (or moral judgements in particular) as distinguished from ‘statements of fact’ by a special connection with the feelings, attitudes, or commitments of an individual speaker. Instead, she portrays thoughts about the goodness or badness of human action as like (though also unlike) the evaluation of other operations of human beings, and those of all living things. She also discusses moral relativism, utilitarianism, and moral dilemmas, as well as some subjects of special relevance to medical ethics. This work contains a select bibliography of the publications of Philippa Foot. With Prof. Foot's other two books, these essays present her distinctive and lasting contributions to twentieth‐century moral philosophy.
Richard Kraut
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844463
- eISBN:
- 9780199919550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844463.003.0029
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
According to Geach, Foot, and Thomson, it is unintelligible to say that pleasure is, quite simply, good. They hold that there is no useful role for absolute goodness to play in our thinking, but ...
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According to Geach, Foot, and Thomson, it is unintelligible to say that pleasure is, quite simply, good. They hold that there is no useful role for absolute goodness to play in our thinking, but their way of reaching this conclusion is not the one the author of this book has taken. They think that if someone says that pleasure is good, we cannot understand him, because he has unwittingly violated a rule governing the use of “good.” As a result of this mistake, what he says is neither true nor false but meaningless. Admittedly, the sentence “Pleasure is good” seems, on the surface, to be saying something. But speakers who are otherwise competent users of a language can take themselves to be saying something meaningful when, in fact, they are not. We have become accustomed to hearing this sentence and others like it (“knowledge is good,” “virtue is good”). They occur frequently in philosophical texts. Perhaps our familiarity with them keeps us from asking ourselves whether we understand what they are saying.Less
According to Geach, Foot, and Thomson, it is unintelligible to say that pleasure is, quite simply, good. They hold that there is no useful role for absolute goodness to play in our thinking, but their way of reaching this conclusion is not the one the author of this book has taken. They think that if someone says that pleasure is good, we cannot understand him, because he has unwittingly violated a rule governing the use of “good.” As a result of this mistake, what he says is neither true nor false but meaningless. Admittedly, the sentence “Pleasure is good” seems, on the surface, to be saying something. But speakers who are otherwise competent users of a language can take themselves to be saying something meaningful when, in fact, they are not. We have become accustomed to hearing this sentence and others like it (“knowledge is good,” “virtue is good”). They occur frequently in philosophical texts. Perhaps our familiarity with them keeps us from asking ourselves whether we understand what they are saying.
Richard Kraut
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844463
- eISBN:
- 9780199919550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844463.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter focuses on how others have also arrived at a skeptical conclusion about absolute goodness, although the route by which this book comes to that conclusion is different from those that ...
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This chapter focuses on how others have also arrived at a skeptical conclusion about absolute goodness, although the route by which this book comes to that conclusion is different from those that others have taken. This chapter states that doubts may not have occurred to the author had he not read some other authors. The chapter acknowledges a debt to them and calls attention to the ways in which this book's approach to this subject differs from theirs. These authors include P. T. Geach, Philippa Foot, Judith Jarvis Thomson, and T. M. Scanlon.Less
This chapter focuses on how others have also arrived at a skeptical conclusion about absolute goodness, although the route by which this book comes to that conclusion is different from those that others have taken. This chapter states that doubts may not have occurred to the author had he not read some other authors. The chapter acknowledges a debt to them and calls attention to the ways in which this book's approach to this subject differs from theirs. These authors include P. T. Geach, Philippa Foot, Judith Jarvis Thomson, and T. M. Scanlon.
Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter is concerned with the contribution of phonological distinctions to encoding the Interpersonal and Representational Levels. Utterances are composed of layers of structure, right down to ...
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This chapter is concerned with the contribution of phonological distinctions to encoding the Interpersonal and Representational Levels. Utterances are composed of layers of structure, right down to the Syllable. Not all the layers are in evidence in all languages, however. The chapter focuses on prosodic distinctions.Less
This chapter is concerned with the contribution of phonological distinctions to encoding the Interpersonal and Representational Levels. Utterances are composed of layers of structure, right down to the Syllable. Not all the layers are in evidence in all languages, however. The chapter focuses on prosodic distinctions.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water ...
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If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water supplies – agroterrorism - can be a major weapon. People dying of thirst or starvation is actually a rather low-probability outcome of an agroterrorism attack. The US is a major supplier of food to the world, and agricultural exports account for a sizeable portion of America's trade income – about fifty billion dollars per year. Pathogenic contamination of American food supplies, which feed a sizeable portion of the world community, could bring about economic disaster the likes of which have not been seen since the Great Depression. It would affect not just farmers and agribusinesses who grow food for export: the collateral damage stemming from interference with this sector of our nation's business would ripple through the rest of our economy like a hot knife through butter.Less
If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water supplies – agroterrorism - can be a major weapon. People dying of thirst or starvation is actually a rather low-probability outcome of an agroterrorism attack. The US is a major supplier of food to the world, and agricultural exports account for a sizeable portion of America's trade income – about fifty billion dollars per year. Pathogenic contamination of American food supplies, which feed a sizeable portion of the world community, could bring about economic disaster the likes of which have not been seen since the Great Depression. It would affect not just farmers and agribusinesses who grow food for export: the collateral damage stemming from interference with this sector of our nation's business would ripple through the rest of our economy like a hot knife through butter.
Valerie Isham
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566540
- eISBN:
- 9780191718038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566540.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter provides an overview of stochastic models for epidemics, focusing on topics that have preoccupied researchers for the last 15 years, and identifying continuing challenges. After some ...
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This chapter provides an overview of stochastic models for epidemics, focusing on topics that have preoccupied researchers for the last 15 years, and identifying continuing challenges. After some historical background and a brief account of basic deterministic models for transmission of infectious diseases, the principles of stochastic modeling of epidemics in homogeneous populations are outlined. The chapter then discusses the complications that arise owing to heterogeneity of host population, of mixing within the population, and of the network among the population, due for example to its social or spatial structure. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of statistical issues.Less
This chapter provides an overview of stochastic models for epidemics, focusing on topics that have preoccupied researchers for the last 15 years, and identifying continuing challenges. After some historical background and a brief account of basic deterministic models for transmission of infectious diseases, the principles of stochastic modeling of epidemics in homogeneous populations are outlined. The chapter then discusses the complications that arise owing to heterogeneity of host population, of mixing within the population, and of the network among the population, due for example to its social or spatial structure. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of statistical issues.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; ...
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This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).Less
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).
John Frampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226511
- eISBN:
- 9780191710193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226511.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
A new formal theory of iterative rules is proposed and the advantage of analyzing various prosodic phenomena in terms of this rule format is demonstrated. Noteworthy is the extensive use of ...
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A new formal theory of iterative rules is proposed and the advantage of analyzing various prosodic phenomena in terms of this rule format is demonstrated. Noteworthy is the extensive use of constraints and well-formedness conditions in the formulation of individual rules. The title “SPE Extensions” was chosen to highlight the fact that, in spite of the extensive use made of conditions on representations, the proposed theory adheres closely to the traditional framework of sequential application proposed in Sound Patterns of English. The application of iterative rules is driven by defects (along some dimension) in the structure they operate on. This application can be extensively controlled by systems of derivational constraints. The proposed format relies heavily on the schema interpretation and expansion mechanisms proposed in SPE.Less
A new formal theory of iterative rules is proposed and the advantage of analyzing various prosodic phenomena in terms of this rule format is demonstrated. Noteworthy is the extensive use of constraints and well-formedness conditions in the formulation of individual rules. The title “SPE Extensions” was chosen to highlight the fact that, in spite of the extensive use made of conditions on representations, the proposed theory adheres closely to the traditional framework of sequential application proposed in Sound Patterns of English. The application of iterative rules is driven by defects (along some dimension) in the structure they operate on. This application can be extensively controlled by systems of derivational constraints. The proposed format relies heavily on the schema interpretation and expansion mechanisms proposed in SPE.
Jeffrey Magee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195090222
- eISBN:
- 9780199871469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195090222.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Louis Armstrong's brief tenure in Henderson's band forms a crucial moment in the history of jazz. Many jazz historians have argued that Armstrong's hot solos caused Henderson's band to sound passé, ...
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Louis Armstrong's brief tenure in Henderson's band forms a crucial moment in the history of jazz. Many jazz historians have argued that Armstrong's hot solos caused Henderson's band to sound passé, but his recordings with the band, on which they play Redman's arrangements, show the sophisticated versatility inherent in Redman's work and his consistent tendencies toward variety, contrast, novelty, and parody. With the addition of the adept jazz-oriented clarinetist “Buster” Bailey, Redman was able to exploit a three-part reed section, which led him to develop the clarinet trio, one of his trademark devices. Redman also began to figure Armstrong's story-like solos into the band's arrangements, demonstrated by their recordings during this time period, including “Copenhagen”, “Sugar Foot Stomp”, “TNT”, and others. Analysis of these recordings, in comparison with the songs' stock arrangements, shows the manner in which Redman deliberately molded each song to stress Armstrong's difference. Meanwhile, these recordings also chart a change in the band's playing, marked by a stronger inclination toward hot jazz.Less
Louis Armstrong's brief tenure in Henderson's band forms a crucial moment in the history of jazz. Many jazz historians have argued that Armstrong's hot solos caused Henderson's band to sound passé, but his recordings with the band, on which they play Redman's arrangements, show the sophisticated versatility inherent in Redman's work and his consistent tendencies toward variety, contrast, novelty, and parody. With the addition of the adept jazz-oriented clarinetist “Buster” Bailey, Redman was able to exploit a three-part reed section, which led him to develop the clarinet trio, one of his trademark devices. Redman also began to figure Armstrong's story-like solos into the band's arrangements, demonstrated by their recordings during this time period, including “Copenhagen”, “Sugar Foot Stomp”, “TNT”, and others. Analysis of these recordings, in comparison with the songs' stock arrangements, shows the manner in which Redman deliberately molded each song to stress Armstrong's difference. Meanwhile, these recordings also chart a change in the band's playing, marked by a stronger inclination toward hot jazz.
J. Warren Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369939
- eISBN:
- 9780199893362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369939.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Based on Ambrose’s explanation of the elements of the sacrament of Christian initiation practiced in Milan in De sacramentis and De mysteriis, the prolegomena reconstructs Augustine’s baptism. Thus ...
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Based on Ambrose’s explanation of the elements of the sacrament of Christian initiation practiced in Milan in De sacramentis and De mysteriis, the prolegomena reconstructs Augustine’s baptism. Thus Augustine’s baptism functions heuristically to give the reader a picture of the elements of the baptismal ritual to which Ambrose alludes or explicitly refers in his catechetical homilies and other soteriological writings.Less
Based on Ambrose’s explanation of the elements of the sacrament of Christian initiation practiced in Milan in De sacramentis and De mysteriis, the prolegomena reconstructs Augustine’s baptism. Thus Augustine’s baptism functions heuristically to give the reader a picture of the elements of the baptismal ritual to which Ambrose alludes or explicitly refers in his catechetical homilies and other soteriological writings.
Andrew J. M. Boulton and Frank L. Bowling
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The lifetime risk that a person with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer may be as high as 15%–25%, and every year an estimated 1 million people lose a leg as a consequence of this condition, equating ...
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The lifetime risk that a person with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer may be as high as 15%–25%, and every year an estimated 1 million people lose a leg as a consequence of this condition, equating to one amputation every thirty seconds. Diabetic foot ulceration imposes a significant medical, social, and economic burden. Disorders of the foot account for more hospital admissions than any other long-term medical condition and also increase morbidity and mortality. A clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulceration is essential if the incidence is to be reduced and subsequent amputation prevented. This chapter presents an overview of the pathway to ulceration.Less
The lifetime risk that a person with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer may be as high as 15%–25%, and every year an estimated 1 million people lose a leg as a consequence of this condition, equating to one amputation every thirty seconds. Diabetic foot ulceration imposes a significant medical, social, and economic burden. Disorders of the foot account for more hospital admissions than any other long-term medical condition and also increase morbidity and mortality. A clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulceration is essential if the incidence is to be reduced and subsequent amputation prevented. This chapter presents an overview of the pathway to ulceration.
David Thomas, David Carlton, and Anne Etienne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199260287
- eISBN:
- 9780191717390
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260287.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This chapter provides a brief overview of the cultural and political context of the 1950s to help explain why any challenges to the Lord Chamberlain's authority were sporadic and largely ...
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This chapter provides a brief overview of the cultural and political context of the 1950s to help explain why any challenges to the Lord Chamberlain's authority were sporadic and largely unsuccessful. Thought-provoking plays written by foreign authors could only be viewed in club theatres, while innovative plays by British playwrights were initially few and far between. It shows how in 1958, an inconclusive prosecution of Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop Company, initiated by the Lord Chamberlain, led her supporters to form the Theatre Censorship Reform Committee. Despite lengthy deliberations, the critics, politicians, and theatre practitioners who belonged to the group failed to agree on how best to effect a change in theatre censorship legislation. The chapter concludes with an account of Dingle Foot's failed attempt in 1962 to persuade Parliament of the need to reform theatre censorship.Less
This chapter provides a brief overview of the cultural and political context of the 1950s to help explain why any challenges to the Lord Chamberlain's authority were sporadic and largely unsuccessful. Thought-provoking plays written by foreign authors could only be viewed in club theatres, while innovative plays by British playwrights were initially few and far between. It shows how in 1958, an inconclusive prosecution of Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop Company, initiated by the Lord Chamberlain, led her supporters to form the Theatre Censorship Reform Committee. Despite lengthy deliberations, the critics, politicians, and theatre practitioners who belonged to the group failed to agree on how best to effect a change in theatre censorship legislation. The chapter concludes with an account of Dingle Foot's failed attempt in 1962 to persuade Parliament of the need to reform theatre censorship.
Dale F. Lott
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233386
- eISBN:
- 9780520930742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233386.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Black-footed ferrets are in the same family as badgers but aren't in the same class as diggers. Long, low, and slender, they find prairie dog tunnels to be just their size. So they simply move into a ...
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Black-footed ferrets are in the same family as badgers but aren't in the same class as diggers. Long, low, and slender, they find prairie dog tunnels to be just their size. So they simply move into a home a dog has dug, and evict or eat any occupant. Like other weasels, they eat both summer and winter, so a family of ferrets can make a big dent in the numbers of their immediate neighbors. Natural selection molded it, body and behavior, into a prairie dog-killing machine; but in giving the ferret that singular success, natural selection pruned away all its other options. The black-footed ferret has become one of the rarest and most endangered mammals on earth.Less
Black-footed ferrets are in the same family as badgers but aren't in the same class as diggers. Long, low, and slender, they find prairie dog tunnels to be just their size. So they simply move into a home a dog has dug, and evict or eat any occupant. Like other weasels, they eat both summer and winter, so a family of ferrets can make a big dent in the numbers of their immediate neighbors. Natural selection molded it, body and behavior, into a prairie dog-killing machine; but in giving the ferret that singular success, natural selection pruned away all its other options. The black-footed ferret has become one of the rarest and most endangered mammals on earth.
Ilya Somin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190054588
- eISBN:
- 9780190054618
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Ballot box voting is often considered the essence of political freedom. But it has two major shortcomings: individual voters have only a tiny chance of making a difference, and they also have strong ...
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Ballot box voting is often considered the essence of political freedom. But it has two major shortcomings: individual voters have only a tiny chance of making a difference, and they also have strong incentives to remain ignorant about the issues at stake. “Voting with your feet” is far superior on both counts. In Free to Move, Ilya Somin explains how expanding foot-voting opportunities can greatly enhance political freedom for millions of people around the world. That applies to foot voting in federal systems, foot voting in the private sector, and especially foot voting through international migration. These three types of foot voting are rarely considered together. But Somin explains how they have major common virtues, and can be mutually reinforcing. Free to Move addresses a variety of objections to expanded migration rights, including claims that the “self-determination” of natives requires giving them power to exclude migrants, and arguments that migration is likely to have harmful side effects, such as undermining political institutions, overburdening the welfare state, increasing crime and terrorism, and spreading undesirable cultural values. While these objections are usually directed at international migration, Somin shows how a consistent commitment to such theories would also justify severe restrictions on internal freedom of movement. That implication is yet another reason to be skeptical of such arguments. The book also shows how both domestic constitutional systems and international law can be structured to increase opportunities for foot voting while mitigating potential downsides of freedom of movement.Less
Ballot box voting is often considered the essence of political freedom. But it has two major shortcomings: individual voters have only a tiny chance of making a difference, and they also have strong incentives to remain ignorant about the issues at stake. “Voting with your feet” is far superior on both counts. In Free to Move, Ilya Somin explains how expanding foot-voting opportunities can greatly enhance political freedom for millions of people around the world. That applies to foot voting in federal systems, foot voting in the private sector, and especially foot voting through international migration. These three types of foot voting are rarely considered together. But Somin explains how they have major common virtues, and can be mutually reinforcing. Free to Move addresses a variety of objections to expanded migration rights, including claims that the “self-determination” of natives requires giving them power to exclude migrants, and arguments that migration is likely to have harmful side effects, such as undermining political institutions, overburdening the welfare state, increasing crime and terrorism, and spreading undesirable cultural values. While these objections are usually directed at international migration, Somin shows how a consistent commitment to such theories would also justify severe restrictions on internal freedom of movement. That implication is yet another reason to be skeptical of such arguments. The book also shows how both domestic constitutional systems and international law can be structured to increase opportunities for foot voting while mitigating potential downsides of freedom of movement.
Cynthia Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195373820
- eISBN:
- 9780199872046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373820.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter explores how two close family friends take part in one nuclear family's discourse and symbolically become family members. It thus shows how family boundaries are linguistically extended. ...
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This chapter explores how two close family friends take part in one nuclear family's discourse and symbolically become family members. It thus shows how family boundaries are linguistically extended. Specifically, the analyses presented demonstrate how these friends and the members of the nuclear family (a mother, father, and four‐year‐old child) use intertextual and intratextual repetition—especially of words and speech acts—to create a symbolic family whose culture consists of frames in which the adults take up “co‐parent” footings and collaboratively “parent” the child. The analysis demonstrates how patterns in monitoring, directing, and assessing a child's behavior and in producing narratives can serve to intertextually (re)create the child‐centered frames that constitute a family.Less
This chapter explores how two close family friends take part in one nuclear family's discourse and symbolically become family members. It thus shows how family boundaries are linguistically extended. Specifically, the analyses presented demonstrate how these friends and the members of the nuclear family (a mother, father, and four‐year‐old child) use intertextual and intratextual repetition—especially of words and speech acts—to create a symbolic family whose culture consists of frames in which the adults take up “co‐parent” footings and collaboratively “parent” the child. The analysis demonstrates how patterns in monitoring, directing, and assessing a child's behavior and in producing narratives can serve to intertextually (re)create the child‐centered frames that constitute a family.
Katerina Deligiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199646159
- eISBN:
- 9780191741142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646159.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Chapter 4 draws some of the broader consequences of the anti-naturalist assumptions of the theory of autonomy defended here, by looking both at alternative readings of Kant and at broader questions ...
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Chapter 4 draws some of the broader consequences of the anti-naturalist assumptions of the theory of autonomy defended here, by looking both at alternative readings of Kant and at broader questions addressed in contemporary moral philosophy about the precise force of practical reasons in our lives. First, focusing on Guyer’s and Korsgaard’s arguments, it is shown that naturalism provides the framework for influential contemporary interpretations of Kantian autonomy but that its support is dispensable. Following this, the chapter addresses the external reasons and categoricity debates and examines their application to Kantian autonomy. The aim is to show that it is possible to develop an account that is externalist and so anti-Humean about practical reasons but not necessarily anti-Humean about motivation. Having established this, attention turns to the ethical substance of autonomy, its intersubjective normative content. This discussion links up with the first chapter and addresses the universalizability formula of right and apriority in ethics. Consistent with the argument of the previous chapter that focuses on ‘right’ rather than the derivation of specific duties, it is argued that universalizability has moral content and the different ways it can guide our moral thinking are shown.Less
Chapter 4 draws some of the broader consequences of the anti-naturalist assumptions of the theory of autonomy defended here, by looking both at alternative readings of Kant and at broader questions addressed in contemporary moral philosophy about the precise force of practical reasons in our lives. First, focusing on Guyer’s and Korsgaard’s arguments, it is shown that naturalism provides the framework for influential contemporary interpretations of Kantian autonomy but that its support is dispensable. Following this, the chapter addresses the external reasons and categoricity debates and examines their application to Kantian autonomy. The aim is to show that it is possible to develop an account that is externalist and so anti-Humean about practical reasons but not necessarily anti-Humean about motivation. Having established this, attention turns to the ethical substance of autonomy, its intersubjective normative content. This discussion links up with the first chapter and addresses the universalizability formula of right and apriority in ethics. Consistent with the argument of the previous chapter that focuses on ‘right’ rather than the derivation of specific duties, it is argued that universalizability has moral content and the different ways it can guide our moral thinking are shown.
Gert Pfurtscheller, Reinhold Scherer, and Christa Neuper
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the brain-computer interface (BCI), a system that allows its user to interact with his environment without the use of muscular activity as, for example, hand, foot, or mouth ...
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This chapter focuses on the brain-computer interface (BCI), a system that allows its user to interact with his environment without the use of muscular activity as, for example, hand, foot, or mouth movement. Topics discussed include components defining a BCI, motor imagery used as control strategy for a BCI, BCI training, BCI application for severely paralyzed patients, BCI-based control of spelling systems, and BCI-based control of functional electrical stimulation in tetraplegic patients.Less
This chapter focuses on the brain-computer interface (BCI), a system that allows its user to interact with his environment without the use of muscular activity as, for example, hand, foot, or mouth movement. Topics discussed include components defining a BCI, motor imagery used as control strategy for a BCI, BCI training, BCI application for severely paralyzed patients, BCI-based control of spelling systems, and BCI-based control of functional electrical stimulation in tetraplegic patients.
Jaffe Alexandre
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331646
- eISBN:
- 9780199867974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter situates the study of stance within major currents of sociolinguistic inquiry, including such topics as footing and framing, style and stylization, language ideologies, performance, and ...
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This chapter situates the study of stance within major currents of sociolinguistic inquiry, including such topics as footing and framing, style and stylization, language ideologies, performance, and indexicality. It proposes that stance-based sociolinguistic analysis (1) situates linguistic acts of stance within the sociocultural matrices that give stances their social meanings; (2) explores how sociolinguistic indexicalities act as resource for and are potentially changed by acts of stancetaking; (3) takes account of language ideologies as both resources for the production and interpretation of stance and as potential stance objects; (4) focuses on the reflexive, metapragmatic, and “metasociolinguistic” dimension of human communication; and (5) treats speaker stance as a crucial component of interactional processes and practices that have long been a focus of sociolinguistic study.Less
This chapter situates the study of stance within major currents of sociolinguistic inquiry, including such topics as footing and framing, style and stylization, language ideologies, performance, and indexicality. It proposes that stance-based sociolinguistic analysis (1) situates linguistic acts of stance within the sociocultural matrices that give stances their social meanings; (2) explores how sociolinguistic indexicalities act as resource for and are potentially changed by acts of stancetaking; (3) takes account of language ideologies as both resources for the production and interpretation of stance and as potential stance objects; (4) focuses on the reflexive, metapragmatic, and “metasociolinguistic” dimension of human communication; and (5) treats speaker stance as a crucial component of interactional processes and practices that have long been a focus of sociolinguistic study.
Robert Holland
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205388
- eISBN:
- 9780191676604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205388.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot ...
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This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot leadership started purifying and enlarging Muslim urban areas by intimidating Greeks into leaving Omorphita. This chapter discusses British governor to Cyprus Hugh Foot's reactions to these events.Less
This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot leadership started purifying and enlarging Muslim urban areas by intimidating Greeks into leaving Omorphita. This chapter discusses British governor to Cyprus Hugh Foot's reactions to these events.
