Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the marine components of mangroves. Mangroves provide marine organisms with both a physical environment and nutrients. Pneumatophores and prop roots greatly expand the surface ...
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This chapter discusses the marine components of mangroves. Mangroves provide marine organisms with both a physical environment and nutrients. Pneumatophores and prop roots greatly expand the surface area available and provide a hard substrate, in contrast to the surrounding mud, while the primary production of mangroves supplies an energy source for many organisms. These marine components include algae, fauna of mangrove roots, invertebrates, molluscs, meiofauna, and fish.Less
This chapter discusses the marine components of mangroves. Mangroves provide marine organisms with both a physical environment and nutrients. Pneumatophores and prop roots greatly expand the surface area available and provide a hard substrate, in contrast to the surrounding mud, while the primary production of mangroves supplies an energy source for many organisms. These marine components include algae, fauna of mangrove roots, invertebrates, molluscs, meiofauna, and fish.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then ...
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Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.Less
Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.
Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter examines the intersecting questions of biodiversity and biogeography: what determines the diversity and distribution of mangrove and seagrass species throughout the world? Topics covered ...
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This chapter examines the intersecting questions of biodiversity and biogeography: what determines the diversity and distribution of mangrove and seagrass species throughout the world? Topics covered include the meaning of biodiversity, mangroves, regional diversity, genetic diversity, seagrass biogeography and biodiversity, diversity and ecosystem function.Less
This chapter examines the intersecting questions of biodiversity and biogeography: what determines the diversity and distribution of mangrove and seagrass species throughout the world? Topics covered include the meaning of biodiversity, mangroves, regional diversity, genetic diversity, seagrass biogeography and biodiversity, diversity and ecosystem function.
Samuel T. Turvey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and ...
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Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.Less
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.
Samuel T. Turvey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known ...
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This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.Less
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.
Tommy Tyrberg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 524 extinct bird species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to ...
More
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 524 extinct bird species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.Less
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 524 extinct bird species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.
Thomas P. Hodge
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501750847
- eISBN:
- 9781501750861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501750847.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This book explores Ivan Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception, description, and practice of hunting — the most unquenchable passion of his life. Informed by an ecocritical ...
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This book explores Ivan Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception, description, and practice of hunting — the most unquenchable passion of his life. Informed by an ecocritical perspective, the book takes an approach that is equal parts interpretive and documentarian, grounding the author's observations thoroughly in Russian cultural and linguistic context and a wide range of Turgenev's fiction, poetry, correspondence, and other writings. Included within the book are some of Turgenev's important writings on nature — never previously translated into English. Turgenev, who is traditionally identified as a chronicler of Russia's ideological struggles, is presented in the book as an expert naturalist whose intimate knowledge of flora and fauna deeply informed his view of philosophy, politics, and the role of literature in society. Ultimately, the book argues that we stand to learn a great deal about Turgenev's thought and complex literary technique when we read him in both cultural and environmental contexts. The book details how Turgenev remains mindful of the way textual detail is wedded to the organic world — the priroda that he observed, and ached for, more keenly than perhaps any other Russian writer.Less
This book explores Ivan Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception, description, and practice of hunting — the most unquenchable passion of his life. Informed by an ecocritical perspective, the book takes an approach that is equal parts interpretive and documentarian, grounding the author's observations thoroughly in Russian cultural and linguistic context and a wide range of Turgenev's fiction, poetry, correspondence, and other writings. Included within the book are some of Turgenev's important writings on nature — never previously translated into English. Turgenev, who is traditionally identified as a chronicler of Russia's ideological struggles, is presented in the book as an expert naturalist whose intimate knowledge of flora and fauna deeply informed his view of philosophy, politics, and the role of literature in society. Ultimately, the book argues that we stand to learn a great deal about Turgenev's thought and complex literary technique when we read him in both cultural and environmental contexts. The book details how Turgenev remains mindful of the way textual detail is wedded to the organic world — the priroda that he observed, and ached for, more keenly than perhaps any other Russian writer.
Yu-Feng Hsu
Ronald Carter and William Hayes (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098473
- eISBN:
- 9780520916067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098473.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Heliodinids are tiny, brightly colored dayflying moths. This book proposes phylogenetic relationships among genera of Heliodinidae using parsimony and character compatibility, and describes and ...
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Heliodinids are tiny, brightly colored dayflying moths. This book proposes phylogenetic relationships among genera of Heliodinidae using parsimony and character compatibility, and describes and illustrates 45 North and Central species (25 newly named) assigned to five genera (two new, two exhumed from synonymy). Larval host plants are recorded for 33 species (14 newly discovered), about 45% of the known fauna; 90% of these are specialists on Caryophyllales, primarily Nyctaginaceae.Less
Heliodinids are tiny, brightly colored dayflying moths. This book proposes phylogenetic relationships among genera of Heliodinidae using parsimony and character compatibility, and describes and illustrates 45 North and Central species (25 newly named) assigned to five genera (two new, two exhumed from synonymy). Larval host plants are recorded for 33 species (14 newly discovered), about 45% of the known fauna; 90% of these are specialists on Caryophyllales, primarily Nyctaginaceae.
Donald Eugene Canfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145020
- eISBN:
- 9781400849888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0010
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter considers the significance of the Ediacaran Fauna. Until the late 1980s, the Ediacaran Fauna were usually thought to represent ancient, primitive animal forms. Debate was sparked when ...
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This chapter considers the significance of the Ediacaran Fauna. Until the late 1980s, the Ediacaran Fauna were usually thought to represent ancient, primitive animal forms. Debate was sparked when leading paleontologist Dolf Seilacher from Tubingen, Germany, reinterpreted these fossils as something completely different. He argued that, instead of animals, they were long-extinct varieties of living organisms, a result of failed lineages with no successors. The rocks on the Avalon Peninsula of southeastern Newfoundland house the oldest known representatives of the Ediacaran Fauna. These so-called rangeomorphs date back to 575 million ago and appear relatively soon after the end of the Gaskiers glaciation some 580 million years ago. Evidence suggests that Ediacaran Fauna of the Avalon Peninsula emerged into an ocean undergoing oxygenation.Less
This chapter considers the significance of the Ediacaran Fauna. Until the late 1980s, the Ediacaran Fauna were usually thought to represent ancient, primitive animal forms. Debate was sparked when leading paleontologist Dolf Seilacher from Tubingen, Germany, reinterpreted these fossils as something completely different. He argued that, instead of animals, they were long-extinct varieties of living organisms, a result of failed lineages with no successors. The rocks on the Avalon Peninsula of southeastern Newfoundland house the oldest known representatives of the Ediacaran Fauna. These so-called rangeomorphs date back to 575 million ago and appear relatively soon after the end of the Gaskiers glaciation some 580 million years ago. Evidence suggests that Ediacaran Fauna of the Avalon Peninsula emerged into an ocean undergoing oxygenation.
N. Scott Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374964
- eISBN:
- 9780199871490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374964.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter articulates arguments for and against the regulatory regimes implicit in the Endangered Species Act (on endangered flora and fauna) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (wetlands ...
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This chapter articulates arguments for and against the regulatory regimes implicit in the Endangered Species Act (on endangered flora and fauna) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (wetlands regulation). It finds that the best arguments in favor of these regulatory regimes are public goods arguments, which were disposed of in Chapter 6. By contrast, there are good conversion arguments against both of these regulatory regimes.Less
This chapter articulates arguments for and against the regulatory regimes implicit in the Endangered Species Act (on endangered flora and fauna) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (wetlands regulation). It finds that the best arguments in favor of these regulatory regimes are public goods arguments, which were disposed of in Chapter 6. By contrast, there are good conversion arguments against both of these regulatory regimes.
Arupjyoti Saikia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069539
- eISBN:
- 9780199081240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069539.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however ...
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Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however demystifies these forests and illustrates rapid deforestation and fauna depletion. Over the years the wilderness of the forests were tamed and the jungles were converted into mere forests. These transformations in the forest landscapes were brought about by the petty trades of forest products to blatant commerce in the international business. These practices have an immense impact not only in the landscape of the forests but also in the forest management and in the perception of these jungles. Within the commerce of forestry, several groups emerged, contesting rights over the forest resources. These battles contributed to the deforestation however, along the pandemonium over forest resource, came a new turn wherein the idea of forest conservation and reforestation took the centre stage.Less
Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however demystifies these forests and illustrates rapid deforestation and fauna depletion. Over the years the wilderness of the forests were tamed and the jungles were converted into mere forests. These transformations in the forest landscapes were brought about by the petty trades of forest products to blatant commerce in the international business. These practices have an immense impact not only in the landscape of the forests but also in the forest management and in the perception of these jungles. Within the commerce of forestry, several groups emerged, contesting rights over the forest resources. These battles contributed to the deforestation however, along the pandemonium over forest resource, came a new turn wherein the idea of forest conservation and reforestation took the centre stage.
John Bartram and William Bartram
Thomas Hallock and Richard Franz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062259
- eISBN:
- 9780813051949
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062259.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Travels on the St. Johns River presents writings by pioneering American naturalists John Bartram and William Bartram during their exploration of Florida in the second half of the eighteenth century. ...
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Travels on the St. Johns River presents writings by pioneering American naturalists John Bartram and William Bartram during their exploration of Florida in the second half of the eighteenth century. Part I (chapters one–three) includes selections from John Bartram's Diary, William Bartram's description of the St. Johns River valley in his celebrated Travels, and selected correspondence. Part II (chapter four) describes the landscapes, plants and animals, people, and cultural artifacts that John and William encountered in their explorations. Descriptions of the natural world, written in binominal nomenclature, are updated and redefined. Here, armchair and active travelers will find a guide to both the St. Johns River valley, its landscapes, its flora and fauna, and to the Bartrams' responses to the natural world of their time. Photographs, drawings, and maps accompany the writings and the editors’ modern interpretations.Less
Travels on the St. Johns River presents writings by pioneering American naturalists John Bartram and William Bartram during their exploration of Florida in the second half of the eighteenth century. Part I (chapters one–three) includes selections from John Bartram's Diary, William Bartram's description of the St. Johns River valley in his celebrated Travels, and selected correspondence. Part II (chapter four) describes the landscapes, plants and animals, people, and cultural artifacts that John and William encountered in their explorations. Descriptions of the natural world, written in binominal nomenclature, are updated and redefined. Here, armchair and active travelers will find a guide to both the St. Johns River valley, its landscapes, its flora and fauna, and to the Bartrams' responses to the natural world of their time. Photographs, drawings, and maps accompany the writings and the editors’ modern interpretations.
Barbara K. Jones
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683401049
- eISBN:
- 9781683401728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683401049.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Charismatic fauna can play a critical role in how we navigate the challenges of natural resource preservation and conservation. Their highly relatable appeal makes them ideal candidates for ...
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Charismatic fauna can play a critical role in how we navigate the challenges of natural resource preservation and conservation. Their highly relatable appeal makes them ideal candidates for conservation campaigns, branding, and marketing, while their easy identification is valuable for ecotourist experiences. The revenue generated from both ecotourism and conservation campaigns (donations indicate a willingness to pay) can help assign a recognized value to our natural world and all its natural capital, making conservation rather than development our economic choice. For many people, the plight of highly recognizable charismatic species embodies the biodiversity crisis, as relying on their appealing faces as proxies for habitat protection makes sense. Their presence has the potential to generate ecotourist dollars that can be used to preserve and protect ecosystems and habitats beyond their own terrains, creating an umbrella effect. The benefit of utilizing charismatic fauna as surrogates for larger ecological issues is how effectively these animals can be used to protect the landscapes and biodiversity of entire ecosystems.Less
Charismatic fauna can play a critical role in how we navigate the challenges of natural resource preservation and conservation. Their highly relatable appeal makes them ideal candidates for conservation campaigns, branding, and marketing, while their easy identification is valuable for ecotourist experiences. The revenue generated from both ecotourism and conservation campaigns (donations indicate a willingness to pay) can help assign a recognized value to our natural world and all its natural capital, making conservation rather than development our economic choice. For many people, the plight of highly recognizable charismatic species embodies the biodiversity crisis, as relying on their appealing faces as proxies for habitat protection makes sense. Their presence has the potential to generate ecotourist dollars that can be used to preserve and protect ecosystems and habitats beyond their own terrains, creating an umbrella effect. The benefit of utilizing charismatic fauna as surrogates for larger ecological issues is how effectively these animals can be used to protect the landscapes and biodiversity of entire ecosystems.
David J. Meltzer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226293226
- eISBN:
- 9780226293363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226293363.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
By the teens of the 20th century the evidence for a deep human antiquity took yet another turn, with the discovery of human skeletal remains in apparent association with extinct Pleistocene fauna. If ...
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By the teens of the 20th century the evidence for a deep human antiquity took yet another turn, with the discovery of human skeletal remains in apparent association with extinct Pleistocene fauna. If that association could be proven, it potentially provided a more precise means of estimating the age of the remains than enclosing gravel or less. But here too there was ambiguity, for the age of Pleistocene faunas was still so little known that when it came to estimating the antiquity of the Vero site championed by Elias Sellards, it was either Early Pleistocene in age according to paleontologist Oliver Hay; Middle to Late Pleistocene by the geologists' reckoning; or Recent according to Hrdlička. The evidence from Vero and the nearby Melbourne site sparked a wide-ranging debates over how to reconcile evidence when disciplines collide, about when modern humans appeared, whether evolutionary rates in humans and non-humans were comparable, about the place of Neanderthals on the human family tree, and especially about whose evidence was superior and therefore trumped all others. Sellards retreated from the fight, but in Hay Holmes and Hrdlička met their match in stubborn self-righteousness. Worse for them, Hay lampooned their views with wicked humor.Less
By the teens of the 20th century the evidence for a deep human antiquity took yet another turn, with the discovery of human skeletal remains in apparent association with extinct Pleistocene fauna. If that association could be proven, it potentially provided a more precise means of estimating the age of the remains than enclosing gravel or less. But here too there was ambiguity, for the age of Pleistocene faunas was still so little known that when it came to estimating the antiquity of the Vero site championed by Elias Sellards, it was either Early Pleistocene in age according to paleontologist Oliver Hay; Middle to Late Pleistocene by the geologists' reckoning; or Recent according to Hrdlička. The evidence from Vero and the nearby Melbourne site sparked a wide-ranging debates over how to reconcile evidence when disciplines collide, about when modern humans appeared, whether evolutionary rates in humans and non-humans were comparable, about the place of Neanderthals on the human family tree, and especially about whose evidence was superior and therefore trumped all others. Sellards retreated from the fight, but in Hay Holmes and Hrdlička met their match in stubborn self-righteousness. Worse for them, Hay lampooned their views with wicked humor.
Zhu-Ding Qiu and Zhan-Xiang Qiu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231150125
- eISBN:
- 9780231520829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231150125.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Paleontology: Biology
This chapter analyzes the faunas found in early Miocene Xiejiahe and Sihong fossil localities in eastern China. Most of the fossil mammals from the Shanwang Basin and Sihong region appear in the ...
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This chapter analyzes the faunas found in early Miocene Xiejiahe and Sihong fossil localities in eastern China. Most of the fossil mammals from the Shanwang Basin and Sihong region appear in the early and middle Miocene of Europe, suggesting widespread mammalian dispersals between Europe and Asia during the early Neogene and providing a foundation for correlation between faunas of these two continents. After a brief overview of the localities, the chapter proposes a new name, Xiejiahe Fauna, for Shanwang Fauna in order to avoid confusion with the nomenclature of ages (stages) and to allow room for naming new faunas in surrounding regions. It also describes the biochronology of the Xiejiahe Fauna and Sihong Fauna. Within these two faunas, most of the families of small land mammals originated before the Miocene, but most of the genera appear only in the Miocene.Less
This chapter analyzes the faunas found in early Miocene Xiejiahe and Sihong fossil localities in eastern China. Most of the fossil mammals from the Shanwang Basin and Sihong region appear in the early and middle Miocene of Europe, suggesting widespread mammalian dispersals between Europe and Asia during the early Neogene and providing a foundation for correlation between faunas of these two continents. After a brief overview of the localities, the chapter proposes a new name, Xiejiahe Fauna, for Shanwang Fauna in order to avoid confusion with the nomenclature of ages (stages) and to allow room for naming new faunas in surrounding regions. It also describes the biochronology of the Xiejiahe Fauna and Sihong Fauna. Within these two faunas, most of the families of small land mammals originated before the Miocene, but most of the genera appear only in the Miocene.
MICHAEL H. HORN and JOHN S. STEPHENS
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520246539
- eISBN:
- 9780520932470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520246539.003.0025
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The complex evolutionary and biogeographic history of the California marine fish fauna has been amply demonstrated in the preceding chapters. This chapter summarizes the historical origins of the ...
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The complex evolutionary and biogeographic history of the California marine fish fauna has been amply demonstrated in the preceding chapters. This chapter summarizes the historical origins of the fauna, its present status, and the future of the fauna under a scenario of ongoing and perhaps accelerated climate change. Over the last three decades. the understanding of climate change has grown dramatically based on the impacts of global warming, the distribution and abundance of coastal fish faunas, and other biotic elements. Smaller scale events and episodes in recent millennia, centuries, and decades increasingly mix with anthropogenic influences of the past 150 years to complicate the picture of faunal dynamics as seen at the present time. Predicting the future conditions of the California fish fauna must also take into account the entangling influences of human activities, especially overexploitation.Less
The complex evolutionary and biogeographic history of the California marine fish fauna has been amply demonstrated in the preceding chapters. This chapter summarizes the historical origins of the fauna, its present status, and the future of the fauna under a scenario of ongoing and perhaps accelerated climate change. Over the last three decades. the understanding of climate change has grown dramatically based on the impacts of global warming, the distribution and abundance of coastal fish faunas, and other biotic elements. Smaller scale events and episodes in recent millennia, centuries, and decades increasingly mix with anthropogenic influences of the past 150 years to complicate the picture of faunal dynamics as seen at the present time. Predicting the future conditions of the California fish fauna must also take into account the entangling influences of human activities, especially overexploitation.
Barbara Stein
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520227262
- eISBN:
- 9780520926387
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520227262.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
At a time when women could not vote, and very few were involved in the world outside the home, Annie Montague Alexander (1867–1950) was an intrepid explorer, amateur naturalist, skilled markswoman, ...
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At a time when women could not vote, and very few were involved in the world outside the home, Annie Montague Alexander (1867–1950) was an intrepid explorer, amateur naturalist, skilled markswoman, philanthropist, farmer, and founder and patron of two natural history museums at the University of California, Berkeley. This book presents a luminous portrait of this remarkable woman—a pioneer who helped shape the world of science in California, yet whose name has been little known until now. Alexander's father founded a Hawaiian sugar empire, and his great wealth afforded his adventurous daughter the opportunity to pursue her many interests. The author portrays Alexander as a complex, intelligent, woman who—despite her frail appearance—was determined to achieve something with her life. Along with Louise Kellogg, her partner of forty years, Alexander collected thousands of animal, plant, and fossil specimens throughout western North America. Their collections serve as an invaluable record of the flora and fauna that were beginning to disappear as the West succumbed to spiraling population growth, urbanization, and agricultural development. Today, at least seventeen taxa are named for Alexander, and several others honor Kellogg, who continued to make field trips after Alexander's death. Alexander's dealings with scientists, and her encouragement—and funding—of women to do field research, earned her much admiration, even from those with whom she clashed. Her legacy endures in the fields of zoology and paleontology, and also in the lives of women who seek to follow their own star to the fullest degree possible.Less
At a time when women could not vote, and very few were involved in the world outside the home, Annie Montague Alexander (1867–1950) was an intrepid explorer, amateur naturalist, skilled markswoman, philanthropist, farmer, and founder and patron of two natural history museums at the University of California, Berkeley. This book presents a luminous portrait of this remarkable woman—a pioneer who helped shape the world of science in California, yet whose name has been little known until now. Alexander's father founded a Hawaiian sugar empire, and his great wealth afforded his adventurous daughter the opportunity to pursue her many interests. The author portrays Alexander as a complex, intelligent, woman who—despite her frail appearance—was determined to achieve something with her life. Along with Louise Kellogg, her partner of forty years, Alexander collected thousands of animal, plant, and fossil specimens throughout western North America. Their collections serve as an invaluable record of the flora and fauna that were beginning to disappear as the West succumbed to spiraling population growth, urbanization, and agricultural development. Today, at least seventeen taxa are named for Alexander, and several others honor Kellogg, who continued to make field trips after Alexander's death. Alexander's dealings with scientists, and her encouragement—and funding—of women to do field research, earned her much admiration, even from those with whom she clashed. Her legacy endures in the fields of zoology and paleontology, and also in the lives of women who seek to follow their own star to the fullest degree possible.
Peter N. Reinthal, Heidi Blasius, and Mark Haberstich
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226694337
- eISBN:
- 9780226694504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226694504.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Since publication of Battle Against Extinction in 1991 there have been substantial changes to the natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the desert southwest. Environmental impacts have accelerated ...
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Since publication of Battle Against Extinction in 1991 there have been substantial changes to the natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the desert southwest. Environmental impacts have accelerated with increasing human populations but, unfortunately, scant attention is given to long-term changes in natural aquatic biotas. Beginning in 1963, W.L. Minckley, colleagues, and students monitored and studied fish assemblages of Aravaipa Creek, Arizona. Minckley’s monitoring efforts continued until his death in 2001 and since then by the authors of this chapter. This represents the longest continuous record of abundance and distribution of any fish assemblage in the region. Considerable scientific information has been gained from these efforts and forms the basis for much that is known about several iconic native desert fishes. These data provide a comparative baseline to characterize responses to biotic and abiotic events and modifications of Aravaipa Creek. Data obtained provide critical information on fish assemblage dynamics, species ecology, impacts of human-induced alterations and management, and insights on potential consequences of global warming. Herein are presented results from 54 years of Aravaipa Creek fish monitoring and illustration of how fish populations respond to changes in the Aravaipa catchment.Less
Since publication of Battle Against Extinction in 1991 there have been substantial changes to the natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the desert southwest. Environmental impacts have accelerated with increasing human populations but, unfortunately, scant attention is given to long-term changes in natural aquatic biotas. Beginning in 1963, W.L. Minckley, colleagues, and students monitored and studied fish assemblages of Aravaipa Creek, Arizona. Minckley’s monitoring efforts continued until his death in 2001 and since then by the authors of this chapter. This represents the longest continuous record of abundance and distribution of any fish assemblage in the region. Considerable scientific information has been gained from these efforts and forms the basis for much that is known about several iconic native desert fishes. These data provide a comparative baseline to characterize responses to biotic and abiotic events and modifications of Aravaipa Creek. Data obtained provide critical information on fish assemblage dynamics, species ecology, impacts of human-induced alterations and management, and insights on potential consequences of global warming. Herein are presented results from 54 years of Aravaipa Creek fish monitoring and illustration of how fish populations respond to changes in the Aravaipa catchment.
William J. Bond
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198812456
- eISBN:
- 9780191850318
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198812456.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This book explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of ‘open ecosystems’, which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. They occur in climates that can support closed forest ecosystems and ...
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This book explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of ‘open ecosystems’, which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. They occur in climates that can support closed forest ecosystems and often form mosaics with forest patches. With the aid of remote sensing, it is now clear that open ecosystems are a global phenomenon and occur over vast areas in climates that could also support forests. This book goes beyond regional narratives and seeks general explanations for their existence. It develops the theme of open ecosystems as being widespread and ancient, with a distinct biota from that of closed forests. It examines hypotheses for their maintenance in climate zones favouring the development of forests, including soils hostile for tree growth, fire, and vertebrate herbivory.Less
This book explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of ‘open ecosystems’, which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. They occur in climates that can support closed forest ecosystems and often form mosaics with forest patches. With the aid of remote sensing, it is now clear that open ecosystems are a global phenomenon and occur over vast areas in climates that could also support forests. This book goes beyond regional narratives and seeks general explanations for their existence. It develops the theme of open ecosystems as being widespread and ancient, with a distinct biota from that of closed forests. It examines hypotheses for their maintenance in climate zones favouring the development of forests, including soils hostile for tree growth, fire, and vertebrate herbivory.
Peter J. Hayward and John S. Ryland (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199549443
- eISBN:
- 9780191847943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This guide to the marine fauna of the continental shelf seas of north-west Europe provides dichotomous identification keys for macrobenthic invertebrates and coastal fish. An introduction to the ...
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This guide to the marine fauna of the continental shelf seas of north-west Europe provides dichotomous identification keys for macrobenthic invertebrates and coastal fish. An introduction to the marine environment of the region is followed by a guide to the animal groups covered, and each major taxonomic group is treated, in twelve separate chapters, each commencing with a brief description of the morphological and biological characteristics of the group. Technical terms are defined, with especial reference to their significance in classification and importance for identification. Keys to higher taxonomic categories, where useful, and to families lead to keys for the identification of selected species. Confirmatory diagnoses are given for most families. Short descriptions and notes on occurrence and distribution are provided for each species, and the majority are illustrated by line drawings. Coverage varies from group to group, being fairly comprehensive for conspicuous, well-known animals, such as anthozoans, molluscs, echinoderms, and fish, while the selection of species is smaller for some taxonomically difficult or poorly documented groups, such as sponges and sea squirts. However, where possible, the actual or potential diversity of each group within the region is indicated at family level. This edition incorporates systematic and phylogenetic revisions current at submission. Keys have been reviewed and improved; nomenclature has been updated, and descriptions and distributions have been improved or revised where appropriate. Species additional to those in the first edition include several seen to be more common than previously apparent, and a number of newly arrived exotics.Less
This guide to the marine fauna of the continental shelf seas of north-west Europe provides dichotomous identification keys for macrobenthic invertebrates and coastal fish. An introduction to the marine environment of the region is followed by a guide to the animal groups covered, and each major taxonomic group is treated, in twelve separate chapters, each commencing with a brief description of the morphological and biological characteristics of the group. Technical terms are defined, with especial reference to their significance in classification and importance for identification. Keys to higher taxonomic categories, where useful, and to families lead to keys for the identification of selected species. Confirmatory diagnoses are given for most families. Short descriptions and notes on occurrence and distribution are provided for each species, and the majority are illustrated by line drawings. Coverage varies from group to group, being fairly comprehensive for conspicuous, well-known animals, such as anthozoans, molluscs, echinoderms, and fish, while the selection of species is smaller for some taxonomically difficult or poorly documented groups, such as sponges and sea squirts. However, where possible, the actual or potential diversity of each group within the region is indicated at family level. This edition incorporates systematic and phylogenetic revisions current at submission. Keys have been reviewed and improved; nomenclature has been updated, and descriptions and distributions have been improved or revised where appropriate. Species additional to those in the first edition include several seen to be more common than previously apparent, and a number of newly arrived exotics.
