Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book ...
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This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book are central to the area of scientific computation: solving dense linear systems by Gaussian elimination, computing fast Fourier transforms, and solving sparse linear systems by iterative methods based on sparse matrix-vector multiplication. Each topic is treated in depth, starting from the problem formulation and a sequential algorithm, through a parallel algorithm and its cost analysis, to a complete parallel program written in C and BSPlib, and experimental results obtained using this program on a parallel computer. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on analyzing the cost of the parallel algorithms developed, expressed in three terms: computation cost, communication cost, and synchronization cost. The book contains five example programs written in BSPlib, which illustrate the methods taught. These programs are freely available as the package BSPedupack. An appendix on the message-passing interface (MPI) discusses how to program in a structured, bulk synchronous parallel style using the MPI communication library, and presents MPI equivalents of all the programs in the book.Less
This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book are central to the area of scientific computation: solving dense linear systems by Gaussian elimination, computing fast Fourier transforms, and solving sparse linear systems by iterative methods based on sparse matrix-vector multiplication. Each topic is treated in depth, starting from the problem formulation and a sequential algorithm, through a parallel algorithm and its cost analysis, to a complete parallel program written in C and BSPlib, and experimental results obtained using this program on a parallel computer. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on analyzing the cost of the parallel algorithms developed, expressed in three terms: computation cost, communication cost, and synchronization cost. The book contains five example programs written in BSPlib, which illustrate the methods taught. These programs are freely available as the package BSPedupack. An appendix on the message-passing interface (MPI) discusses how to program in a structured, bulk synchronous parallel style using the MPI communication library, and presents MPI equivalents of all the programs in the book.
Mary Ann Mason and Eve Mason Ekman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195182675
- eISBN:
- 9780199944019
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182675.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds ...
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In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.Less
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.
Stefano Atzeni and Jürgen Meyer-ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion ...
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The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.Less
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.
M. Whitney Kelting
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195389647
- eISBN:
- 9780199866434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389647.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter addresses the ways that Jain women, like Hindu women, locate their well‐being in their status as auspicious wives with living husbands (saubhagya) and the rituals they perform to protect ...
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This chapter addresses the ways that Jain women, like Hindu women, locate their well‐being in their status as auspicious wives with living husbands (saubhagya) and the rituals they perform to protect the health and well‐being of their families, especially their husbands. Jain women understand the workings of saubhagya fasts in distinctly Jain ways that circumvent the problematic strategy (for Jains) of merit transfer. By serving as a role model and teacher of Jainism in the home, invoking the blessings of guardian deities, and deploying the benefits of religio‐magical practices, Jain women are able to extend the benefits of their religious practices to their husbands and families. In addition, the most powerful Jain saubhagya fast posits that protecting the wife herself also protects her husband because of clear links between a husband's health and a wife's well‐being.Less
This chapter addresses the ways that Jain women, like Hindu women, locate their well‐being in their status as auspicious wives with living husbands (saubhagya) and the rituals they perform to protect the health and well‐being of their families, especially their husbands. Jain women understand the workings of saubhagya fasts in distinctly Jain ways that circumvent the problematic strategy (for Jains) of merit transfer. By serving as a role model and teacher of Jainism in the home, invoking the blessings of guardian deities, and deploying the benefits of religio‐magical practices, Jain women are able to extend the benefits of their religious practices to their husbands and families. In addition, the most powerful Jain saubhagya fast posits that protecting the wife herself also protects her husband because of clear links between a husband's health and a wife's well‐being.
Eliezer Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195137507
- eISBN:
- 9780199849772
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137507.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The existence of ascetic elements within rabbinic Judaism has generally been either overlooked or actually denied. This is in part because asceticism is not commonly identified with celibacy, whereas ...
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The existence of ascetic elements within rabbinic Judaism has generally been either overlooked or actually denied. This is in part because asceticism is not commonly identified with celibacy, whereas the rabbis emphasized sexuality as a positive good. In addition, argues this book, it serves the theological agendas of both Jewish and Christian scholars to characterize Judaism as non- or anti-ascetic. In fact, however, the book shows that rabbinic asceticism does indeed exist. This asceticism is secondary, rather than primary, in that the rabbis place no value on self-denial in and of itself, but rather require themselves the virtual abandonment of familial, social, and economic life in favour of an absolute commitment to the study of the Torah. It is an asceticism of neglect, rather than negation. One form of asceticism in particular—fasting—became increasingly popular in the wake of the destruction of the second temple. The book traces this to the need to mourn the temple's devastation but also to the cessation of temple-related rituals. The book shows that fasting was seen as a substitute for these rituals when the Temple was destroyed.Less
The existence of ascetic elements within rabbinic Judaism has generally been either overlooked or actually denied. This is in part because asceticism is not commonly identified with celibacy, whereas the rabbis emphasized sexuality as a positive good. In addition, argues this book, it serves the theological agendas of both Jewish and Christian scholars to characterize Judaism as non- or anti-ascetic. In fact, however, the book shows that rabbinic asceticism does indeed exist. This asceticism is secondary, rather than primary, in that the rabbis place no value on self-denial in and of itself, but rather require themselves the virtual abandonment of familial, social, and economic life in favour of an absolute commitment to the study of the Torah. It is an asceticism of neglect, rather than negation. One form of asceticism in particular—fasting—became increasingly popular in the wake of the destruction of the second temple. The book traces this to the need to mourn the temple's devastation but also to the cessation of temple-related rituals. The book shows that fasting was seen as a substitute for these rituals when the Temple was destroyed.
Andrew R. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288656
- eISBN:
- 9780191710759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288656.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Marking of the ‘signs of the times’ and the appointment of days for fasting and thanksgiving were characteristics of 17th-century Presbyterianism. Seceders and evangelicals in the 18th and 19th ...
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Marking of the ‘signs of the times’ and the appointment of days for fasting and thanksgiving were characteristics of 17th-century Presbyterianism. Seceders and evangelicals in the 18th and 19th centuries shared these concerns, and the reasons they gave for calling these special days revealed how they understood their relationship with the 17th century and how thought about God and his relationship with the created order.Less
Marking of the ‘signs of the times’ and the appointment of days for fasting and thanksgiving were characteristics of 17th-century Presbyterianism. Seceders and evangelicals in the 18th and 19th centuries shared these concerns, and the reasons they gave for calling these special days revealed how they understood their relationship with the 17th century and how thought about God and his relationship with the created order.
Roger Traub, MD and Miles Whittington, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions ...
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This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.Less
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.
Roger D. Roger and Miles A. Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the ...
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brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the latter cases, there is evidence that the oscillations are an essential part of the brain computations being performed, motivating study of the basic cellular mechanisms. Cognitively relevant oscillations are often quite fast, above 20 Hz, and even up to several hundred Hz.Less
brain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the latter cases, there is evidence that the oscillations are an essential part of the brain computations being performed, motivating study of the basic cellular mechanisms. Cognitively relevant oscillations are often quite fast, above 20 Hz, and even up to several hundred Hz.
Roger D. Roger and Miles A. Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Epilepsy can be viewed from inter-related clinical and electrical/cellular points of view. Before and during a so-called electrographic seizure, neuronal events become both highly correlated ...
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Epilepsy can be viewed from inter-related clinical and electrical/cellular points of view. Before and during a so-called electrographic seizure, neuronal events become both highly correlated (synchronized) and also organized in time. The latter organization occurs over a wide range of frequencies. Prior to seizures, very fast oscillations (VFO, >70-80 Hz) occur, that are dependent on gap junctions. Understanding how VFO is generated may provide a therapeutic target.Less
Epilepsy can be viewed from inter-related clinical and electrical/cellular points of view. Before and during a so-called electrographic seizure, neuronal events become both highly correlated (synchronized) and also organized in time. The latter organization occurs over a wide range of frequencies. Prior to seizures, very fast oscillations (VFO, >70-80 Hz) occur, that are dependent on gap junctions. Understanding how VFO is generated may provide a therapeutic target.
Roger D. Roger and Miles A. Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
VFO occurs in in vitro models when chemical receptors are blocked. In particular, VFO does not require GABAA receptors, even though interneurons fire at high rates during in vivo very fast ...
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VFO occurs in in vitro models when chemical receptors are blocked. In particular, VFO does not require GABAA receptors, even though interneurons fire at high rates during in vivo very fast oscillations. VFO can be accounted for by a model in which neuronal spiking percolates through a sparse network of electrically coupled axons. This model predicts that VFO frequency depends on gap junction conductance, mediated by an effect on crossing time (i.e. the time it takes for a spike in one axon to elicit a spike in a coupled axon, estimated to be of order 0.2 ms). VFO in cerebellar slices also depends on gap junctions, but the physical principles are slightly different: cerebellar VFO appears to depend on many:one propagation of spiking, in effect a form of axonal coincidence detection.Less
VFO occurs in in vitro models when chemical receptors are blocked. In particular, VFO does not require GABAA receptors, even though interneurons fire at high rates during in vivo very fast oscillations. VFO can be accounted for by a model in which neuronal spiking percolates through a sparse network of electrically coupled axons. This model predicts that VFO frequency depends on gap junction conductance, mediated by an effect on crossing time (i.e. the time it takes for a spike in one axon to elicit a spike in a coupled axon, estimated to be of order 0.2 ms). VFO in cerebellar slices also depends on gap junctions, but the physical principles are slightly different: cerebellar VFO appears to depend on many:one propagation of spiking, in effect a form of axonal coincidence detection.
Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151687
- eISBN:
- 9781400848911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter describes basic concepts and tools for tractably performing the computations described in the rest of this book. The need for fast algorithms for such analysis subroutines is becoming ...
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This chapter describes basic concepts and tools for tractably performing the computations described in the rest of this book. The need for fast algorithms for such analysis subroutines is becoming increasingly important as modern data sets are approaching billions of objects. With such data sets, even analysis operations whose computational cost is linearly proportional to the size of the data set present challenges, particularly since statistical analyses are inherently interactive processes, requiring that computations complete within some reasonable human attention span. For more sophisticated machine learning algorithms, the often worse-than-linear runtimes of straightforward implementations become quickly unbearable. The chapter looks at some techniques that can reduce such runtimes in a rigorous manner that does not sacrifice the accuracy of the analysis through unprincipled approximations. This is far more important than simply speeding up calculations: in practice, computational performance and statistical performance can be intimately linked. The ability of a researcher, within his or her effective time budget, to try more powerful models or to search parameter settings for each model in question, leads directly to better fits and predictions.Less
This chapter describes basic concepts and tools for tractably performing the computations described in the rest of this book. The need for fast algorithms for such analysis subroutines is becoming increasingly important as modern data sets are approaching billions of objects. With such data sets, even analysis operations whose computational cost is linearly proportional to the size of the data set present challenges, particularly since statistical analyses are inherently interactive processes, requiring that computations complete within some reasonable human attention span. For more sophisticated machine learning algorithms, the often worse-than-linear runtimes of straightforward implementations become quickly unbearable. The chapter looks at some techniques that can reduce such runtimes in a rigorous manner that does not sacrifice the accuracy of the analysis through unprincipled approximations. This is far more important than simply speeding up calculations: in practice, computational performance and statistical performance can be intimately linked. The ability of a researcher, within his or her effective time budget, to try more powerful models or to search parameter settings for each model in question, leads directly to better fits and predictions.
Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of ...
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This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of power may be found in all western clothing industries. To answer these questions, the chapter covers the following aspects of the German, UK, and US clothing retail sectors: their historical development and current structure, with a focus on the evolution of different retail channels; intensified competition and firms' responses of concentration and corporatization; the move to ‘private label’/store brands and the development of direct sourcing, i.e., sourcing without using domestic middleman firms; the strategy of increased market segmentation and the differing market positions, in interaction with consumption styles, adopted in each country; the development of ‘fast fashion’ and ‘just-in-time’ sourcing; and the internationalization of sales through foreign direct investment. The final section emphasises both the enduring divergences between national retail sectors and the differential degree of power retailers hold vis-à-vis domestic ‘manufacturers’ in each country but also points to some convergence tendencies.Less
This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of power may be found in all western clothing industries. To answer these questions, the chapter covers the following aspects of the German, UK, and US clothing retail sectors: their historical development and current structure, with a focus on the evolution of different retail channels; intensified competition and firms' responses of concentration and corporatization; the move to ‘private label’/store brands and the development of direct sourcing, i.e., sourcing without using domestic middleman firms; the strategy of increased market segmentation and the differing market positions, in interaction with consumption styles, adopted in each country; the development of ‘fast fashion’ and ‘just-in-time’ sourcing; and the internationalization of sales through foreign direct investment. The final section emphasises both the enduring divergences between national retail sectors and the differential degree of power retailers hold vis-à-vis domestic ‘manufacturers’ in each country but also points to some convergence tendencies.
Andrew R. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195321289
- eISBN:
- 9780199869855
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195321289.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter provides an in‐depth exploration of the jeremiad in second‐generation New England (c.1660–1685). Delivered primarily in the form of election or fast day sermons, the New England jeremiad ...
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This chapter provides an in‐depth exploration of the jeremiad in second‐generation New England (c.1660–1685). Delivered primarily in the form of election or fast day sermons, the New England jeremiad decried the community's falling‐away from its godly origins, praised the colonies' founders and founding generation, and called for repentance and reformation. The New England jeremiad's lamentation of decline appeared hand in hand with parallels between New England settlers and the ancient Israelites, reinforcing the community's sense of chosenness. The jeremiad was used by clergy and magistrates in New England as a form of social control, but performed this function not merely by suppressing dissent but by offering early New Englanders a vision of their community as singularly blessed by God. The jeremiad did not fade away after the seventeenth century, but continued into the Revolutionary and early national periods as a central part of American politics and culture.Less
This chapter provides an in‐depth exploration of the jeremiad in second‐generation New England (c.1660–1685). Delivered primarily in the form of election or fast day sermons, the New England jeremiad decried the community's falling‐away from its godly origins, praised the colonies' founders and founding generation, and called for repentance and reformation. The New England jeremiad's lamentation of decline appeared hand in hand with parallels between New England settlers and the ancient Israelites, reinforcing the community's sense of chosenness. The jeremiad was used by clergy and magistrates in New England as a form of social control, but performed this function not merely by suppressing dissent but by offering early New Englanders a vision of their community as singularly blessed by God. The jeremiad did not fade away after the seventeenth century, but continued into the Revolutionary and early national periods as a central part of American politics and culture.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter describes structural and computational properties which are the basis of the design and analysis of fast algorithms for the numerical solution of structured Markov chains. Toeplitz ...
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This chapter describes structural and computational properties which are the basis of the design and analysis of fast algorithms for the numerical solution of structured Markov chains. Toeplitz matrices, circulant and z-circulant matrices with their block analogs are introduced together with the fast algorithms for their manipulation. The concept of discrete Fourier transform is recalled with the FFT algorithm for its computation. Attention is given to the concept of displacement operator and of displacement rank needed to design efficient algorithms for a wide class of matrices related to Toeplitz matrices.Less
This chapter describes structural and computational properties which are the basis of the design and analysis of fast algorithms for the numerical solution of structured Markov chains. Toeplitz matrices, circulant and z-circulant matrices with their block analogs are introduced together with the fast algorithms for their manipulation. The concept of discrete Fourier transform is recalled with the FFT algorithm for its computation. Attention is given to the concept of displacement operator and of displacement rank needed to design efficient algorithms for a wide class of matrices related to Toeplitz matrices.
Avner Offer, Rachel Pechey, and Stanley Ulijaszek
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264980
- eISBN:
- 9780191754135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264980.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
Among affluent countries, those with market-liberal regimes (which are also English-speaking) tend to have the highest prevalence of obesity. The impact of cheap, accessible high-energy food is often ...
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Among affluent countries, those with market-liberal regimes (which are also English-speaking) tend to have the highest prevalence of obesity. The impact of cheap, accessible high-energy food is often invoked in explanation. An alternative approach is that overeating is a response to stress, and that competition, uncertainty and inequality make market-liberal societies more stressful. This chapter reports an ecological regression meta-study that pools 96 surveys from 11 countries, using data collected in the years 1994 to 2004. The fast-food ‘shock’ impact is found to work most strongly in market-liberal countries. Economic insecurity, measured in several different ways, is almost twice as powerful, while the impact of inequality is weak.Less
Among affluent countries, those with market-liberal regimes (which are also English-speaking) tend to have the highest prevalence of obesity. The impact of cheap, accessible high-energy food is often invoked in explanation. An alternative approach is that overeating is a response to stress, and that competition, uncertainty and inequality make market-liberal societies more stressful. This chapter reports an ecological regression meta-study that pools 96 surveys from 11 countries, using data collected in the years 1994 to 2004. The fast-food ‘shock’ impact is found to work most strongly in market-liberal countries. Economic insecurity, measured in several different ways, is almost twice as powerful, while the impact of inequality is weak.
Eyal Ben-Eliyahu, Yehudah Cohn, and Fergus Millar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265222
- eISBN:
- 9780191771873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265222.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter describes the following texts: Seder Olam; The Scroll of Fasting; Scholion to Megillat Taanit; and Toledot Yeshu. For each of these texts, details on the contents, dating, language, ...
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This chapter describes the following texts: Seder Olam; The Scroll of Fasting; Scholion to Megillat Taanit; and Toledot Yeshu. For each of these texts, details on the contents, dating, language, printed editions, translations, commentaries, bibliography, electronic resources and manuscripts are provided.Less
This chapter describes the following texts: Seder Olam; The Scroll of Fasting; Scholion to Megillat Taanit; and Toledot Yeshu. For each of these texts, details on the contents, dating, language, printed editions, translations, commentaries, bibliography, electronic resources and manuscripts are provided.
Juan Luis Vázquez
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569039
- eISBN:
- 9780191717468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569039.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter begins with a systematic study of the questions of existence, uniqueness, and main properties of the solutions of the PME by concentrating on the first boundary-value problem posed in a ...
More
This chapter begins with a systematic study of the questions of existence, uniqueness, and main properties of the solutions of the PME by concentrating on the first boundary-value problem posed in a spatial domain Ω, which is a bounded subdomain of ℝ d , d ≥ 1. It focuses on homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, u = 0 on ∂Ω, in order to obtain a simple problem for which a fairly complete theory can be easily developed as a first stage in understanding the theory of the PME. This is called the homogeneous Cauchy-Dirichlet problem, or more simply, the homogeneous Dirichlet problem.Less
This chapter begins with a systematic study of the questions of existence, uniqueness, and main properties of the solutions of the PME by concentrating on the first boundary-value problem posed in a spatial domain Ω, which is a bounded subdomain of ℝ d , d ≥ 1. It focuses on homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, u = 0 on ∂Ω, in order to obtain a simple problem for which a fairly complete theory can be easily developed as a first stage in understanding the theory of the PME. This is called the homogeneous Cauchy-Dirichlet problem, or more simply, the homogeneous Dirichlet problem.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The concept of fast ignition of inertial fusion targets is to separate fuel compression from fuel ignition and to ignite precompressed fuel by a separate external beam acting as an injected trigger. ...
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The concept of fast ignition of inertial fusion targets is to separate fuel compression from fuel ignition and to ignite precompressed fuel by a separate external beam acting as an injected trigger. Hot spot ignition then occurs from a position at the periphery of the compressed, approximately isochoric fuel configuration. The injected trigger has to ignite the fuel within a time interval shorter than the hydrodynamic disintegration time of typically 10 to 100 ps. Laser fast ignition is the leading option for the ignitor beam, making use of picosecond petawatt laser pulses. These pulses produce laser hole boring and highly directed, relativistic electron beams, which may transport the ignition energy through the overdense plasma corona. Problems like beam filamentation and solutions like cone-guided injection as well as corresponding experiments are discussed.Less
The concept of fast ignition of inertial fusion targets is to separate fuel compression from fuel ignition and to ignite precompressed fuel by a separate external beam acting as an injected trigger. Hot spot ignition then occurs from a position at the periphery of the compressed, approximately isochoric fuel configuration. The injected trigger has to ignite the fuel within a time interval shorter than the hydrodynamic disintegration time of typically 10 to 100 ps. Laser fast ignition is the leading option for the ignitor beam, making use of picosecond petawatt laser pulses. These pulses produce laser hole boring and highly directed, relativistic electron beams, which may transport the ignition energy through the overdense plasma corona. Problems like beam filamentation and solutions like cone-guided injection as well as corresponding experiments are discussed.
R. Duncan Luce
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195070019
- eISBN:
- 9780199869879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195070019.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter examines models that attempt to formulate amy information the mind has about the signals presented and how the mind then makes decisions about what and when to respond. Topics discussed ...
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This chapter examines models that attempt to formulate amy information the mind has about the signals presented and how the mind then makes decisions about what and when to respond. Topics discussed include two-state mixtures; a linear operator model for sequential effects; the fast guess account of errors; a three-state, fast-guess, memory model; and data with response errors.Less
This chapter examines models that attempt to formulate amy information the mind has about the signals presented and how the mind then makes decisions about what and when to respond. Topics discussed include two-state mixtures; a linear operator model for sequential effects; the fast guess account of errors; a three-state, fast-guess, memory model; and data with response errors.
M. Whitney Kelting
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195389647
- eISBN:
- 9780199866434
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389647.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Being a good Jain woman involves negotiating between the mutually exclusive ideologies found in the South Asian discourse of devoted wifehood and in the Jain discourse of renunciation. This book ...
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Being a good Jain woman involves negotiating between the mutually exclusive ideologies found in the South Asian discourse of devoted wifehood and in the Jain discourse of renunciation. This book draws from a diverse collection of oral tellings, popular tracts, songs, verse narratives, fasting rituals, religious dramas, and large‐scale worship to provide new perspectives on the inherent tension between these ideologies and the space that tension creates for laywomen's agency. Heroic Wives suggests that women creatively and selectively negotiate their identities as wives at different moments on the trajectory of wifehood. In part I, women in established marriages use piety and ritual practices to protect their husband's health, to transform bad marriages into good ones, and to create and maintain ideal marriages. Part II examines how Jains reconfigure the relationship between wifehood and renunciation: on one hand, reconciling the two through stories of renunciation as a form of devoted wifehood, and, on the other, deploying the discourse of both in order to construct their identities as women who don't renounce, but instead choose to become wives. On a broader level, Heroic Wives discusses Jain narrative/ritual complexes as the site of laywomen's negotiations between multiple discourses that shape their thinking about wifehood, and in this context, Jain women position themselves as the agents of their futures. This book provides new perspectives on the experience of wifehood, South Asian women's lives, and Jain religious practices and narratives. It further advances ongoing dialogues about interactions of ritual, narrative, selfhood, and identity.Less
Being a good Jain woman involves negotiating between the mutually exclusive ideologies found in the South Asian discourse of devoted wifehood and in the Jain discourse of renunciation. This book draws from a diverse collection of oral tellings, popular tracts, songs, verse narratives, fasting rituals, religious dramas, and large‐scale worship to provide new perspectives on the inherent tension between these ideologies and the space that tension creates for laywomen's agency. Heroic Wives suggests that women creatively and selectively negotiate their identities as wives at different moments on the trajectory of wifehood. In part I, women in established marriages use piety and ritual practices to protect their husband's health, to transform bad marriages into good ones, and to create and maintain ideal marriages. Part II examines how Jains reconfigure the relationship between wifehood and renunciation: on one hand, reconciling the two through stories of renunciation as a form of devoted wifehood, and, on the other, deploying the discourse of both in order to construct their identities as women who don't renounce, but instead choose to become wives. On a broader level, Heroic Wives discusses Jain narrative/ritual complexes as the site of laywomen's negotiations between multiple discourses that shape their thinking about wifehood, and in this context, Jain women position themselves as the agents of their futures. This book provides new perspectives on the experience of wifehood, South Asian women's lives, and Jain religious practices and narratives. It further advances ongoing dialogues about interactions of ritual, narrative, selfhood, and identity.
