Bernard J. Baars
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195102659
- eISBN:
- 9780199864126
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102659.001.1
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
The study of conscious experience has seen remarkable strides in the last ten years, reflecting important technological breakthroughs and the enormous efforts of researchers. Although still embroiled ...
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The study of conscious experience has seen remarkable strides in the last ten years, reflecting important technological breakthroughs and the enormous efforts of researchers. Although still embroiled in debate, scientists are now beginning to find common ground in their understanding of consciousness, which may pave the way for a unified explanation of how and why we experience and understand the world around us. This book brings the subject to life with a metaphor that has been used to understand consciousness since the time of Aristotle—the mind as theater. Here consciousness is seen as a “stage” on which our sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings play to a vast, silent audience (the immensely complicated inner-workings of the brain's unconscious processes). Behind the scenes, silent context operators shape conscious experience; they include implicit expectations, self systems, and scene setters. Using this framework, the book presents compelling evidence that human consciousness rides on top of biologically ancient mechanisms. In humans it manifests itself in inner speech, imagery, perception, and voluntary control of thought and action. Topics like hypnosis, absorbed states of mind, adaptation to trauma, and the human propensity to project expectations on uncertainty, all fit into the expanded theater metaphor.Less
The study of conscious experience has seen remarkable strides in the last ten years, reflecting important technological breakthroughs and the enormous efforts of researchers. Although still embroiled in debate, scientists are now beginning to find common ground in their understanding of consciousness, which may pave the way for a unified explanation of how and why we experience and understand the world around us. This book brings the subject to life with a metaphor that has been used to understand consciousness since the time of Aristotle—the mind as theater. Here consciousness is seen as a “stage” on which our sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings play to a vast, silent audience (the immensely complicated inner-workings of the brain's unconscious processes). Behind the scenes, silent context operators shape conscious experience; they include implicit expectations, self systems, and scene setters. Using this framework, the book presents compelling evidence that human consciousness rides on top of biologically ancient mechanisms. In humans it manifests itself in inner speech, imagery, perception, and voluntary control of thought and action. Topics like hypnosis, absorbed states of mind, adaptation to trauma, and the human propensity to project expectations on uncertainty, all fit into the expanded theater metaphor.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This book brings together startling evidence from neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry to present revolutionary new insights into how our brains enable us to experience the range of sensations ...
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This book brings together startling evidence from neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry to present revolutionary new insights into how our brains enable us to experience the range of sensations and mental states known as feelings. Drawing on own cutting-edge research, the author has identified an area deep inside the mammalian brain—the insular cortex—as the place where interoception, or the processing of bodily stimuli, generates feelings. The book shows how this crucial pathway for interoceptive awareness gives rise in humans to the feeling of being alive, vivid perceptual feelings, and a subjective image of the sentient self across time. The book explains how feelings represent activity patterns in our brains that signify emotions, intentions, and thoughts, and how integration of these patterns is driven by the unique energy needs of the hominid brain. It describes the essential role of feelings and the insular cortex in such diverse realms as music, fluid intelligence, and bivalent emotions, and relates these ideas to the philosophy of William James and even to feelings in dogs. The book is also a compelling insider's account of scientific discovery, one that takes readers behind the scenes as the astonishing answer to this neurological puzzle is pursued and pieced together from seemingly unrelated fields of scientific inquiry. This book will fundamentally alter the way that neuroscientists and psychologists categorize sensations and understand the origins and significance of human feelings.Less
This book brings together startling evidence from neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry to present revolutionary new insights into how our brains enable us to experience the range of sensations and mental states known as feelings. Drawing on own cutting-edge research, the author has identified an area deep inside the mammalian brain—the insular cortex—as the place where interoception, or the processing of bodily stimuli, generates feelings. The book shows how this crucial pathway for interoceptive awareness gives rise in humans to the feeling of being alive, vivid perceptual feelings, and a subjective image of the sentient self across time. The book explains how feelings represent activity patterns in our brains that signify emotions, intentions, and thoughts, and how integration of these patterns is driven by the unique energy needs of the hominid brain. It describes the essential role of feelings and the insular cortex in such diverse realms as music, fluid intelligence, and bivalent emotions, and relates these ideas to the philosophy of William James and even to feelings in dogs. The book is also a compelling insider's account of scientific discovery, one that takes readers behind the scenes as the astonishing answer to this neurological puzzle is pursued and pieced together from seemingly unrelated fields of scientific inquiry. This book will fundamentally alter the way that neuroscientists and psychologists categorize sensations and understand the origins and significance of human feelings.
Timothy Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195172379
- eISBN:
- 9780199849987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172379.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Desires lead to actions, influence feelings, and determine what counts as a reward. Recent empirical evidence shows that these three aspects of desire stem from a common biological origin. Informed ...
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Desires lead to actions, influence feelings, and determine what counts as a reward. Recent empirical evidence shows that these three aspects of desire stem from a common biological origin. Informed by contemporary science as much as by the philosophical tradition, this book reveals this common foundation and builds a new philosophical theory of desire that puts desire's neglected face — reward — at its core. This book delves into the way that actions and feelings are produced in the brain, arguing that a distinctive system is responsible for promoting action, on the one hand, and causing feelings of pleasure and displeasure, on the other. This system, the brain's reward system, is the causal origin of both action and feeling, and is the key to understanding the nature of desire.Less
Desires lead to actions, influence feelings, and determine what counts as a reward. Recent empirical evidence shows that these three aspects of desire stem from a common biological origin. Informed by contemporary science as much as by the philosophical tradition, this book reveals this common foundation and builds a new philosophical theory of desire that puts desire's neglected face — reward — at its core. This book delves into the way that actions and feelings are produced in the brain, arguing that a distinctive system is responsible for promoting action, on the one hand, and causing feelings of pleasure and displeasure, on the other. This system, the brain's reward system, is the causal origin of both action and feeling, and is the key to understanding the nature of desire.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This introductory chapter provides an overview of interoceptive awareness. The significance of interoceptive awareness of feelings from the body for human awareness of emotional feelings is a central ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of interoceptive awareness. The significance of interoceptive awareness of feelings from the body for human awareness of emotional feelings is a central tenet of so-called embodiment theories of emotion. A major distinguishing feature of emotion theories is whether emphasis is placed on the body or on the mind, reflecting the inherent dualism in Western culture. Embodiment theories of emotion relate emotions to the condition of bodies, and they are remarkably consistent with the pathways in brains that underlie bodily feelings and affective feelings. The embodiment theories of emotion emphasize the role of visceral sensation and autonomic activity in the body and brain as a causal source of emotional feelings. In other words, embodiment theories of emotion posit that feelings are generated by autonomic activity and emotional behaviors.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of interoceptive awareness. The significance of interoceptive awareness of feelings from the body for human awareness of emotional feelings is a central tenet of so-called embodiment theories of emotion. A major distinguishing feature of emotion theories is whether emphasis is placed on the body or on the mind, reflecting the inherent dualism in Western culture. Embodiment theories of emotion relate emotions to the condition of bodies, and they are remarkably consistent with the pathways in brains that underlie bodily feelings and affective feelings. The embodiment theories of emotion emphasize the role of visceral sensation and autonomic activity in the body and brain as a causal source of emotional feelings. In other words, embodiment theories of emotion posit that feelings are generated by autonomic activity and emotional behaviors.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This concluding chapter addresses some of the larger issues relevant to the ideas presented in this book. These issues include the purpose of feelings, the brain structures required in order to ...
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This concluding chapter addresses some of the larger issues relevant to the ideas presented in this book. These issues include the purpose of feelings, the brain structures required in order to experience feelings and which species have them, the kinds of feelings that other species might experience, why feelings seem to propel behavior, and whether Watson—the computer that won the Jeopardy game—might ever experience feelings. The chapter then examines the concept of graded sentience. This concept seems to provide the basis for graded feelings of interoceptive conditions, depending on the level of refinement of the homeostatic motor and sensory systems.Less
This concluding chapter addresses some of the larger issues relevant to the ideas presented in this book. These issues include the purpose of feelings, the brain structures required in order to experience feelings and which species have them, the kinds of feelings that other species might experience, why feelings seem to propel behavior, and whether Watson—the computer that won the Jeopardy game—might ever experience feelings. The chapter then examines the concept of graded sentience. This concept seems to provide the basis for graded feelings of interoceptive conditions, depending on the level of refinement of the homeostatic motor and sensory systems.
Emma Lupton with and Durone Stokes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199561643
- eISBN:
- 9780191730313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561643.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter provides another personal account of the experiences and feelings of a young boy who lost his older brother when he was stabbed to death three years previously. The boy has since sought ...
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This chapter provides another personal account of the experiences and feelings of a young boy who lost his older brother when he was stabbed to death three years previously. The boy has since sought support from the Candle Project and he went through individual counselling and he even attended the Young People's Group at the Candle Project.Less
This chapter provides another personal account of the experiences and feelings of a young boy who lost his older brother when he was stabbed to death three years previously. The boy has since sought support from the Candle Project and he went through individual counselling and he even attended the Young People's Group at the Candle Project.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states ...
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Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.Less
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This chapter presents evidence that supports the idea that activity in the interoceptive cortex in the posterior insula is re-represented, integrated, and transformed in the middle and anterior ...
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This chapter presents evidence that supports the idea that activity in the interoceptive cortex in the posterior insula is re-represented, integrated, and transformed in the middle and anterior portions of human insular cortex to generate the feelings that one experiences. It also explains how vivid feelings are generated in a model of interoceptive integration that engenders homeostatic sentience. The emergence of bodily feelings provides the foundation for the generation of emotional feelings in the anterior insular cortex as if they are feelings from the body. The chapter then describes the evidence for the embodiment of emotional feelings, including the recent use of Botox to elucidate central mechanisms for the facial feedback hypothesis.Less
This chapter presents evidence that supports the idea that activity in the interoceptive cortex in the posterior insula is re-represented, integrated, and transformed in the middle and anterior portions of human insular cortex to generate the feelings that one experiences. It also explains how vivid feelings are generated in a model of interoceptive integration that engenders homeostatic sentience. The emergence of bodily feelings provides the foundation for the generation of emotional feelings in the anterior insular cortex as if they are feelings from the body. The chapter then describes the evidence for the embodiment of emotional feelings, including the recent use of Botox to elucidate central mechanisms for the facial feedback hypothesis.
A. D. (Bud) Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156767
- eISBN:
- 9781400852727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156767.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Neurobiology
This chapter describes evidence that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) is activated during thoughts, and explains how cognitive feelings are generated in the model of interoceptive and homeostatic ...
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This chapter describes evidence that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) is activated during thoughts, and explains how cognitive feelings are generated in the model of interoceptive and homeostatic integration. Presenting evidence that the AIC engenders subjective awareness and feelings about time, the chapter also shows how a cinemascopic structure in the model of interoceptive feelings can produce awareness across time, as well as musical feelings and subjectivity. It argues that the key functional role of the AIC in humans is the control of network activity in the brain, then relates this concept to studies that suggest a major role of the AIC in fluid intelligence and in behavioral guidance based on energy utilization.Less
This chapter describes evidence that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) is activated during thoughts, and explains how cognitive feelings are generated in the model of interoceptive and homeostatic integration. Presenting evidence that the AIC engenders subjective awareness and feelings about time, the chapter also shows how a cinemascopic structure in the model of interoceptive feelings can produce awareness across time, as well as musical feelings and subjectivity. It argues that the key functional role of the AIC in humans is the control of network activity in the brain, then relates this concept to studies that suggest a major role of the AIC in fluid intelligence and in behavioral guidance based on energy utilization.
Fred Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571178
- eISBN:
- 9780191722547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571178.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is ...
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According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is the integral of happiness at moments within the interval. Happiness in a domain of life is happiness taken in objects suitably associated with the domain. Happiness in life as a whole is happiness in the interval that is your whole life. Chapter 7 contains discussion of some objections to AHH. One of these objections involves the claim that AHH goes wrong in the case of “objectless moods”. The second is based on the idea that AHH ignores the “cheery feelings” that some think are a crucial element in happiness. Cases that were introduced earlier in connection with competing theories of happiness are revisited. The aim is to clarify AHH as well as to show that it is an attractive theory of happiness.Less
According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is the integral of happiness at moments within the interval. Happiness in a domain of life is happiness taken in objects suitably associated with the domain. Happiness in life as a whole is happiness in the interval that is your whole life. Chapter 7 contains discussion of some objections to AHH. One of these objections involves the claim that AHH goes wrong in the case of “objectless moods”. The second is based on the idea that AHH ignores the “cheery feelings” that some think are a crucial element in happiness. Cases that were introduced earlier in connection with competing theories of happiness are revisited. The aim is to clarify AHH as well as to show that it is an attractive theory of happiness.
Susan C. Karant-Nunn
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399738
- eISBN:
- 9780199777198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399738.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
This chapter focuses on sermons about the Virgin Mary by Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist preachers. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, preachers spoke to their human flocks again and ...
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This chapter focuses on sermons about the Virgin Mary by Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist preachers. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, preachers spoke to their human flocks again and again about the swords through Mary's heart. Catholic homileticians virtually seamlessly attached their pulpit-rhetoric to this well-established precedent. As in their treatment of the Passion as a whole, they sought to enable their hearers so acutely to envision the painful events of the Crucifixion that they could be said to be present at it. A striking difference between Catholic and Protestant Passion homiletics is the diminution of attention in the latter toward the mother of Jesus. Luther wrote in connection with the celebration of Christ's nativity that it is certain that if there is a birth, a mother is there. But we want to give our notice to the Christ child and not to the mother. He nevertheless did deal with her in every suitable context, praising her for undergoing ritual purification even though she was not impure, or criticizing her for pressing Jesus prematurely to perform a miracle at Cana. In common with their Lutheran brethren, Zwinglian and Calvinist preachers reduce the Virgin to a peripheral figure. Indeed, she is barely a presence in their excursus on the Passion.Less
This chapter focuses on sermons about the Virgin Mary by Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist preachers. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, preachers spoke to their human flocks again and again about the swords through Mary's heart. Catholic homileticians virtually seamlessly attached their pulpit-rhetoric to this well-established precedent. As in their treatment of the Passion as a whole, they sought to enable their hearers so acutely to envision the painful events of the Crucifixion that they could be said to be present at it. A striking difference between Catholic and Protestant Passion homiletics is the diminution of attention in the latter toward the mother of Jesus. Luther wrote in connection with the celebration of Christ's nativity that it is certain that if there is a birth, a mother is there. But we want to give our notice to the Christ child and not to the mother. He nevertheless did deal with her in every suitable context, praising her for undergoing ritual purification even though she was not impure, or criticizing her for pressing Jesus prematurely to perform a miracle at Cana. In common with their Lutheran brethren, Zwinglian and Calvinist preachers reduce the Virgin to a peripheral figure. Indeed, she is barely a presence in their excursus on the Passion.
Patrick Waiter and Ivana Marková
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263136
- eISBN:
- 9780191734922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263136.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Georg Simmel, who is well known for his study of the emerging social conditions of sociality and its forms, developed the analysis of psychosocial feelings and emotional categories in order to grasp ...
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Georg Simmel, who is well known for his study of the emerging social conditions of sociality and its forms, developed the analysis of psychosocial feelings and emotional categories in order to grasp the phenomenology of socialization. His ideas on trust, more than those of any other scholar, are pertinent to the study and understanding of trust/fear in totalitarian and post-Communist societies. More specifically, Simmel's concept of trust is based on the self/other dialogical interdependence and psychosocial feelings; multifaceted meanings of trust/distrust in their cultural, historical, and political historical conditions; secrets as reciprocal relations and secret societies; and inductive knowledge gained through different forms of socialization. Totalitarian and semi-totalitarian political regimes thrive on distrust and promote a socialization that displays itself in psychosocial feelings of fear and suspicion. This chapter discusses social relations rather than economic relations, trust and language, socialization of distrust, socialization and totalitarianism, and secrecy in the Soviet bloc.Less
Georg Simmel, who is well known for his study of the emerging social conditions of sociality and its forms, developed the analysis of psychosocial feelings and emotional categories in order to grasp the phenomenology of socialization. His ideas on trust, more than those of any other scholar, are pertinent to the study and understanding of trust/fear in totalitarian and post-Communist societies. More specifically, Simmel's concept of trust is based on the self/other dialogical interdependence and psychosocial feelings; multifaceted meanings of trust/distrust in their cultural, historical, and political historical conditions; secrets as reciprocal relations and secret societies; and inductive knowledge gained through different forms of socialization. Totalitarian and semi-totalitarian political regimes thrive on distrust and promote a socialization that displays itself in psychosocial feelings of fear and suspicion. This chapter discusses social relations rather than economic relations, trust and language, socialization of distrust, socialization and totalitarianism, and secrecy in the Soviet bloc.
Timothy Schroeder and Carl Matheson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275731
- eISBN:
- 9780191706103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a ...
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Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a fiction, daydreaming, contemplating, etc.), one tokens a representation that P, and this representation plays the functional role that is distinctive of imagining. In particular, this representation plays a role that is distinct from the role of belief, but that also triggers the kinds of strong feelings (emotions) that beliefs trigger. This chapter begins by surveying this trend to convergence and the evidence presented for it, and then turns to adding a further piece of evidence. The claim imagining that P can cause strong feelings is, at bottom, a causal claim amenable to neuroscientific investigation. But philosophers have not yet paid much attention to the available evidence from neuroscience. This chapter rectifies this omission, tracing the causal network between tokenings of representations that P, on the one hand, and strong feelings, on the other. It concludes that there is all but decisive evidence in favour of the view that imagining is a propositional attitude, distinct from belief, and capable of causing the strong feelings associated with its exercise.Less
Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a fiction, daydreaming, contemplating, etc.), one tokens a representation that P, and this representation plays the functional role that is distinctive of imagining. In particular, this representation plays a role that is distinct from the role of belief, but that also triggers the kinds of strong feelings (emotions) that beliefs trigger. This chapter begins by surveying this trend to convergence and the evidence presented for it, and then turns to adding a further piece of evidence. The claim imagining that P can cause strong feelings is, at bottom, a causal claim amenable to neuroscientific investigation. But philosophers have not yet paid much attention to the available evidence from neuroscience. This chapter rectifies this omission, tracing the causal network between tokenings of representations that P, on the one hand, and strong feelings, on the other. It concludes that there is all but decisive evidence in favour of the view that imagining is a propositional attitude, distinct from belief, and capable of causing the strong feelings associated with its exercise.
Wesley A. Kort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143423
- eISBN:
- 9780199834389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143426.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Lewis sees culture and character as interrelated. This relation is clearest in the formation of the person's “heart,” which is the base, for Lewis, of personal identity and the locus of virtue. As ...
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Lewis sees culture and character as interrelated. This relation is clearest in the formation of the person's “heart,” which is the base, for Lewis, of personal identity and the locus of virtue. As culture relates Christian beliefs to reality, the heart relates a person's mind to feelings and the body. Character is the consequence of morality that has been learned but has also become second nature.Less
Lewis sees culture and character as interrelated. This relation is clearest in the formation of the person's “heart,” which is the base, for Lewis, of personal identity and the locus of virtue. As culture relates Christian beliefs to reality, the heart relates a person's mind to feelings and the body. Character is the consequence of morality that has been learned but has also become second nature.
Jerome Neu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195314311
- eISBN:
- 9780199871780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314311.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Starting with etymological issues, this chapter focuses on the relation of feeling insulted to anger and dejection, the contrast between intentional and unintentional insult, and issues of ...
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Starting with etymological issues, this chapter focuses on the relation of feeling insulted to anger and dejection, the contrast between intentional and unintentional insult, and issues of self-respect and self-esteem. Disappointed expectations of attention and respect can lead in extreme situations to moral insult when one's essential identity is undermined, as it may be by certain forms of profiling and discrimination.Less
Starting with etymological issues, this chapter focuses on the relation of feeling insulted to anger and dejection, the contrast between intentional and unintentional insult, and issues of self-respect and self-esteem. Disappointed expectations of attention and respect can lead in extreme situations to moral insult when one's essential identity is undermined, as it may be by certain forms of profiling and discrimination.
Daniel David and Duncan Cramer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195182231
- eISBN:
- 9780199870684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182231.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
People can be analyzed with respect to at least four interrelated levels: (1) biological structure (i.e., anatomy and physiology), (2) behavioral output, (3) cognitive processes, and (4) subjective ...
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People can be analyzed with respect to at least four interrelated levels: (1) biological structure (i.e., anatomy and physiology), (2) behavioral output, (3) cognitive processes, and (4) subjective experience. Psychologists typically focus on the other three levels: (1) behaviors (e.g., observable and measurable operant reactions of the organism), (2) cognitions (e.g., information processing), and (3) subjective experience (e.g., feelings and emotions). Psychologists also study physiological reactions (e.g., unconditioned and conditioned responses) that are often defined as behaviors, and discussed in connection with either behaviors or feelings. This chapter considers such physiological reactions in the course of the discussion of feelings.Less
People can be analyzed with respect to at least four interrelated levels: (1) biological structure (i.e., anatomy and physiology), (2) behavioral output, (3) cognitive processes, and (4) subjective experience. Psychologists typically focus on the other three levels: (1) behaviors (e.g., observable and measurable operant reactions of the organism), (2) cognitions (e.g., information processing), and (3) subjective experience (e.g., feelings and emotions). Psychologists also study physiological reactions (e.g., unconditioned and conditioned responses) that are often defined as behaviors, and discussed in connection with either behaviors or feelings. This chapter considers such physiological reactions in the course of the discussion of feelings.
Jonathan D. Sassi
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195129892
- eISBN:
- 9780199834624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512989X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
After 1815 the intense partisanship of the preceding twenty years largely abated and an Era of Good Feelings dawned. This more placid environment fostered a recrudescence of patriotism among ...
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After 1815 the intense partisanship of the preceding twenty years largely abated and an Era of Good Feelings dawned. This more placid environment fostered a recrudescence of patriotism among Congregational clergymen, who reimagined an important role for the United States in the providential renovation of the world. The disappearance of a common political foe also meant that Unitarian and orthodox Congregationalists were now free to go their separate ways ideologically. The Unitarians retained a hierarchical outlook and defended the traditional Massachusetts establishment until its end in 1833, while the orthodox relied on Christian voters and the revived and mobilized church to promote societal godliness. The new disestablishment position of the orthodox Congregationalists created a convergence of interests with such old dissenting groups as the Baptists and Episcopalians, which led to the coalescence of an evangelical coalition that increasingly predominated in regional and even national culture by the late 1820s.Less
After 1815 the intense partisanship of the preceding twenty years largely abated and an Era of Good Feelings dawned. This more placid environment fostered a recrudescence of patriotism among Congregational clergymen, who reimagined an important role for the United States in the providential renovation of the world. The disappearance of a common political foe also meant that Unitarian and orthodox Congregationalists were now free to go their separate ways ideologically. The Unitarians retained a hierarchical outlook and defended the traditional Massachusetts establishment until its end in 1833, while the orthodox relied on Christian voters and the revived and mobilized church to promote societal godliness. The new disestablishment position of the orthodox Congregationalists created a convergence of interests with such old dissenting groups as the Baptists and Episcopalians, which led to the coalescence of an evangelical coalition that increasingly predominated in regional and even national culture by the late 1820s.
Peter H. Spader
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823221776
- eISBN:
- 9780823235629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823221776.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book is a study of Max Scheler being one of the earliest phenomenologist and greatest figures in the early years of the 20th century, whose theory of ethical personalism has become a major voice ...
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This book is a study of Max Scheler being one of the earliest phenomenologist and greatest figures in the early years of the 20th century, whose theory of ethical personalism has become a major voice in the formulation of phenomenological ethics of today. This book follows Scheler's use of the classic phenomenological approach, by means of which he presented a fresh view of values, feelings, and the person, and thereby staked out a new approach in ethics. The book recreates the logic of Scheler's quest, revealing the basis of his thought and the reasons for his dramatic changes of direction. This study provides a framework that allows us to understand Scheler's insights in the context of their dynamic evolution of his thought. It corrects imbalances in the presentation of his ideas and defends Scheler against key misunderstandings and criticisms. In short, this book continues the process of developing Scheler's pioneering theory of ethical personalism.Less
This book is a study of Max Scheler being one of the earliest phenomenologist and greatest figures in the early years of the 20th century, whose theory of ethical personalism has become a major voice in the formulation of phenomenological ethics of today. This book follows Scheler's use of the classic phenomenological approach, by means of which he presented a fresh view of values, feelings, and the person, and thereby staked out a new approach in ethics. The book recreates the logic of Scheler's quest, revealing the basis of his thought and the reasons for his dramatic changes of direction. This study provides a framework that allows us to understand Scheler's insights in the context of their dynamic evolution of his thought. It corrects imbalances in the presentation of his ideas and defends Scheler against key misunderstandings and criticisms. In short, this book continues the process of developing Scheler's pioneering theory of ethical personalism.
Alf Gabrielsson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695225.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
Music is to a great extent associated with emotions. The accounts leave no doubt that such is the case. It is a question of both ‘simple’, fundamental emotions like happiness, sorrow, anger, and ...
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Music is to a great extent associated with emotions. The accounts leave no doubt that such is the case. It is a question of both ‘simple’, fundamental emotions like happiness, sorrow, anger, and fear, and more ‘complex’ and modulated emotions, such as security, reverence, gratitude, feelings of magnificence, and tension. This chapter attempts to collect and categorize the emotional reactions that are described in the accounts. The analysis has resulted in a division into four groups: strong, intense feelings in general; positive feelings; negative feelings; and mixed, contradictory, changed feelings.Less
Music is to a great extent associated with emotions. The accounts leave no doubt that such is the case. It is a question of both ‘simple’, fundamental emotions like happiness, sorrow, anger, and fear, and more ‘complex’ and modulated emotions, such as security, reverence, gratitude, feelings of magnificence, and tension. This chapter attempts to collect and categorize the emotional reactions that are described in the accounts. The analysis has resulted in a division into four groups: strong, intense feelings in general; positive feelings; negative feelings; and mixed, contradictory, changed feelings.
Valerie Tiberius
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199202867
- eISBN:
- 9780191707988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202867.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The ability to bring our thoughts, feelings, and actions in line with our values is called the virtue of perspective. This chapter provides two examples of perspective in order to give an intuitive ...
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The ability to bring our thoughts, feelings, and actions in line with our values is called the virtue of perspective. This chapter provides two examples of perspective in order to give an intuitive sense of the nature of the virtue. An account of perspective as a virtue is presented. The ways in which perspective contributes to living well is discussed.Less
The ability to bring our thoughts, feelings, and actions in line with our values is called the virtue of perspective. This chapter provides two examples of perspective in order to give an intuitive sense of the nature of the virtue. An account of perspective as a virtue is presented. The ways in which perspective contributes to living well is discussed.
